WHAP Period 3 Review (Part 1)
Political Structures in Inland Africa
1000 CE: agriculture had emerged through most of SS Africa stationary nature of agriculture influenced communities to form increasingly complex political relationships power not centralized; communities formed kin-based networks larger kingdoms grew in prominence after 1000 CE
Sui Dynasty
581-628 CE Emperor Yangdi unified China through violence, repression, and through successful military expeditions government reach expanded ruled through harsh, dictatorial methods greatest accomplishments of the dynasty was the start of the construction of the Grand Canal Hangzhou: city at end of canal that expanded from increased trade Sui used enlists to reinforce the Long Wall that would later become part of the Great Wall of China Downfall ended after 40 years when the emperor was assassinated in 618 (due to his dictatorial ways and high taxes)
Tang Dynasty
618-907 CE during which China enjoyed relative prosperity and stability empire extended to C Asia, Manchuria, and Vietnam Tributary System China (Middle Kingdom) was the center of a tributary system (i.g. the Silla Kingdom had to pay a large tribute to the emperor) cemented China's economic and political power created stability and stimulated trade representatives had to reform a ritual kowtow Accomplishments Emperor Tang Taizong (627-649) further developed modes of transportation. expanded the bureaucracy, increased influence of education Weakness & Collapse by the 8th century, the Tang Empire already showed signs of weakness: An Lushan orchestrated a rebellion that overthrew the emperor in 755 Uighurs, an ethnic group that lived in Central Asia, attempted to restore power to the government but failed; though the Tang survived the rebellion, the empire collapsed in 907 reintroduced equal-field system fast-ripening rice added to Chinese agricultural surpluses discovery of gunpowder contributed to the newly revived global trade network through the compass, paper, and gunpowder exported porcelain, tea, and silk developed flying cash system of credit, paper money advancements in naval technology (magnetic compass and rudder) allowed for increased trade
Song Dynasty
960-1279 ruled over a smaller region than Tang China was quite prosperous and arts flourished Bureaucracy and Meritocracy under the Song, China's bureaucracy expanded (to the point of weakness with its excessively large size and cost) Emperor Taizu increased educational opportunities to men of the lower strata scholar gentry: government officials who studied Confucius and the Chinese classics system of meritocracy allowed more upward mobility an any other hiring system capital shifted multiple times from Chang'an to Kaifeng then back to Hangzhou Southern Song Dynasty: survived until 1279 when the nomadic Mongols vanquished the government and established the Yuan Dynasty produced more nonagricultural goods for commercial use than any earlier civilization under which China went through proto-industrialization growing urban areas (i.g. Hangzhou with a population of 1 million)
First Four Caliphs and Umayyads
Abu Bakr (First caliph, Sunnis) vs Ali (fourth caliph (656 to 661) Shia) following Muhammad's death -> Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law, won the dispute and took over as caliph or head of state; responsible for guiding Islamic world in accordance to the Quran Dar al-Islam: refers to all of Islamic culture, including both Shia and Sunni network of merchants from Mecca. aided by capable generals and strong armies, assumed power and founded the Umayyad Dynasty (after Ali's death) rule consisted of the ruling of the largest territory anone had seen since the Roman Empire (Iberian peninsula to India) Damascus: Sunni dynasty's capital imam: Shia community leaders in 711, Umayyads successfuly invaded Spain and designated Cordoba as their capital Battle of Tours major blow to Islamic military and expansion tolerant with other religions promoted foreign trade dhows Alhambra: citadel and palace in Spain (13th century) Averroes: famous Spanish scholar in Europe Social and Cultural Life Islamic fragmented politically but advanced culturally universities developed Omar Khayyam: author of The Rubaiyat
Post-Classical East Asia
Chapter 10 during the Post-Classical period, China dominated E Asia with its neighbors displaying its influence through their vibrant and distinctive traditions
Islamic World Throughout 1450
Chapter 8
Expansion of Africa Trade
Chapter 9
Sufism
Islamic group that began to appear in India and Persia; notable for shaved heads; followed rituals and ecstatic chants in attempt to untie with God; abstained
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan scholar well versed in Islamic law
Norgorod
N Kievan Rus City founded in the 10th century by Rurik multicultural city of 400,000 people that prospered through trade and grew between 800 and 1300 eventually absorbed by Russian empire
Japan
Prince Taishi attempted to implement Chinese traditions into Japan: Taika Reforms: series of reforms established in 646 that attempted to increase efficiency and wrest control of society from aristocracy (major blow to feudal lords) Fujiwara clan: took control over Japanese government in 710; moving capital to Nara Return to Decentralized Government Heian: where capital was moved to emperor was merely a figurehead that was respected by Japanese people (power truly rested in the hands of the Fujiwara family) unsuccessful emulation of Chinese political traditions = pattern of political decentralization Shikibu: noblewoman who wrote the world's first novel, the Tale of Genji Military Rule Minamoto clan: clan that rose to power from the 12th-16th century after fall of Heian court; installed shogun, or military ruler to reign supreme samurai: professional warriors hired by noble families as the clan became more decentralized; played a major ole during thee 400 years after Heian Japan fell Feudalism for hundreds of years, Japan had been a feudal society without a centralized government in which landowning aristocrats, the daimyo, battled for supreme power over land similar to European feudalism (very little social mobility) social classes: peasants (serfs), samurai, and daimyo (that enjoyed much greater power than European nobility) bushido: code of the daimyo that stressed frugality, loyalty, martial arts, and honor
Religion in China
Taoism and Confucianism coexisted though Confucians and Buddhists did not Chan/Zen Buddhism: new form of Buddhism that formed similar to Taoism emphasized direct mediation resulted in tension amongst Confucians and Daoists Neo-Confucianism: syncretic faith that evolved in China btw 770 and 840 social and ethical philosophy rather than a religious belief
Culture in SS Africa
The Griot: storytellers that were the conduits of history for a community men: griots; women: griottes Swahili: language influenced by presence of Islamic merchants on Indian Ocean coast Religion Ethiopia: virtual island of Christianity rock churches
Trade & Islam's Influence
Trans-Saharan Trade: volume of trade in the Sahara increased exponentially with the arrival of Islamic merchants in the 7th and 8th centuries Camels: mode of transportation merchants from SW Asia across the Sahara (after they began to appear in 3rd century BCE); various camel saddles created by Arabians and Somalis became infamous throughout Europe and Asia by end of 8th century CE; bought considerable wealth to W African societies and kingdoms
Spread of Buddhism
Xuanzang: Chinese Buddhist monk that left on a pilgrimage and returned to China after 17 years with many Buddhist texts that he spent the rest of his life translating
Vietnam
adversarial relationship with China rather than a peaceful one exported tortoise shells, ivory, feathers, and pearls Chinese language taught (still retained written language) Gender and Social Structure women enjoyed much greater independence in their married lives than Chinese woman preferred nuclear families majority converted to Buddhism Military Conflict with China favored guerilla warfare (small mobile forces carry out surprise tatics); won a major victory in 938 against Chinese force 3x their size
Political structures in China
after the collapse of the Han Dynasty in the 3rd century CE, China fell into a state of anarchy for nearly 400 years (great political turmoil) until the short-lived Sui Dtnasty
Slavery in Africa and Asia
arrival of Islam and global trade increased volume of slaves in Africa considered precious commodities along the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trading routes female slaves often became servants or concubines while males were used in military or became eunuchs in royal courts Zanj Rebellion: one of the most successful slave revolts in history (869-883) led by Ali Muhammad in which they captured the city of Basra, established a splinter government, and ruled it for 10 years Indian Ocean slave trade btw Africa and SW Asia lasted until 19th century
Byzantium after Justinian
borders contracted when Bulgars, Turkic people from C Asia, took over a large portion of the Balkans expanded in 800s and later Heraclius ruled from 610-641 during his reign, empire focused on defense from Islamic and Sassanid forces; greatly reduced power and influence of Sassanids Leo III first Syrian ruler that ruled from 717-740 defeated and reclaimed Near E Territory instituted iconoclasm--practice of opposing the veneration of religious images and icons Leo was an iconoclast (one who opposes orthodox and religion) Basil II ruled from 976-1025 resumed successful expansion of Byzantine Empire defeated Bulgars at Battle of Kleidion in 1014 Religion E Orthodox tradition theocracy: no separation between state and church patriarch: head of church monasteries and religious communities founded believed in spreading their faith to others; sent Christian missionaries abroad (i.g. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet) Trade and Prosperity strong economy helped the empire to endure for almost a thousand years Constantinople's location helped trade flourish in Mediterranean and N Europe region via Silk Roads silk weaving industry agriculture provided by peasant (theme system (peasants freed if joined military) land more concentrated in hands of fewer = increased peasant revolts (i.g. free peasant revolts) Arts nearly all religious in nature/controlled by church illuminated manuscripts highly influential on later generations Education dominated by religion university of Constantinople founded in 850 Hippodrome: like Coliseum; popular for gatherings in Constantinople Decline & Fall expenses of constant conflict, reluctance of the wealthy to pay taxes, and unrest amongst commoners slowly undermined the empire's influence; seen in series of military defeats: Battle of Manzikert where Byzantines were defeated by Seljuk Turks clash with Normans-a new power in the Mediterranean Crusades: knights and commoners from W Europe traveled to Levant with hopes of seizing control for Christianity (Fourth Crusade especially) continued to shrink and by the 15th century, the remnant of the empire was concentrated solely in Europe in 1453, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, marking the end of the Empire
Indian Ocean Trade
by the 8th century CE, Islamic merchants had rejuvenated maritime trade thriving city-states (Swahili city-states) were created commercial centers: Kilwa, Mombasa, and Zanzibar became prevalent bought wealth to E African coastal cities
The Rise of Kievan Rus
collection of city states that governed themselves; led by Viking rulers grand prince elected by a council of boyars or nobles; had to be military leaders; represented people; sometimes viewed as an early democratic body converted to Christianity in 989 when Prince Vladimir I married the Byzantine's emperor Golden age experienced during 10th and 11th centuries where Kievan Rus enjoyed a strong government and cohesive society Yaroslav I: successor and son of Vladimir I; ruled from 1019 to 1054; known as Yaroslav the Wise because he promoted education and codified the legal system, Russkaya Pravda Slave Trade method through which tribute was paid peasants sent to Kiev each fall due to overpopulation slaves were then sent to Constantinople by the princes Decline increasing dependence on the Byzantine Empire proved its undoing invasion of nomadic groups from C Asia economic fortunes declined alongside Byzantium's N Russian princes and Mongols invaded in first two centuries of 1000s; fallen by time Mongols finally defeated Russian forces
Japan vs. Korea vs. Vietnam
difference in relationship with China through which each developed its own distinct language and culture in China's shadow
Byzantine Empire
eastern half of the Roman Empire that had become wealthier and influential by 330 CE (compared to western half) Byzantium, capital of the Roman Empire, was renamed Constantinople in the emperor's honor; located on Bosporus Strait by 527 CE, it stretched over lands bordering the Mediterranean repeatedly fought with Sassanid Empire experienced instability (mostly caused by power struggles over throne) throughout long periods of peace Government highly centralized vast imperial bureaucracy that granted continuity to the empire Justinian the Great emperor of the Byzantine Empire that ruled from 527 to 565 oversaw revitalization of Constantinople Hagia Sophia, a Christian church, was expanded implemented Corpus Juris Civilis, a collection of laws aka as the Justinian code; became a foundation of legal knowledge in Europe conflict had the empire nearly bankrupt by his death
Islam
faith rooted in one God, Allah Muhammad: last of prophets that lived from 570-632; revelations later collected in the Quran/Koran honored Abraham and other profits (respected People of the Book) raised status of women (insisted dowries paid to bride, forbade female infanticide) kin persecuted followers fled to Medina (flight known as the Hegira) and later reutnred to Mecca; declaring the Ka'aba a shrine of Islam criticized polytheism and called for social justice expanded rapidly (Persia to Spain) during first century after Muhammad Spread most of peninsula united under Islam under Muhammad Arabia's condition contributed to rapid spread of it (expansion of trade, drought) alongside military conquest egalitarian nature attracted converts *not forced Core Theological Principles of Muhammad included salvation and hope for afterlife, importance of submission to Allah as the one true God, Quran as sacred book of guidance Five Pillars: 1. Belief in only Allah 2. Praying 5x daily 3. Giving alms to poor 4. Fasting during month of Ramadan 5. Making pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime jihad: struggle to strive in way of Allah and improve both oneself and society (interpreted differently as inner struggle or requirement to go to war) Shariah: Islamic code of law developed by scholars; after Muhammad; outlines behavioral requirements for daily life Women overall, Islamic women enjoyed a higher status than Christian or Jewish and possessed property and birth control rights
Abbasids
group of which the Umayyad rulers' capital, Damascus, fell to in 750 Baghdad: capital that rivaled Constantinople in wealth and population; also a center of learning; "golden age" of learning became one of the most powerful and innovative empires of its time faced difficulty with tax collection and control over far-flung provinces political empire became increasingly hierarchical with an ever-growing bureaucracy Viziers: prime ministers that communicated the will of the ruler to the people Invasions Mamluks (Turkic group that control over Egypt) Seljuk Turks (Muslims originated from C Asia (sultans)), Crusaders, and Mongols all successfully assaulted parts of the Abbasid Empire during the 1100s and 1200s; Mongols conquering what was left of the empire in 1258 Economic Challenges trade patterns shifted when Baghdad lost its traditional place on the Silk Roads population loss the countryside could not sustain agricultural needs so that Baghdad's infrastructure fell into decay
Social Structures in China
scholar gentry came to outnumber the aristocracy and become the most influential social class in China Women patriarchal society foot binding practiced during Song (represented a constraint on women's activity)
Social Classes in the Islamic World
kinship remained the foundation of social relations increase in trade along Red Sea = growth of powerful merchant elites mosques provided base for cultural life non-Arab discrimination faded by ninth century merchants: role in society more prestigious than in other European and Asian societies; could grow rich from their dealings with far-flung trade routes across the Indian Ocean and Central Asia Slavery Islam allows; Muslims could not enslave other Muslims (increase in converts); often imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia; women allowed more independence
San
last nomadic group of Africans before early civilization that lived in the Kalahari desert
African Kingdom of Ghana
located between Sahara and W African coast peak from 8th-11th centuries capital of Kumbai Saleh: king ruled a centralized government
Bantu-Speakers
migrations began in Nigeria and Cameroon and spread east and south; bringing an agricultural economy with them (yams, oil pals, millet, sorghum) bananas: one of the most important crops introduced by Indonesians between 300 and 500 BCE; allowed for population spike through enriching diets Technology canoes used to travel up and down Africa's rivers iron-making technology that allowed for efficient tools for clearing land and warfare weapons (edge over peoples encountered); defeated many tribes in battle Disease bought infectious and parasitic diseases with them like Malaria Societies reached E Africa by 2000 BCE and continued on south so that by 400 BE, they had reached S Africa and their migration ended matrilineal society Religion monotheistic practiced ancestor veneration Arts belief in spirit world overt in arts music storytelling
Zimbabwe
most powerful of all E African kingdoms between 12th and 15th centuries prosperity built on a mixture of agriculture and trade wealth overt through agriculture Great Zimbabwe: massive wall of stone that surrounded the capital city
Li Bo
one of the most accomplished artists of the Tang era known for positive and uplifting themes
Intellectual and Cultural Developments
paper and printing Chinese were first to use wood-block printing scholars were major producers of literature emphasis on schooling by Tang and Song dynasties' created generations of well-rounded scholar-bureaucrats Du Fu: poet historian of China's Post-Classical Era painting flourished
Bedouin
people well established in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century polytheistic culture polygyny: man who has more than one wife at a time religion included worship of Allah as a supreme deity Mecca: city home to most revered of sacred stones land trade routes formed basis of Arabian economy (sea trade became popular during warfare)
Kongo Kingdom
powerful C African kingdom after 14th century; one king -Afonoso I: king that was influenced by Portuguese, converted to Christianity
Great Schism
result of tensions that increased between the E and W wing of the Byzantine Empire; came to a head in 1054 when a schism, or separation, split the Roman Catholic Church
African Kingdom of Mali
rose as the most powerful trading society by the 12th century government profited from gold trade and taxes Timbuktu: world-renowned center of Islamic learning Gao: accumulated most wealth and developed into center of Islamic life Sundata "Lion Prince": founding ruler that became a subject of lion and a feared warrior; defeated enemies after returning to his birth kingdom and reclaiming the throne for himself Mansa Musa bought fame to the region in the 14th century known for his journey to Mecca that displayed Mali's prosperity to the outside world Decline gradual decline after Musa's death by the late 1400s, the Songhay Kingdom took its place as the powerplace in W Africa
Social Structure of Sub-Saharan African
small communities organized around several structures: kinship, age, and gender work divided by age; created age grades men dominated most activities Women matrilineal does not mean matriarchal examples of female empowerment in W Africa
Ming Dynasty
suceeded Yuan Dynasty in 1368 and lasted until 1644; concentrated on trade expeditions at first but later concentrated on internal development within China
Korea
through their tributary relationship with China, Korea emulated many aspects of China's politics and culture: Kumsong: capital modeled after Chang'an centralized their government similarly adopted Confucian and Buddhist beliefs Bureaucracy landed aristocracy stronger than in China