What is Memory? (Chapter 6)
Explicit memory is memory with ___________________.
awareness
Implict memory is memory without ___________________.
awareness
Your short term memory temporarily holds all the information you are ________________.
currently thinking about or consciously aware of
Sensory memory stores a _________________________.
detailed record of sensory experience, but only for a few seconds at the most
Auditory sensory memory is sometimes referred to as ______________________.
echoic memory since the brief memory is like an echo
Your autobiographical memory includes your _____________________.
episodic memories of your life but it also included semantic memories related to your life story
Visual sensory memory is also called what?
iconic memory
The amount of information that long term memory can hold is _________________.
limitless
Different bits and pieces of information in long term memory are also ______________________.
logically linked or associated
If the information is actively processed in the short term memory it may be encoded for storage in ____________________.
long term memory
Not only does information flow from short term memory to long term memory but ________________________.
much information also flows in the other direction from long term memory to short term memory
Long term memory is composed of ________________.
of separate but interacting subsystems and abilities
Your visual sensory memory typically holds an image of your environment for about ___________________.
one quarter to one half second
Chinese students were more likely to include _____________________ in their memories. Rather than focusing exclusively on their own behavior and thoughts, their earliest memories were of typically brief accounts that centered on collective activities.
other people
How short term memory hold information long enough to ______________________.
pay attention to specific elements that are significant to us at that moment
In Baddeley's model of working memory there are three main components that can function independently and the components are what?
phonological loop, visuospatical sketchpad and central executive
Working memory is more likely to involve the _______________.
recall and manipulation for information held in long term memory
Information can be maintained in short term memory if it is __________________.
rehearsed, repeated over and over
Typically you store semantic memories in long term memory without ____________________.
remembering when or where you originally acquired the information
The central executive also initiates _______________________.
retrieval and decision processes as necessary and integrates information coming into the system
Chuncking involves the __________________.
retrieval of meaningful information from long term memory
Autobiographical memory plays a key role in your ____________.
sense of self
Short term memory is the stage of memory in which information transferred from ________________________.
sensory memory and information retrieved from long term memory become conscious
Short term working memory provides temporary ________________________.
storage for information that is currently being use din some conscious cognitive activity
Long term memory refers to the __________________________________.
storage of information over extended periods of time
Chuncking can increase __________________.
the amount of information held in short term memory
Short term memory is often referred to as _____________.
working memory
Earliest memories are form events that occurred between the ages of _____________________.
2 and 4
Your auditory sensory memory holds sound information up to _____________________.
3 or 4 seconds
What is the stage model of memory?
A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory.
What is the semantic network model?
A model that describes units of information in long term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations.
Memory researchers believe that there is a what?
A separate sensory memory for each sense (vision, hearing, touch, smell and so on)
Who developed the best known model of working memory?
Alan Baddeley
Themes of self awareness and individual autonomy were more common in ____________________ which tended to focus on their own experiences, emotions and thoughts.
American Students
Themes of self awareness and individual autonomy are more common in ____________________ which tended to focus on their own experiences, emotions and thoughts.
American students then Chinese or Taiwanese students
What is self reference effect?
Applying information to yourself improves your memory for information.
What is procedural memory?
Category of long term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations and actions.
What is semantic memory?
Category of long term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts and names.
What is episodic memory?
Category of long term memory that includes memories of particular events.
What is a much more effective encoding strategy?
Elaborative rehearsal
Memory inclued three fundamental processes and they are?
Encoding, storage and retrieval
What are the two dimensions of long term memory?
Explict and implict memory
Current research suggest that the true magical number of short term memory is what?
Four plus or minus one when chuncking is not an option.
Who identified visual sensory memory as a thing that existed?
George Sperling
_____________________________ takes place in short term memory?
Imagining, remembering and conscious problem solving
What is chuncking?
Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit or chunk.
What is implict memory?
Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected also called non-declarative memory.
What is explicit memory?
Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected also called declarative memory.
Why is visual sensory memory sometimes referred to as iconic memory?
It is a brief memory of an image or icon.
What is clustering?
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long term memory.
What are the three major categories of information stored in long term memory?
Procedural memory, episodic memory and semantic memory
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long term memory. (ex: making a story that helps you remember it)
What is short term memory?
The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds.
The early memories mark the beginning of what?
The autobiographical memories
What is the central executive?
The component that controls attention, integrates information and manages the activities of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad.
What is the visuospatical sketchpad?
The component that is specialized for spatial or visual material such as remembering the layout of a room or city.
What is the phonological loop?
The component that is specialized for verbal material like lists of numbers or words, this is often tested by the standard memory tasks.
What is autobiographical memory (closely related to episodic memory)?
The events in your life, your personal life history.
What is the stage model of memory based on?
The idea that information is transferred from one memory stage to another.
What is maintenance rehearsal?
The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20 second duration of short term memory.
What is memory?
The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time.
What is retrieval?
The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.
What is storage?
The process of retaining information in memory so that it ca be used at a later time.
What is encoding?
The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.
The best known model of long term memory is what?
The semantic network model
What is sensory memory?
The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time.
What is long term memory?
The stage of memory that represents the long term storage of information.
What is working memory?
The temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning and problem solving.
_______________, especially vivid images also enhance encoding of memories.
The use of visual imagery
What is an important function of sensory memory?
To very briefly store sensory impressions so that they overlap slightly with one another so we perceive the world around us as continuous rather than a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds.
The maximum duration of some long term memories is ___________.
a lifetime
George Miller thought that the capacity of short term memory is limited to ___________________.
about seven items or bits of information at one time, plus or minus two