Will's EXAM II 3290/3310

Your patient is in the oliguric phase of AKI, and has hyperkalemia. What would you do to treat this?

- Cardiac Monitoring - Regular insulin IV, give IV glucose with it (prevent hypoglycemia) - Sodium Bicarb: Shifts K into the cell - Calcium Gluconate: Advanced cardiac toxicity, (raises calcium threshold of excitation, causing dysrhythmias) Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate) - CODE BROWN Diet restriction: Limit K, (bananas/spinach/leafy green)

Cranial nerve VI, lateral eye movement

Abducens

Cranial nerve XI, shoulder shrug

Accessory

Your patient has a 50% increase serum creatinine, with a urine output of under 0.5mL/kg/hr, with signs and symptoms of azotemia (increased urea, nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine), you would expect them to have

Acute Kidney Injury

Your patient has acute kidney injury, but it is intrarenal. What would you expect the patient would have?

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) = most common intrarenal cause of AKI -results from ischemia, nephrotoxins, or sepsis Nephrotoxic injury -Drugs, radiocontrast agents, blood transfusion rxn, chemical exposures (ex: lead) Interstitial nephritis: spaces between kidney tubules become inflamed -allergies, NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors

what will CKD do to the GI system?

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste in mouth, changes in taste, stomatitis, uremic colitis (diarrhea), constipation, uremic fetor (breath odor)

A 2 year old has hearing loss because of recurrent otitis media. What treatment would the nurse anticipate the practitioner to use? a. Eardrops b. Myringotomy c. Mastoidectomy d. Steroid therapy

B, Myringotomy is surgical opening into the eardrum to permit drainage of accumulated fluid associated with otitis media. Ear Drops would obscure view of tympanic membrane. Removing the mastoid would not relieve pressure from the inflamed ear. Antibiotics would be used, not steroid, for the infectious process.

A patient with End Stage Renal Disease, received erythropoietin a week ago. What complaint by the patient justifies the need to call the doctor? a. The patient complains of being constipated. b. The patient reports elevated blood pressure. c. The patient reports pain in the legs & back. d. The patient complains of flu-like symptoms.

B, Patient's blood pressure will need to be monitored carefully after the initial administration. Hypertension that cannot be controlled is a contraindication to erythropoietin therapy.

Screening at 24 weeks of gestation reveals that a pregnant woman has gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In planning her care, the nurse and the woman mutually agree that an expected outcome is to prevent injury to the fetus as a result of GDM. The nurse identifies that the fetus is at greatest risk for: A. Low birth weight. B. Macrosomia. C. Preterm birth. D. Congenital anomalies of the central nervous system

B, The term macrosomia is used to describe a newborn with an excessive birth weight. Hyperglycemia in the fetus results in the stimulation of insulin, insulin like growth factors, growth hormone, and other growth factors, that stimulate fetal growth and deposition of fat and glycogen

Use of splitting is most associated with which personality disorder? A. Antisocial B. Borderline C. Dependent D. Schizotypal

B, idealizing someone one moment, then later calling them abusive or toxic. not seeing nuance in the relationships or actions of others. cutting people out of their life, then expressing feelings of abandonment.

What does visual acuity less than 20/200 in the better eye indicate?

Blindness

A student with type 1 diabetes mellitus goes to the school nurse stating they do not feel well. Which symptoms does the nurse recognize as requiring immediate intervention? A. Tired, BP of 110/60, and blood glucose 108. B. Regular depth respirations with frequent pauses, oliguria, and flushed skin. C. Deep, rapid respirations with long expirations, thirst and abdominal pain. D. Perspiration, BP 130/84 and blood glucose of 150.

C, Deep, rapid respirations with long expiration, thirst and abdominal pain is associated with hyperglycemia, kussmaul breathing, polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia all know as diabetic ketoacidosis

A nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of treatment for a client with excess fluid volume. What clinical finding indicates that the treatment has been successful? A. Increased urine specific gravity B. Positive pedal pulses C. Clear breath sounds D. Normal potassium level

C, Excess fluid can move into the lungs, causing crackles, clear breath sounds support that treatment was effective. Specific gravity will decrease as client excretes excess fluid. Pedal pulses will not diminish Normal potassium can be maintained independently of fluid excess correction.

A patient who has acute glomerulonephritis is hospitalized with acute kidney injury (AKI) and hyperkalemia. Which information will the nurse obtain to evaluate the effectiveness of the prescribed calcium gluconate IV? a. Urine output b. Calcium level c. Cardiac rhythm d. Neurologic status

C, Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves and cardiac dysrhythmias. If the cardiac rhythm returns to NSR, then the calcium gluconate was effective. Calcium gluconate is used in advanced cardiac toxicity.

What should the nurse anticipate about the insulin requirements of a client with diabetes on her first postpartum day? A. The insulin requirement will increase slowly and steadily. B. The insulin requirement will remain unchanged. C. A sudden decrease in the insulin requirement. D. A sudden increase in insulin requirement

C, The mother's insulin requirements tend to be very low for the first few days postpartum. Insulin sensitivity increases dramatically after delivery of placenta. Insulin requirements drop markedly during birth and immediate postpartum period During first few days to 2 weeks postpartum, can drop to less than pre-pregnancy levels with variable return to baseline

Which behavior indicates that a patient diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is improving? A. The patient cries when her roommate refuses to go to the dining room with her. B. The patient yells at the group facilitator when he points out that she is monopolizing the group. C. The patient informs a staff member that she is having thoughts of harming herself. D. The patient tells the evening staff that the day staff excused her from group to smoke when she got upset.

C, The patient informs a staff member that she is having thoughts of harming herself.

What are intrarenal causes of AKI? Select all that apply a. anaphylaxis b. renal stones c. nephrotoxic drugs d. acute glomerulonephritis e. Radiocontrast agents

C,D,E: Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) = most common intrarenal cause of AKI -results from ischemia, nephrotoxins, or sepsis Nephrotoxic injury -Drugs, radiocontrast agents, blood transfusion rxn, chemical exposures (ex: lead) Interstitial nephritis: spaces between kidney tubules become inflamed -allergies, NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors

The nurse is teaching a patient with type 1 diabetes about exercise. The nurse understands the patient should avoid exercise during what time? A. During colder months B. When serum glucose is less than 150 C. When ketones are present in the urine D. When emotional stressors are high for the patient

C: Exercise should be avoided if ketones are present in the urine. Ketones indicate that current insulin levels are not adequate and that exercise would elevate blood glucose levels

What are the consequences of impaired taste and smell (think safety and psychosocial)?

Can lead to anorexia, weightless, malnutrition, food poisoning SAFETY: Environmental danger PSYCHOSOCIAL: Quality of life

What eye issue is defined as the lens opacity that distorts the image projected onto the retina (that can only be fixed with surgery)?

Cataracts

Which patient diagnosis or treatment is most consistent with prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)? a. IV tobramycin b. Incompatible blood transfusion c. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis d. Dissecting abdominal aortic aneurysm

D, Blood/cardiac are pre-renal

When do most patients tend to develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy? A. Usually during the 1-3 month of pregnancy B. Usually during the 2-3 month of pregnancy C. Usually during the 1-2 trimester of pregnancy D. Usually during the 2-3 trimester of pregnancy

D, GDM comes out around 2/3 trimester

A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) has an arterial blood pH of 7.30. The nurse will assess the patient for a. vasodilation. b. poor skin turgor. c. bounding pulses. d. rapid respirations.

D, Metabolic acidosis can cause Kussmaul's breathing.

A client with a diagnosis of depression who has attempted suicide says to the nurse, " I should have died. I've always been a failure. Nothing ever goes right for me. " Which response by the nurse demonstrates therapeutic communication? A. "You have everything to live for" B. " Why do you see yourself as a failure?" C. "Feeling like this is all part of being depressed." D. "You've been feeling like a failure for a while."

D, Responding to the feelings expressed by a client is an effective therapeutic communication technique. The correct option is an example of the use of restating. The remaining options block communication because they minimize the client's expressed feelings. In addition, use of the word why is nontherapeutic because clients frequently interpret why questions as accusations. Why questions can cause resentment, insecurity and mistrust.

What treatments are important for CKD? At home? In the hospital?

Dialysis: Three times a week for 3-4 hours, requires AV fistula access, filters waste/water from blood Peritoneal dialysis: Abdominal cavity acts as a membrane for filtration, uses dialysate, which draws waste/fluid from the blood Kidney transplant

What FIRST LINE pharmacological interventions are used for AKI management?

Diuretics (Furosemide/Lasix) Osmotic diuretics (Mannitol) NOT IN HIGH DOSES

What is stage V of chronic kidney disease (ESRD)? What would the GFR be?

End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD)... implement renal replacement GRF = <15

Cranial nerve VII, facial movement/eyelid closing

Facial

What restrictions should AKI pt. be on?

Fluid restriction: 600 ml + previous 24 hour fluid loss

What eye disorder results in increased intraocular pressure (IOP) that can be cured with drug therapy and surgery?

Glaucoma

What are the primary causes of CKD?

Glomerular disease, tubular disease, vascular disease of the kidney, UTI, genetic, infection, systemic vascular disease, metabolic kidney disease, connective tissue disease

What methods do patients use to adaptively improve hearing?

Hearing aids, assistive clisting, sign languagr

Cranial nerve XII, tongue movement

Hypoglossal

Your patient has acute kidney injury, but it is prerenal. What would you expect the patient would have?

Hypovolemia: Dehydration, hemorrhage, GI (diarrhea/vomiting), diuresis, burns Decreased CO: Dysrhythmias, shock, HF, MI Vasodilation: Sepsis, anaphylaxis, antihypertensive meds

What are the phases of acute kidney injury?

Initiation: initial insult (start of injury) Oliguric: peeing less Diuresis: peeing a lot Recovery: returning to normal function

How does the nurse/medical doctor assess a patient's vision?

Inspection Intervene: Surgery Adaptive methods: Contacts, glasses, braille, guide dogs

What are screening tools for preventing impaired sensory perception (vision and hearing)?

Lifetime long vision screening 40+: EVERY 2 YEARS 60+: EVERY YEAR

What does visual acuity less than 20/40 in the better eye indicate?

Low/impaired vision

What eye disorder is defined as deterioration of central vision reducing ability to read, write, or recognize safety hazards (with the only cure being laser surgery/medications)?

Macular degeneration

What type of ABG disorder does CKD lead to

Metabolic Acidosis: results from the inability of kidneys to excrete acid load (primarily ammonia); defective reabsorption/regeneration of bicarbonate

What is stage III of chronic kidney disease? What would the GFR be?

Moderately reduced kidney function... slow the disease progression GFR = 30-59

What electrolytes will change in CKD?

Na - normal/low K - HYERKALEMIA

What are some additional treatments for AKI?

Nutrition: Proteins/potassium/sodium restriction Treat Hyperkalemia Dialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy

Crainal nerve III, opening eyelids, eye movement

Oculomotor

Cranial nerve I, sense of smell

Olfactory

Your patient has a urine output of <400mL/day for 10-14, and are hyponatremic because their renal tubes cannot conserve Na+ and hyperkalemic because the tubules cannot excrete K+ (inversely related), what stage of AKI are they in? What lab values would you expect in the pt. ?

Oliguric Phase: The longer it lasts, the poorer prognosis for recovery - Elevated Bun/Cr - Increased nitrogenous waste: Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, seizures, stupor, coma Fluid: HF, Pulmonary EDEMA - Metabolic acidosis: Ammonia (confusion) not synthesized, decreased bicarb

Cranial nerve II, visual acuity

Optic

What middle ear inflammation occurs commonly in children due to infection causing pain and hearing loss which can be treated with a myringotomy (surgical opening of eardrum to drain fluid)?

Otitis media

What is a rupture or hole of the eardrum as a result of otitis media?

Perforated eardrum

What sensorineural age-related hearing loss is caused by changes of the inner ear/nerve pathways impairs from minor distortions to complete hearing loss and may lead to communication difficulties and psychosocial consequences like relationship/learning/work/isolation problems?

Presbycusis

What is the inability to focus on near objects due to reduced elasticity of the lens?

Presbyopia

What are primary preventions for preventing impaired sensory perception?

Protective devices, ear plugs, helmets, oral hygiene

What causes olfactory and gustatory (taste/smell) impairment?

Radiation of head and neck, dental issues, head injury, sinus infections, nasal polyps, brain tumor/injury

What is stage IV of chronic kidney disease? What would the GFR be?

Severely reduced kidney function (noticeable jaundice around the eyes)... manage complications/discuss renal replacement GFR = 15-29

What is stage II of chronic kidney disease? What would the GFR be?

Slightly reduced kidney function... minimize risk factors GFR = 60-89

What does TORCH stand for in the TORCH antibody panel for pregnant mothers?

TO: Toxoplasmosis RC: Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) H: HSV (herpes simplex virus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Which fluid below is considered an isotonic solution but works as a hypotonic solution? A. Dextrose 5% in water B. Lactated Ringer's solution C. Dextrose 10% in water D. 0.33% Normal Saline

The answer is A. Dextrose 5% in water (D5W) starts out as an isotonic solution, but ends up working as a hypotonic solution. This occurs because once the dextrose in the solution is used by the body (metabolized), there is only free water left over, which has a low osmolarity and acts as a hypotonic solution.

What type of solution below can be used to treat cerebral edema? A. Isotonic B. Hypertonic C. Hypotonic

The answer is B. Cerebral edema is swelling of the brain. Hypertonic solutions dehydrate the cell which is helpful with cerebral edema.

What is the fluid compartment that surrounds the outside of the cells and plays a vital role in helping be a medium for electrolytes and other substances to move to and from the cell to the plasma? A. intracellular compartment B. interstitial compartment C. intravascular compartment D. transcellular compartment

The answer is B: interstitial compartment

Which patients below should not receive Lactated Ringer's solution? Select all that apply: A. A patient with a mild case of metabolic acidosis. B. A pre-op patient for abdominal surgery. C. A patient experiencing hyperkalemia. D. A patient with liver failure.

The answer is C and D. Lactated Ringer's solution (LR) contains water, potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, and lactate. Patients who are experiencing hyperkalemia (high potassium level) should not receive this solution since it already has potassium in it. In addition, a patient with liver failure is not a candidate for LR because it contains lactate. The liver is responsible for converting lactate to bicarbonate. When the liver is failing this conversion process cannot happen, which can lead to the buildup of lactate.

Your patient is receiving 0.45% Normal Saline for hypernatremia. What finding requires you to stop the fluid and notify the doctor? A. decreasing sodium level B. increased urination C. confusion D. polydipsia

The answer is C. 0.45% Normal saline is a hypotonic solution. It can be used to treat hypernatremia (lower the sodium levels in the blood). This fluid causes osmosis to move water from the extracellular space to the intracellular space. If too much is moved to the extracellular space cell swelling can present. Signs of this include mental status changes like confusion. Therefore, the nurse would want to hold the fluid and notify the doctor for further orders. Polydipsia is excessive thirst which presents with hypernatremia. Increase urination and a decreasing sodium level are expected with IV fluid administration.

Which fluid type is MOST likely to cause hypernatremia along with fluid volume overload and requires close monitoring by the nurse during administration? A. 0.45% Normal Saline B. Dextrose 5% in water C. 3% Saline D. 0.225% Saline

The answer is C. 3% Saline is a hypertonic solution and contains a concentrated amount of the sodium. It will cause fluid to leave the intracellular space and enter the extracellular space. This could lead to fluid volume overload and requires very close monitoring by the nurse. The other solutions listed here are hypotonic.

Which patient below is at risk for fluid volume overload while receive 0.9% Normal Saline? A. A patient with hyponatremia. B. A patient experiencing dehydration. C. A patient with heart failure. D. A patient who is vomiting.

The answer is C. In cases of the heart failure, the heart is too weak to pump fluid out of the heart. This can lead the body to become overwhelmed with fluid. Patients who are experiencing heart or kidney failure are at risk for fluid volume overload when receiving fluids.

Which statement below is the most accurate about the process of osmosis? A. Water will moves from a solution with a higher solute concentration to a solution with a lower solute concentration. B. Water and solutes will move from a lower water concentration solution to a higher water concentration solution. C. Water will move from a lower solute concentration solution to a higher solute concentration solution. D. Water will move from a fluid of a lower water concentration to a fluid of a higher water concentration.

The answer is C. Osmosis is the movement of water from a fluid of higher water concentration to a fluid of lower water concentration, or, in other words, water will move from a lower solute concentration fluid to a higher solute concentration fluid.

What is the fluid compartment that is found inside the blood vessels? A. intracellular compartment B. interstitial compartment C. intravascular compartment D. transcellular compartment

The answer is C: intravascular compartment

What type of fluid below has a low osmolarity? A. 0.9% Normal Saline B. 3% Saline C. Dextrose 5% in 0.9% Normal Saline D. 0.45% Normal Saline

The answer is D. 0.45% Normal Saline is a hypotonic solution. It contains a lower concentration on solutes compared to the blood plasma. Due to this, it will cause water to move from the extracellular space to the intracellular space, which could swell the cell leading to possible rupture.

What is the only fluid type that can be administered with blood products? A. Lactated Ringer's solution B. 0.45% Normal Saline C. 3% Saline D. 0.9% Normal Saline

The answer is D. 0.9% Normal Saline is the ONLY fluid that can be administered with blood products.

Which fluid below is NOT categorized as an isotonic fluid? A. 0.9% Normal Saline B. Lactated Ringer's solution (LR) C. Dextrose 5% in water D. Dextrose 5% in 0.45% Normal Saline

The answer is D: Dextrose 5% in 0.45% Normal Saline This is a hypertonic solution. Dextrose 5% in water is considered isotonic but once administered it become hypotonic (it categorized as an isotonic fluid).

What is the fluid compartment that is found in certain body cavities like the spinal cavity, heart, lungs, and joints? A. intracellular compartment B. interstitial compartment C. intravascular compartment D. transcellular compartment

The answer is D: transcellular compartment

True or False: Lactated Ringer's Solution is first-line treatment for fluid resuscitation situations.

The answer is FALSE. LR contains glucose which can increase the blood glucose and is not first-line treatment for fluid resuscitations situations.

True or False: Osmosis is an active transport process.

The answer is FALSE. Osmosis is a passive type of transport process.

True or False: If a solution has a high concentration of solutes, it is considered to have a high osmolarity.

The answer is TRUE.

True or False: Most of the fluid in the body is found in the intracellular space.

The answer is true. The intracellular space is the space inside of the cell. The fluid in it accounts for 2/3 of our body water. Therefore, most of our fluid is inside the cell.

Select all the fluid spaces that make up the extracellular compartment: A. transcellular B. extravascular C. intravascular (plasma) D. interstitial

The answers are A, C, and D. The interstitial, intravascular, and transcellular fluid compartments make up the extracellular compartment.

Which statements below best describe a hypotonic solution? Select all that apply: A. It has a high osmolarity. B. These fluid types have a lower amount of solutes in it compared to the blood plasma. C. There is more water than solutes in these types of fluids. D. These fluids can lead to cell shrinkage.

The answers are B and C. Hypotonic solutions have a lower osmolarity than the blood plasma (lower concentration of solutes in the fluid). Osmosis will cause water to move from the extracellular space to the intracellular and swell the cell, which can rupture.

When the patient has (from minor distortion to complete loss) from an injury which decreases their ability to sense pain/heat/cold, they developed a loss of _________________ which decreases ADL and occupational/IADLs

Touch

Cranial nerve V, sensations of face/chewing

Trigeminal

Cranial nerve IV, Downward eye movement

Trochlear

Your patient is experiencing urinary changes during the diuretic phase of acute kidney injury, but the urine is not concentrated. How much urination would you expect? For how long? Pt. Education?

Urine output of 1-3L a day, can also be 3-5L a day. Time frame: 1-3 weeks Pt. Education: DRINK WATER!!

Cranial nerve X, uvula/swallowing

Vagus

What does CKD do to the cardiac system and perfusion?

cardiomyopathy, HTN, heart failure, peripheral edema, uremic pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pericardial friction rub, cardiac tamponade

Cranial nerve IX, taste

glossopharyngeal

What neurological problems will CKD manifest with?

lethargy & drowsiness, seizures, coma, slurred speech, ataxia (uncoordinated), tremors, twitching or jerking movements

Assessment of AKI include

strict I&Os, blood pressure, daily weights, edema, mucous membranes, evaluate mental status, monitor for seizures, lung/breath sounds (fluid overload = crackles), heart sounds (murmurs & pericardial friction rub), EKG (hyperkalemia = tall T waves), lab values, monitor for anemia

What will CKD do to the respiratory system?

uremic halitosis, deep sighing, SOB, pulmonary edema, crackles, Kussmaul respirations, depressed cough reflex

What clinical finding does the nurse anticipate when admitting a client with an extracellular fluid volume excess? A. Distended neck veins B. Elevated hematocrit C. Hypernatremia D. Rapid, thready pulse

A, Because of fluid overload in the intravascular space the neck veins become visibly distended. Elevated hematocrit level and Rapid, thread pulse represent a fluid deficit, sodium causes fluid retention, its concentration is unchanged; if fluid is retained independently of sodium, its concentration is decreased.

A nurse is teaching a group of patients about Metabolic syndrome. Which assessment features are associated with the syndrome? (Select all that apply.) A. Male waist circumference 44 inches B. Fasting blood glucose 66 mg/dL C. Triglyceride value of 162 mg/dL D. Blood pressure 135/85 E. Patient is taking blood pressure medication

A, C, D, E: Beware of PHATS. P - pressure: systolic >130 or diastolic >85 or on hypertension medication H - HDL: if their HDL <40 in men & <50 in women A - Abdominal obesity: abdominal circumference in men: greater than 40 inches & female: greater than 35 inches T - triglycerides: triglycerides > 150 or on medication for high triglycerides S - sugars: fasting BG of >100 or on meds for high glucose

In the Oliguric phase of acute renal injury, the nurse should Anticipate the development of which of the following complications a. Pulmonary Edema. b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Hypotension d. Hypokalemia

A, Due to decreased urine output and fluid retention.

Which visual impairment is characterized by decreased elasticity of the lens causing the inability to focus on nearby objects? a. Presbyopia b. Macular degeneration c. Glaucoma d. Cataracts

A, Presbyopia Cataracts: Lens opacity is distorted Macular: Deterioration of central vision, cannot read Glaucoma: Increased ICP, fluid in eye

Perfectionism is a trait likely to be evident in a person with which personality disorder? A. Obsessive-compulsive B. Narcissistic C. Antisocial D. Avoidant

A, an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is characterized by orderliness, perfectionism and excessive devotion to work to the point that individuals exclude hobbies and friendships. The individual is often detail-oriented, and when things do not work out in their favor, they can quickly become angry.

During an annual physical exam, a client reports not being able to smell coffee & most foods. Which cranial nerve function would the nurse assess? a. I b. II c. X d. VII

A. Olfactory

What is it most important to prevent in AKI? Think of local/systemic/WBC

-infection = leading cause of death in AKI -local: redness, swelling, pain -systemic: fever, elevated WBC, fatigue

Your patient has acute kidney injury, but it is postrenal. What would you expect the patient would have?

1. Calculi (kidney stones) 2. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) 3. Bladder & prostate cancer 4. Trauma (back, pelvis, perineum) 5. Neuromuscular disorders (Ex: patients with MS have a spastic bladder in which they can urinate too much or not enough)

How long will the recovery phase of AKI last for?

12 months for stabilization

The nurse is assessing a client who has had a current history of alcohol dependence for signs of major withdrawal. What findings would the nurse expect to find? 1. Anxiety and increased appetite 2. Hypotension, bradycardia 3. Tachycardia, severe diaphoresis 4. Cold, clammy skin, decreased body temperature

3, Withdrawal symptoms include tachy/diaphoresis

A patient who has a history of chronic back pain requires a higher dose of an opioid medication in order to achieve adequate pain relief. The health care provider suspects that these findings are a result of which of the following? 1. Addiction 2. Dependence 3. Pseudoaddiction 4. Tolerance

4, Tolerance is a person's diminished response to a drug that is the result of repeated use.

What is defined as anuria in CKD and AKI?

<40 mL in 24hr

What is defined as oliguria in CKD and in AKI?

<400mL in 24hr

What is stage I of chronic kidney disease? What would the GFR be?

At risk, normal kidney function, urine indicates kidney disease... minimize risk factors GFR = >90

Cranial nerve VIII, Hearing/balance

Auditory/Vestibulocochlear