Wk 12 Quiz

4. Can be used to remove, replace, or add more than one gene at a time

CRISPR-Cas9

3. Most cases of cancer are caused by normal chromosomes.

False

Which of the following characteristics are typical of cancer cells?

Loss of cell cycle control Dedifferentiated Lack contact inhibition Can induce blood vessel formation

RB1 and p53 are ____________ .

tumor suppressors

5. Can be used in any species

CRISPR-Cas9

A variation of ____________ uses morpholinos to silence mutations that cause exons to be cut out of mRNA.

antisense technology

The process that uses short, synthetic, double-stranded RNAs to intentionally bind mRNAs thereby diminishing gene expression is called __________.

antisense technology

Mutations that enable cancer cells to grow and divide faster than other normal cells are known as __________ mutations.

driver

Select the passenger mutation from the list below.

A silent mutation in Rb

4. Cancer can result from a failure of ________.

a cell cycle checkpoint

Which of the following events at the cellular level can result in development of cancer?

Activation of cancer stem cells Increase in the proportion of stem cells within a tissue Defective tissue repair Dedifferentiation

Select the genome editing tool that is described by each sentence. 1. Uses RNA

CRISPR-Cas9

Select the example that shows the interplay between environmental and genetic factors in cancer.

Certain mutations in the genes that encode the cytochrome P450 complex lead to poorer detoxification of cigarette smoke, and thus greater cancer risk.

(Determine whether each of the following statements about cancer is true or false.) 1. All tumors are cancerous.

False

(Determine whether each of the following statements about chromosomes in cancer cells is true or false.) 1. Chromosomes in cancer cells exist in normal numbers.

False

3. Most cases of cancer arise from inheriting a cancer susceptibility allele from a parent.

False

5. Cancer begins when a cell divides less frequently that it should.

False

5. Duplication of a chromosome in a cancer cell reduces the copies of an oncogene.

False

6. Oncogenes cause cancer when they are inactivated.

False

Determine whether each description pertains to oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Drag and drop each description to the appropriate category.

Oncogenes: - Activation causes cancer. - Cancer entails a gain-of-function. - Activation is usually associated with a point mutation, translocation, or inversion. Tumor suppressor genes: - Inactivation causes cancer. - Cancer entails a loss-of-function. - Often inactivated by a point mutation or deletion.

(Select the word or phrase that best completes each sentence about methods used to silence DNA. Drag and drop the terms provided into the correct spaces.) In ____________ , a double-stranded RNA molecule separates into single strands. One of the strands prevents a complementary mRNA from being translated.

RNA interference

In ___________, a double-stranded RNA molecule separates into single strands. One of the strands prevents a complementary mRNA from being translated.

RNA interference

3. Based on a bacterium that infects plants

TALEN

You are developing cancer drugs. You wish to develop a drug that reduces expression of an oncogene. You want the mRNA encoded by the oncogene to be completely destroyed in the treated cells. Which strategy should you use?

Treatment of cancer cells with RNAi

2. Chromosomes in cancer cells may bear translocations.

True

2. The process of a tumor spreading is called metastasis.

True

4. Chromothripsis shatters several chromosomes and may kill the cell - or trigger cancer.

True

4. Somatic cells may develop mutations in cancer-causing genes.

True

6. Translocations that join parts of nonhomologous chromosomes turn genes into oncogenes.

True

2. Relies on the FokI nuclease

ZFN

A variation of ______ ______ uses morpholinos to silence mutations that cause exons to be cut out of mRNA.

antisense technology

The term used to describe the fact that cancer cells have lost the specializations of the cells from which they descend is

dedifferentiated.

A tumor suppressor gene mutation that causes cancer is usually a ____________ .

deletion

Activation of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene could occur due to a mutation or a change in the ____________ of the wild-type gene.

expression

(Select the answer that best completes each statement about the genetic basis of cancer.) 1. Cancer susceptibility is passed onto future generations when a(n) ________ mutation has occurred.

germline

A __________ is a sequence of twenty-five DNA bases attached to organic groups that are different from the usual sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

morpholino

A ____________ is a sequence of twenty-five DNA bases attached to organic groups that are different from the usual sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

morpholino

Genes that normally stimulate cell division when it is appropriate are called ____________ .

proto-oncogenes

A molecule that consists of a piece of DNA from one organism combined with the DNA from a member of another species is called

recombinant DNA.

The molecules that carry out RNA interference are called _________.

small interfering RNAs

The molecules that carry out RNA interference are called ____________ .

small interfering RNAs

2. A mutation that occurs in cells that do not develop into gametes is called a(n) _______ mutation.

somatic

5.Sporadic cancer is due to _______ mutations.

somatic

3. Cancer cells often have longer telomeres due to reactivation of the enzyme _________.

telomerase

A fusion protein can be produced due to the ____________ of a proto-oncogene to a site next to another gene.

translocation