World Civ II Quiz #2

Describe household slavery in sub-Saharan Africa?

Wealth in sub-Saharan Africa was determined by the number of workers a householder employed. Raids on neighboring villages to acquire slaves increased one's wealth. As sub-Saharan societies became more stratified, the more likely it was that these slaves would find opportunities to move up in status or even freedom. Slaves frequently ran away, but there was limited opportunity for slaves to find safe haven, as their home villages were usually too weak to prevent their recapture. Slavery in sub-Saharan Africa served diverse economic and social functions.

harem

Within the ________, women enjoyed considerable freedom, constructed their own hierarchies, and celebrated their own holidays and ceremonies. Navigating the ___________'s social relationships was of supreme importance since the inner harmony of the court depended on it.

Henry the Navigator

____________, brother of the ruling king, occupied the Moroccan port of Ceuta in 1415. wished to renew crusading for the reconquest of Jerusalem, lost to the Muslims in 1219.

allegory

a device in which the parts have symbolic value in depicting the meaning of the whole. can be literary, poetic, dramatic, pictorial, or architectural.

Prester John

a mythical Christian kings believed to live in Ethiopia or India who could help Portugal in the reconquest of Jerusalem. Mariners sailed upstream in hopes of linking up with ___________, but instead encountered the ruler of the powerful kingdom on Kongo, who converted to Christianity and established close relations with Portugal.

boers

are Dutch farmers. governed themselves, following the model of Dutch representative institutions.

Luo

are cattle breeders and relatives of the Shilluk. arrived in southern Sudan and shook up the existing political and social structures.

privateers

are individuals or ships granted permission to attack enemy shipping and to keep a percentage of the prize money the captured ships brought at auction. were often indistinguishable from pirates.

presentism

is a bias towards present day attitudes, especially in the interpretation of history. is looking at the past through the lens of the present.

The atlantic system

is an economic system in which European ships would exchange goods for slaves in west Africa. Slaves would be brought to America and exchanges for goods that would be carried back to the home port.

plantation slavery

is an economic system in which slave labor was used to grow cash crops. slaves would grow things such as sugarcane, tobacco, and cotton on large estates.

chattel

is an item of moveable personal property. _________ slavery is the reduction of the status of the slave to an item of personal property of the owner, to dispose of as he or she sees fit.

Bunyoro kingdom

is based on agriculture and regional trade. held the cattle lords at bay while on the south side of the lake the cattle lords created a new small kingdom.

middle passageway

is on the voyage from Africa to the Americas, during this trip they would favor "tight packing" and put the maximum number of slaves on the ship that they could fit. It was on this that the full horror of the slave's condition was most fully demonstrated

Akbar

is son of Humayun, who died when he was only 14-years-old. hated religious violence of any kind and spent much of his rule attempting to reconcile the different religious traditions of his empire.

Institutionalization

is the creation of a regular system for previously improvised or ad hoc activities or things, such as law codes to replace local customs. ___________ of traditional nomadic succession practices among Mughal rulers was a chronic problem for the long-term health of the dynasty.

african diaspora

is the dispersal of African peoples throughout the world. They would disperse particularly in the Americas, as part of the transatlantic slave trade.

mercantilism

is the political theory according to which the wealth derived from the mining of silver and gold. With __________, the production of agricultural commodities should be restricted to each country's market, with as little as possible expended on imports from other countries.

regency

is the setting up of a guardian for an underage or incapacitated monarch to rule in his or her stead. After the emperor's death, a ________ was worked out for his 14-year-old son Akbar.

humayun

is the son of Babur, and it fell upon him to create a state. his death was kept a secret for several weeks while the court worked out plans for a regency for his son.

Khusrau

is the son of Jahangir. left the palace, quickly put together a small army, and marched to Lahore; his father made him watch his comrades be put to death by impalement

gouache

is watercolors with a gum base. Hundreds of Mughal _________ works were created, including the colossal illustrated Hamzanama of 1570.

Hausa Kingdom

numbering about half a dozen, formed during the height of the Mali-dominated trans-Saharan trade as southeastern extensions of this trade into rain-forest Africa. kings collected dues from the villagers and taxed the traders.

indentured laborers

poor workers enrolled in European states with an obligation to work in the Americas for 5-7 years. did this in return for their prepaid passage across the Atlantic Ocean.

manumission

the process by which slaves are legally given freedom. after ________. the slaves may acquire land and on occasion even start their own plantations with their own slaves.

Kanem-Bornu

was a long-lived Islamic realm, calling itself a caliphate, but with majority of subjects following local African religious traditions. was based on slave and ivory trade with the Mediterranean and on agriculture and fishing for its internal organization on the south side of Lake Chad.

Songhay Empire

was initially a tributary state of Mali, but as time went on the warriors among them eventually assumed positions of leadership as emperor of Mali What elevated the them above their vassals was their taxation of the gold trade.

salim

was named in honor of a famous Sufi holy man who told him he would have a son. When he was born, Akbar began to build a city on the site of Salim Chishti's village of Skiri.

kingdom of kongo

was one of the most important trade relations made with the Portuguese. is the oldest and most centralized kingdom in the region located south of the Congo River.

babur

was the founder of Timurid line in India- the Mughals. At 14, ______ conquered Samarkand, though he was soon forced out by a competing tribe.

gunpowder empires

were Muslim ruled empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. used cannons and small arms in their military, from 1450 - 1750.

Zamindars

were the local chiefs and headmen. The chief duties of the _________ were to channel the expansive and competitive energies among local clans, castes, and ethnic and religious groups into activities that were considered productive.

house hold slavery

African chiefs and kings maintained large households and had many workers referred to as slaves. Slaves were acquired through raids and wars but also as a form of punishment for infractions of royal, chiefly, or clan law.

Shah Jahan

After Jahangir dies of a fever, his oldest son, Khurram, outmaneuvered his younger brother for the throne and reigned as _________. _________ spent much of his reign on the ultimate fruitless drive to finally subdue the northwest.

What did the kingdoms of Songhay, Kanem-Bornu, and the Hausa have in common, and how did they differ?

All three were Islamist regimes, rulers and elites were Muslim and common people were native spiritualists. The center of trade networks, participating in trans-Saharan trade, and maintaining cavalries to protect caravans. Their power was based on two factors: defeating one another in battle, and their control over the trans-Saharan trade, especially gold. Songhay's dominance over the gold fields was an advantage. The Hausa kingdoms were more agricultural and had a more diverse tax base.

mansabdar

An elaborate, graded system of official ranks was created and the recipients were called _______. ________ were awarded grants of land and the revenues those working the land generated.

timur

At the end of the fourteenth century was the stunning rise of Temur Gurgan, more widely known as _______ the Lame. _________ cultivated a mystique as a ruler which continued to grow long after his death.

Benin

Euware acquired large numbers of slaves who were employed in his army and for the construction of extensive earthworks in order to protect the capital, _________ City. The kingdom of _________ with its high demand for slave labor remained a modest exporter of slaves and thus retained a considerable degree of autonomy and agency.

Hutus

Majority cattle breeders who were constantly at odds with the minority cattle farmers. The problems ultimately led to a mass killing by the Hutus on the minority cattle farmers.

Tutsis

Minority cattle breeders who were constantly at odds with the majority cattle farmers. The problems ultimately led to the majority farmers mass killing against the Tutsis.

How did Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb express their shift from the religious toleration of Akbar and Jahangir to a more legalistic Sunni tradition?

Shah Jahan had a definite turn toward a more legistic tradition. Under the influence of a trend among leading Sunni theologians, Shah Jahan blocked repair of the non-muslim religious buildings, having more direct support for Islamic festivals. Moving a step beyond the actions of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of dozens of hindu temples that had not been constructed or repaired.

Maratha Revolt

The Hindu Marathas, like the inhabitants of many regions bordering Mughal India, has evolved working relationships with the old Muslim sultanates that were annexed. Much of the Maratha lands of the Deccan region of south central India was a key area that had long eluded Mughal efforts.

Aurangzeb

The ascendancy of __________ was marked yet again by the now all-too-familiar pattern of the princely infighting. Three of the four sons were defeated and killed, leaving _________ in control of the empire.

pargana

The basic administrative unit of rural India at the time of the Mughals was the __________ is a unit comprising an area usually containing a town and from a dozen to about 100 villages.

How were the empires of Timur-i lang and Babur inspired by the empire of the Mongols?

The empire of Timur was aided by the ease of travel within the Mongol Empire. The desire for a new Mongol Empire created new opportunity for military action to unite the settle nomadic tribes of Chaghatay. The result was the stunning rise of Timur-i lang. For Babur, and his successors, their ruling family would always be the "House of Timur", however because of their claims to legacy of Genghis Kahn, they would be better known to the world as the Mughals inspired by the "Mongols".