World Civilization Chapter 13

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

Michael III

(842-867), the Byzantine Empire began to experience a revival. -

The Hundred Years' War

-French army of 1337 armed noble cavalrymen on foot soldiers and crossbowmen -English paid foot soldiers. Armed with pikes adopted the longbow/longer range and more rapid speed of fire than the crossbow.

Procopius

-The empire's best-known historian (c. 500-c. 562), court historian during the reign of Justinian. -served as secretary to the great general Belisarius and accompanied him on his wars on behalf of Justinian. - best historical work, the Wars -at Justinian's request wrote a treatise on the emperor's building projects: -works were modeled after the work of his hero, the Greek historian Thucydides

taille

-an annual direct tax usually on land or property - -a French tax on land or property, developed by King Louis XI in the fifteenth century as the financial basis of the monarchy. It was largely paid by the peasantry; the nobility and the clergy were exempt.

Basil II (976-1025)

-came to power at the age of eighteen and during his long reign greatly enlarged the Byzantine Empire. defeated the Bulgars and annexed Bulgaria to the empire -blinded 14,000 Bulgar captives before allowing them to return to their homes.

Alexius Comnenus (1081-1118)

-emperor established a dynasty that breathed new life into the Byzantine Empire

Theodora

-empress, wife of Justinian, -daughter of a lower-class circus trainer, who proved to be a remarkably strong-willed woman and played a critical role

The plague

-entered Europe through Sicily in 1347 and within three years had killed between one-quarter and one-half of the population.

Constantinople

-the imperial capital, viewed itself not only as the center of a world empire but also as a special Christian city. -inhabitants believed that the city was under the protection of God and the Virgin Mary

Revival of Byzantine Empire

1261

Turkish defeat of Serbs at Kosovo

1389

little ice age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. -Shortened growing seasons and disastrous weather conditions, including heavy storms and constant rain, led to widespread famine and hunger.

Seljuk Turks

A nomadic people from Central Asia -had been converted to Islam

All of the following cities were involved in conquests during the crusades except

Athens.

Corpus luris Civilis

Body of Civil Law completed in 529. 1st pary of the corpus -4 years later the Digest and the Institutes, Novels

The Papacy of Boniface VIII saw

Boniface forced to flee in the face of a French takeover.

Humanism, one of the intellectual movements that emerged during the Renaissance, studied all of the following except

Byzantine art.

The council that ended the Great Schism was the council of

Constance.

Trade (Byzantine)

Constantinople was the largest city in Europe during the Middle Ages with a population in the hundreds of thousands -Constantinople was also Europe's greatest commercial center. -was the chief entrepôt for the exchange of products between west and east, and trade formed the basis for its fabulous prosperity. -carried on by foreign merchants -silk from China, spices from Southeast Asia and India, jewelry and ivory from India (used by artisans for church items), wheat and furs from southern Russia, and flax and honey from the Balkans.

Theodosius II (408-450)

Emperor -had constructed an enormous defensive wall to protect the capital on its land side. -built roads, bridges, walls, public baths, law courts, colossal underground reservoirs to hold the city's water supply, hospitals, schools, monasteries, and churches. Churches were his special passion, -in Constantinople he built or rebuilt thirty-four churches -greatest achievement was the famous Hagia Sophia the Church of the Holy Wisdom.

Following a Papal bull, Christian knights of the crusades refrained from killing fellow Christians.

False

The appearance of the violent and destructive Mongol Empire ended all trade between the West and China.

False

Lombards

Germanic people, entered Italy only three years after Justinian's death

How did Justinian make a lasting contribution to Western civilization?

He codified Roman law. -He ordered the construction of Hagia Sophia, He created a code of laws, He gave constantinople a prosperous economy, He was the autocrate of constantinople, He temperarally re-conquered the territories of old rome, and he overcame a tax from the turks, the mongols, and the persian slobs

In addition to the Hagia Sophia and the royal palace, the third greatest building in Constantinople during Justinian's era was the

Hippodrome

The Renaissance began in

Italy

statue of David

Michelangelo -cut from an 18-foot-high block of marble, exalts the beauty of the human body and is a fitting symbol of the Italian Renaissance's affirmation of human power. Completed in 1504, David was moved by Florentine authorities to a special location in front of the Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of the Florentine government.

At the Battle of Kosovo, the Serbians were defeated by

Muslim forces.

In 1453, Constantinople was again conquered, this time by the

Ottoman Turks.

iconoclasts

People who opposed the use of icons in worship -The Roman popes were opposed to the iconoclastic edicts

An Italian intellectual who hunted down ancient manuscripts and emphasized classical Latin was

Petrarch.

Which of the following was not a fourteenth century explanation of the causes for the Black Death?

Practice of flagellation

Wars

Procopius's best historical work, -a firsthand account of Justinian's wars of reconquest in the western Mediterranean and his wars against the Persians in the east.

The painter who was famous for his madonnas was

Raphael.

The Byzantine Empire suffered a defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 by the

Seljuk Turks.

Christian Schism

The growing division between the Roman Catholic Church of the west and the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Byzantine Empire also weakened the Byzantine state.

The Byzantine Empire was able to resist the outside forces in the 8th century because of new defense structure that combined civil and military offices named

Themes.

As a result of the Black Death

There was an increase in Anti-Semitism

Byzantium was first conquered by Western armies in the 13th century before its eventual conquest by the Turks in the 15th century.

True

The Byzantine Empire attained its greatest economic prosperity during the period of the Macedonian emperors.

True

The Renaissance was largely an urban phenomenon.

True

The art of Leonardo da Vinci is characterized by an idealization of nature.

True

Michael Paleologus

a Greek military leader -took control of the kingdom of Nicaea in western Asia Minor -led a Byzantine army to recapture Constantinople two years later -and then established a new Byzantine dynasty, the Paleologi.

Institutes

a brief summary of the chief principles of Roman law that could be used as a textbook. 3rd part of Corpus

Digest

a compendium of writings of Roman jurists 2nd part of Corpus

Novels

a compilation of the most important new edicts issued during Justinian's reign. 4th part of Corpus

Hippodrome

a huge amphitheater, constructed of brick covered by marble, holding as many as 60,000 spectators. -

The Italian Renaissance was

a major creative force in the field of literature. part of an era of recovery in Europe. an era of great interest in the legacy of ancient Greco-Roman culture.

Geoffrey de Villehardouin

a participant in the struggle -wrote of The Conquest of Constantinople

All of the following cities were involved in conquests during the crusades

a. Edessa. b. Constantinople. c. Antioch. d. Jerusalem.

The following were blamed for the Black Death

a. Jews. c. devil. d. poisoned wells. e. God.

Humanism, studied all of the following

a. grammar. c. moral philosophy. d. poetry. e. rhetoric.

When Justinian died in 565, he left the Byzantine Empire with all of the following

a. territories that were too distant to protect easily. b. threats to the Byzantine frontiers. d. an empty treasury. e. the results of a great plague.

Macedonian dynasty

after Michael III -hold off Byzantium's external enemies and reestablish domestic order. (867-1056) ended in 1056 C.E.

Michelangelo

an accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect, was fiercely driven by a desire to create, and he worked with great passion and energy on a remarkable number of projects. -influenced by Neoplatonism, which viewed the ideal beauty of the human form as a reflection of divine beauty; the more beautiful the body, the more God-like the figure

Iconoclasm

an eighth-century Byzantine movement against the use of icons (pictures of sacred figures), which was condemned as idolatry. -Iconoclasm was finally abolished in 843, and reforms were made in education, church life, the military, and the peasant economy.

Renaissance humanism

an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of the Greek and Roman classics. -Humanists studied the liberal arts—grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy or ethics, and history—all based on the writings of ancient Greek and Roman authors.

Hypatius

as a new emperor after Justinian

codification of Roman law

became the basis of imperial law in the Byzantine Empire until its end in 1453. -Was written in Latin/the last product of eastern Roman culture to be written in Latin and was soon replaced by Greek -eventually used in the west and became the basis of the legal systems of all of continental Europe.

Byzantine Empire

came to known beginning in the eighth century -Greek state/Greek became its official language as well. -also a Christian state, built on a faith in Jesus -Byzantine rule was restored in 1261, and the empire survived in a weakened condition for another 190 years until the Ottoman Turks finally conquered it in 1453. -became the basis of imperial law in the Byzantine Empire until its end in 1453. -a civilization with its own unique character that would last until 1453 -iconoclastic controversy, threatened the stability of the empire in the first half of the eighth century. -in 7th and 8th centuries lost much of its territory to Slavs, Bulgars, and Muslims. - By 750, the empire consisted only of Asia Minor, some lands in the Balkans, and a small amount of territory in Italy.

Patriarch Photius

condemned the pope as a heretic for accepting a revised form of the Nicene Creed stating that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father and the Son instead of from the Father alone.

First Crusade

conquered Antioch, Jerusalem, and additional Palestinian lands

The threat from the Turks

doomed the aged Byzantine empire

Justinian

emperor -faced with a serious revolt in capital city Constantinople -wife was empress Theodora -Shamed by his wife's words, Justinian resolved to fight. -was determined to reestablish the Roman Empire in the entire Mediterranean world and began his attempt to reconquer the west within a year after the revolt had failed. -552 had restored the imperial Mediterranean world; his empire included Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria -made a lasting contribution to Western civilization through his codification of Roman law. -authorized the jurist Trebonian to make a systematic compilation of imperial edicts.

The Mongols

facilitated the spread of the plague with the creation of its Silk Road empire

Renaissance artists

imitated nature. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Albrecht Dürer etc. -sought to imitate nature in their works of art

Leo III (717-741)

in 730, outlawed the use of icons. -Strong resistance ensued, especially from monks.

Ostrogoths

in Italy were finally defeated in 552.

prince of Kiev

in Russia converted to Christianity in 987.

Macedonian emperors

in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries enlarged the empire, achieved economic prosperity, and expanded its cultural influence to eastern Europe and Russia. -worked to strengthen the position of the free farmers, who felt threatened by the attempts of landed aristocrats to expand their estates at the farmers' expense

carzimasia

is a man who has had his penis and both testicles removed, whether by choice or not, and whether by gangland or individual vengeance, or by wartime catastrophe.

Leo VI (886-912)

known as Leo the Wise, -composed works on politics and theology, systematized rules for regulating both trade and court officials, and arranged for a new codification of all Byzantine law.

Church of the Holy Wisdom

modern Istanbul-constructed under Justinian by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus

Classical Temple of Diana

near Ephesus, in Asia Minor (modern Turkey).

theme

new and larger administrative unit -combined civilian and military offices in the hands of the same person.

Michael Psellus (1018-c. 1081)

one of the foremost Byzantine historians. -wrote the Chronographia, a series of biographies of the Byzantine emperors from 976 to 1078, much of it based on his own observations.

pogroms

organized massacres of Jews. -The worst pogroms against this minority were carried out in Germany, where more than sixty major Jewish communities had been exterminated by 1351, -Jews fled to Europe

In the Byzantine Empire,

permanent war economy was the norm.

Belisarius

probably the best general of the late Roman world -defeated the Vandals in two major battles in N. Africa.

The following were blamed for the Black Death except

rats.

European civilization

rebounded in the fifteenth century, experiencing an artistic and intellectual revival in the Renaissance as well as a renewal of monarchical authority among the western European states.

All of the following are correct about the First Crusade except that the Western crusaders

sacked and captured Constantinople.

imperial troops

slaughtered 30,000 of the insurgents, about 5 percent of the city's population.

The development of the Mongol Empire facilitated the

spread of the plague.

Renaissance

the "rebirth" of Classical culture that occurred in Italy between c. 1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of Classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the twelfth century. -began in Italy. -in French, it means "rebirth." -there was a growing interest in early Islamic civilization. -Filippo Brunelleschi designed churches with a more human scale.

Hagia Sophia

the Church of the Holy Wisdom. -Completed in 537, -designed by two Greek scientists who departed radically from the simple, flat-roofed basilica of western architecture. -center of Hagia Sophia consisted of four huge piers crowned by an enormous dome, which seemed to be floating in space. -Which was emphasized by Procopius

Which of the following was not part of Justinian's Corpus Iuris Civilis?

the Codex Justinian.

Justinian's most lasting accomplishment was

the Corpus Iuris Civilis.

Justinian's greatest construction achievement was

the Hagia Sophia.

In the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries,

the Russians became independent of the Mongols by 1480.

Heraclius (610-641)

the empire faced attacks from the Persians to the east and the Slavs to the north.

All of the following are correct about the Renaissance except

the father of Italian Renaissance humanism was Leonardo de Vinci.

England's victories in the Hundred Years' War were largely due to

the longbow.

Black Death

the outbreak of plague (mostly bubonic) in the mid fourteenth century that killed from 25 to 50 percent of Europe's population. -struck in Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century -Bubonic plague was the most common and most important form of plague in the diffusion of the Black Death and was spread by black rats infested with fleas who were host to the deadly bacterium Yersinia pestis

When Justinian died in 565, he left the Byzantine Empire with all of the following except

the permanent restoration of the Roman Empire.

The 1054 schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches was largely over

the pope's claim that he was the sole head of the entire Christian church

Blues and the Greens

two factions, because they supported chariot teams bearing those colors when they competed in the Hippodrome. - joined together and rioted to protest the emperor's taxation policies

Liudprand of Cremona

undertook diplomatic missions to Constantinople on behalf of two western kings, Berengar of Italy and Otto I of Germany. -was a diplomat, "a person appointed by a national government to conduct official negotiations and maintain political, economic, and social relations with another country or countries; or a person who is tactful and skillful in managing delicate situations, handling people, etc."

Nika!

victory - the word normally used to cheer on their favorite teams.

Ravenna

was adorned with late Roman art - the seat of late Roman power in Italy

Trebonian

was authorized by Justinian to make a systematic compilation of imperial edicts. -The result was the Code of Law, the first part of the Corpus luris Civilis (Body of Civil Law), completed in 529.

In the early fourteenth century, the Catholic church

was moved to Avignon

The iconoclastic controversy

was over the belief by some that people were actually worshiping the pictures, or icons.

Eastern Orthodox Church

was unwilling to accept the pope's claim that he was the sole head of the Christian church

Flagellants

were Christian fanatics who physically scourged themselves during the Black Death.

The royal palace complex, Hagia Sophia, and the Hippodrome

were the three greatest buildings in Constantinople.

Chronographia

written by Michael Psellus -a series of biographies of the Byzantine emperors from 976 to 1078, much of it based on his own observations.