World History 2: The Great War
What were the causes of the Great War? (*July Crisis Activity)?
1) Imperialism 2) Militarism 3) Asassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (spark) 4) Mutual Defence Alliances 5) Nationalism M.A.I.N
Consequences of the War
1) League of Nations 2) Territorial Loses (Russia 3) New Nations 4) War Guilt on Germany 5) Military Restrictions 6) Fall of the Ottoman Empire 7) No Trust; Peace on quicksand
The Legacy of War
1) new tech 2) war on grand & global scale 3) death & destruction never seen before - 8.5 mil died + 21 mil wounded 4) death of civilians, starvation, disease, slaughter; entire generations of Euro wiped out 5) Econ impact: $338 bil total cost of war 6) destroyed acres of farmland, homes, villages, towns 7) despair and insecurity reflected in art and lit 8) Peace Agreement: after great debate & compromise, still anger and resentment 9) Spanish Flu in 1918-1919 - killed 20-30 mil around world - started in U.S. Kansas military camp - targeted young and healthy - killed more in one year than black death in 14th Cent.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
1859-1941 The German emperor through out WWI. In 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismarck to resign. He did not wish to share power with any-one. Also in 1890 Kaiser Wilhelm II let his alliance with Russia lapse, and in return Russia formed a defensive military alliance with France. Next, Wilhelm began a tremendous shipbuilding program in an effort to make the German navy equal to that of the mighty British fleet. Alarmed, Great Britain formed an entente, or alliance, with France, causing the Triple Entente to form. By 1907 Germany also had their own alliances in the form of the Triple Alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary. Kaiser Wilhelm was one of the key players in setting the world up for WWI by forcing the other european countries to pick sides after adding so much ill feelings, than that had already existed between the nations.
The Great War
A name that refers to WWI which started on July 28, 1914 and ended on November 11, 1918. The war was fought between The Allies, which included but was not limited to the United Kingdom, France, the United States of America, Russia and later Italy, and the opposing Central Powers, which included but was not limited to Germany, Austria-Hungary, (at first) Italy, and the Ottoman empire. There were many factors that led up to this event but the most notable was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. This war was significant because it was the first war of this magnitude. It was also one of the first wars fought with more modern technology. The Great War also changed many nations. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman empire were both defeated and their territory redistributed. Germany lost land and had an immense war debt which would be one of the factors leading up to the second World War. WWI was called this becuase of the immence death toll on each side and the extent to which it reached (total war).
Fourteen Points
A peace proposal proposed by President Wilson in January 1918. Including: 1. end secret treaties 2. freedom of the seas 3. free trade 4. reduced national armies and navies 5. fairness towards colonial people 6-13. proposed new geographical borders 14. general association of nations. The Fourteen points are significant because they showed President Wilson's efforts and hopes to achieve global peace through negotiating solutions to these conflicts.
Eastern Front
A theater of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria and Germany on the other. It is important because it had a profound impact on the remainder of the 20th century, even though the Western Front with its British, French and American combatants achieved somewhat greater fame. The statistics for the Eastern war are grim. More than three-million men died in the fighting, more than nine-million men were wounded, and every major country which participated lost its form of government.
David Lloyd George
After World War I ended the Paris Peace Conference was held to determine the terms of peace. David Lloyd George, the prime minister of Britain, was one of the so called "Big Four," also consisting of Woodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy). The Big Four figured out the meeting's major decisions. David Lloyd George was more moderate in his view of punishments for Germany. He did not want to destroy the German economy and political system. The British and the French did not agree with President Wilson's fourteen points peace treaty and after the Treaty of Versailles the League of Nations was formed.
Armistice
An agreement to stop fighting. This is significant because as the German army weakened and the Central powers of the Bulgarians and the Ottoman Turks surrendered, Germany and France signed an armistice to agree to end World War I.
League of Nations
Born out of Woodrow Wilson's 13 points, which he proposed to end war for all time when he came to the Paris Peace Conference, which would create the Versailles Treaty ending World War I. Its intention was that the League would settle international disputes and stop aggressors before a full fledged war could start (again). This peace obviously did not work out very well, as within the next century, there was WWII. However the League of Nations did lead to the modern United Nations we see today that deals with almost every aspect of international dealings to preserve the peace.
Trench Warfare
By early 1915, opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire. This set the stage for what became known as trench warfare. In this type of warfare, soldiers fought each other from trenches. And armies traded huge losses of human life for pitifully small land gains.
Compare and contrast the development and conduct of the war on the Eastern and Western fronts.
Con: On the Western Front with France and Germany was a much smaller front than the Eastern Front with Russia, meaning that trench warfare did not become such a huge factor on the Eastern Front. Con: Becuase on the Western Front both sides had trenches, they fell into the stalemate. Con: Because the eastern front wasn't up to useing the trenches, their "war movements" were much more fluid. There were offences and counter offences with Austria-Hungary and Germany vs. Russia Con: Russia had a huge army, but also huge internal problems (1917 revolution) Tsar Nik abdacated the throne. And then the Bulshavic rebelion and a communist Russia. The russian army also wasn't able to keep up in the industrial sence with supplying the army and communicationg and cordinating as well as Germany was. And essentially then take themselves out of the war.
Central Powers
During World War I, the nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with the other nations fought on one side. They were known as the Central Powers because of their location in the heart of Europe. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire later joined the Central Powers in the hopes of regaining lost territories. All four were located between the Russian Empire in the east and the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom in the west. The alliances made between these four nations were a result of Germany's inability to gain power on the "world stage".
Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip was a 19 year old Serbian and member of the Serbian terrorist group against the Austrian rule of Bosnia. Gavrilo Princip murdered archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian rule and his wife in the streets of Sarajevo in June 28, 1914. With Franz Ferdinand being murdered Austria gave Serbia an ultimatum for the attack claimed by the Serbian terrorist group, the black hand. Serbia would eventually not be able to accept these terms and Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia. With this action of war, all of Europe prepared for the front, as alliances held countries together, starting World War I.
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau was the representative of France who attended the meeting and signing of the Treaty of Versailles. He had a hatred towards Germany and would do anything to punish the country. This included not signing any peace agreements so the war would continue against Germany. However he eventually signed the Treaty of Versailles, that severely punished Germany. Significant because he really did aid to the war starting in the first place.
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia. This failed however because On September 5, after the German's broke the border of France, the Allies regrouped and attacked the Germans northeast of Paris, in the valley of the Marne River. After 4 days of fighting the German generals gave the order to retreat. This caused enough of a lag that the allies were able to invade on the France front. While Germany sent soldiers to the French front, the western front fell into a stalemate.
The Battle of the Somme
July 1916 1) more than 1 million dead or wounded total 2) 60,000 British killed in one day, 19-20,000 on first day 3) First time British and French fought with each other 4) one of bloodiest battles in all of British history 5) remembrance day New tools: machine guns poison gas armored tanks (first time British are using tanks in battle, broke down often) larger artillery =killed greater numbers of ppl but did not expedite the war
Battle of Jutland
May 1916 1) last direct naval battle between Britain & Germany (no airplanes or submarines) 2) North Sea (GB controlled it prior to this battle) 3) GB lost more ships, both declare victory This battle was significant for its innovation in history. It represents technological and military advancment.
Role of Technology
New Technology all invented for the purpose of war. All it did was kill more people no more progress was made in the war than it would have been withought the new technology. Ex: Tanks, U-boats, air raids, fighter planes, machine gun, poisin gas, flame thrower, and armed trucks
Propaganda
Propaganda is biased information used to persuade or mislead someone, exerting an influence on those that are exposed to it. Propaganda is important in the times of World War One because it would persuade the people of different countries in Europe to join the war and support a cause.
Battle of Marne
September 6-10, 1914 1) Trench Warfare 2) Stalemate on W. Front
"Blank Check"
The "blank check" was the telegram sent by German leaders Wilhelm II and Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg to Count Leopold von Berchtold (the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister) guaranteed German support if Austria-Hungary went to war with Serbia after the Archduke's assassination. This "blank check" shows an example of one of many alliances formed between European countries as World War I started. These alliances caused nations to go to war in protection of their allies rather than themselves, and escalated the scale of the war.
Gallipoli Campaign
The Gallipolo Campaign was during world war I, that took place at the Gallipolo penninsula, in the Ottoman Empire between 25 April 1915 and 9 January 1916. It was between Russia's allies, Britain and France who were intending to take over the capital of the ottoman empire, Constantinople. The campaign was a great victory for the Ottomans but an allied failure. It was the final push from the Ottoman empire to keeps its land, before completely crumbling.
Balkan Nationalism
The Salvic that united to gain freedom from the Ottoman empire. This is significant because after they free themselves from the Ottoman empire they try to gain independence for themselves.
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty signed by the Allied powers and Germany after the end of World War I. It was signed on June 19, 1919. The significance of the treaty was that it ended World War I and created peace between Germany and the Allied powers.
Triple Alliance
The alliances first formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (who later switched sides to the Allies).
Triple Entente
The alliances first formed between Great Britain, Russia, and France. Both Russia and France were on either side of Germany causing a 2 front war, and Britain had a huge Navy.
Allied Powers
The countries of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. These were the countries that all joined forces to help defeat the German army during WWI. Both Japan and Italy joined the Allied Powers soon after the start of the war. The significance of the Allied Powers was that by joining forces, they were able to help each other defeat the German army and win the war.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The leader of the Austro-Hungarian Empire pre-WWI, he made a fateful visit on June 28th, 1914 that would change the course of history. On this day, he and his wife was murdered by a Bosnian Serbian nationalist group called the black hand, possibly at the suggestion of the Serbian government. This caused the beginning of WWI, by leading Austria to give it's ultimatum to Serbia, which Serbia did not accept in it's entirety, leading to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. This led to WWI because the allies of each nation came to their assistance in the war.
Total War/Home Front
Total War means that all the countries that were in World War I would devote all their resources to the war. 1) Brit, Ger, Aus, R, & Fr. entire force of gov dedicated to winning the war 2) wartime gov took control of econ, told factories what to produce and how much; facilities converted to munitions factories 4) every able-bodied citizen was put to work & unemployment rates disappeared 6) rationing=ppl could buy only small amounts of those items that were also needed for war effort , (butter to shoe leather) 7) gov suppressed anti-war activity & censored news about war 8) gov used propaganda: one-sided info designed to persuade, keep up morale, & support for the war Ex: appealed to many young men to join war effort=it was your duty
Tsar Nicholas II
Tsar Nicholas II was the final Tsar of Russia, and the leader of Russia during WW1(born May 6, 1868—died July 16/17, 1918). He was executed due to his poor handling of Bloody Sunday. He was significant to WW1 because his poor leadership lead to the increased dependence on Rasputin and the major losses Russia suffered.
Which countries were involved with WWI?
WW1 involved 2 opposing alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers Allies: Russia, France, British Empire, Italy (later on), United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal and Montenegro. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (at first), Turkey and Bulgaria.
self-determination
When a group from their own state choose their own government. This is significant because countries now have the ability to choose what kind of government and ruling system they want.
Womens Role in WWI
Women: 1) thousands replaced men in factories, offices, and shops built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, & ran hospitals 2) kept troops supplied w/ food, clothing, weapons - changed views of women capability 3) frontline nurses Russia: women fought on front line 4) worked in heavy industries/factories building heavy weaponry - many women lose jobs after the war - gain voting rights in U.S., Germany, Austria, GB after the war
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson was the president of the United States of America during World War I. His term in office lasted from 1913 to 1921. Woodrow Wilson sent many warnings to Germany telling them to stop their "unrestricted submarine warfare" but the Germans ignored them. On April 2 1917, Woodrow Wilson had congress declare war on Germany and entered the fight along side the Allies. Had Woodrow Wilson not declared war on Germany, the British troops could have lost to Germany due to lack of supplies and food.
Western Front
in World War I, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other. The significance was that the war was faught in inches at this front, in the method of trench warfare. The battle was almost constintly a stalemate, with neither side really gaining much ground.
