World History Ch. 9 & 10

Alexander Nevsky

(BEFORE mongols conquered Russia princes paid tribute) -prince of Novgorod emerged as more powerful. -defeated a german invading army in northwestern Russia in 1242 -Got title of "Grand prince" from leader of Western Mongol Empire -descendants became princes of Moscow and eventually leader of all Russia.

St. Benedict

-Benedict of Nursia -wrote set of rules to guide a community of monks he founded<<model for monastic groups -he divided each day into series of activities>>emphasis on prayer and manual labor -led by an abbot

Hildegard of Bingen

-German Nun - abbess of religious house for females in western Germany -1st women composer and important contributor to the body of music know as Gregorian chant.

1305-1377

-Phillip then engineered the election of a french man, Clement V, as pope in (year)1305 -Took residence in Avignon, S France>>from 1305-1377 French popes lived in Avignon. -English pope, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377 but soon died.

1337-1453

-King Philip VI of France seized the duchy in 1337>>Edward declared war on Philip>>100 years war -England:armed with pikes(heavy spears), long bows>>choice of weapon sticking power, longer range, rapid speed of fire -France:Knights, foot soldiers -1st major battle of the 100 year war occurred @ Crécy in 1346 *ENGLISH VICTORY* -English didn't have enough resources to conquer all of France>>English King Henry V achieved his victory @ the battle of Agincourt in 1415>> masters of N France -Joan of Arc- deeply religious person, experienced religions, believed saints commanded her to free France -French armies found new confidence and seized Orleans -1430 she was turned over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft>>to death as a heretic -She defeats English armies in Normandy and Aquitaine led to A French victory by 1453.

Vladimir

-Rus ruler, who married the Byzantine emperor's sister and officially accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 988. -this created cultural unification in the east and separation from Western Europe. -Kievan Rus reached high point in 11century due to Prosperous trade routes between Baltic and Black Seas. -This first Russian state ended in 1169.

Justinian

-became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527. -he was determined to reestablished the Roman in entire world:by 552 his empire included Italy, Part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria. -died in 565>>Lombards had conquered much of Italy and other areas are lost -contribution was his codification of Roman Law>>vast quantity of legal materials resulting in "The Body Of The Civil Law">>basic of the imperial law in Eastern Roman until its end in 1453 -basics of legal system of Europe -left ERE with serious problems: to much far-flung territory to protect, an empty treasury, a decline in population after a plague, and renewed threats to its frontier. -he rebuilt Constantinople after it was destroyed by riots in 532. -public works projects:roads, bridges, walls, public bath, law courts, schools, churches, and underground reservoirs to hold the city's water supplies. -his greatest achievement is Hagia Sophia-the church of the Holy Wisdom

Pope Innocent II

-during his papacy the Catholic Church reached the height of its political power -innocent used the spiritual weapons at his command>>favorite was interdict-forbids priests from giving sacraments of the church to a particular group of people ^^goal was to cause the people under interdiction deprived of the comforts of religious -with interdict, he forced the king of France, Philip Augustus, to take back his wife after Philip had tried yo have marriage annulled

Saint Thomas Aquinas

-famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle with doctrines of Christianity -best know of Summa Theologica- followed logical method of scholarly investigation "Does God exist?" -He believed truths arrived at through reason or faith could not conflict with each other. -reason, without faith, could only reveal truths about the physical world, not spiritual truths.

Pope Gregory VII

-fought the practice of lay investment(secular, or lay, rulers usually chose nominees to Church offices and gave them the symbols of their office>> by eliminating the church would regain independence -elected pope in 1073 -found himself in conflict with the kings of Germany over these claims>>King Henry IV -1075, he issued a decree forbidding high-ranking clerics from receiving their investiture from lay leaders -struggle between henry and Gregory - Investiture controversy-conflict between church and state 0ende in 1122 when new german king and pope reach compromise-Concordat of Worms

Dominic Guzman

-founded Dominicans/Spanish Priest -defend church teachings from heresy-the denial of the basic Church doctrines>>led to the emergence of heresies within the church -believed that a new religious order of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectively would best be able to attack heresy

Francis of Assisi

-founded Franciscans -born into wealthy family in Assisi -captures/imprisoned during a local war>>abandon all worldly goods and material pursuits to live and preach in poverty/working and begging fir his food -preaching repentance and aiding the poor/ undertaking missionary work throughout Italy, parts of Europe and Muslim world.

Alexius

-threat from the Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor- empires main source of food and works -1071, Turkish army defeated Byzantine forces at Manzikert resulting in...below -Byzantine Emperor, who turned to Europe for military aid to fight the Turks

1378-1417

-two pope>>Great Schism of the church 1378-1417 divide Europe>> French side with french pope & England sided with Rome pope. -created political conflict and damaged the Church -1409 simultaneous region of 3 pope<<problems worse -church councils meet @ Constance, Switzerland, & ended the schism in 1417. -^^these crises called for reforms>>Czech reformers led by John Hus>> called for an end to corruption of the clergy and the excessive papal power within the Church. -Hus accused of Heresy by Council of constance and burned @ the stake in 1415.

1347

Itailin merchants brought the plague with them from chaff on the Black sea to the island of Sicily In Oct.________(year)