World History Final

78. What was the World War II "Double V" campaign?

A slogan adopted by African American soldiers to work for victory in the war and victory over racism at home

18. What was social Darwinism?

A theory that applied Darwin's theory of "survival of the fittest" to human society; Europeans were biologically superior to Africans

47. What is true about black migration (known as the "Great Migration") between 1910 and 1940?

About 1.75 million blacks left the South, doubling the population of blacks outside that region.

73. What did the case of Norris v. Alabama, decided by the Supreme Court in 1935, state?

All Americans have the right to a jury of their peers. Excluding blacks from jury pools was deemed unconstitutional.

53. What was the ultimate result of the Dyer anti-lynching bill?

Although the NAACP gained publicity for the anti-lynching crusade, the bill ultimately failed.

84. What was the Cold War?

An ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union over different interests for Europe and the rest of the world

50. What is not true about the Tulsa Riots of 1921?

Angry blacks attacked City Hall in protest over discrimination.

46. What prompted the Houston Riot in 1917?

Black soldiers were disgusted over the racist treatment they received at the hands of the police in the segregated city.

67. How did black voting patterns begin to change after the first election of Franklin D. Roosevelt?

Blacks began to shift to the Democratic Party.

60. Which of the following was a reason for blacks to move over to the Democratic Party during the 1936 election?

Blacks felt that Roosevelt had been doing more for them than any other president.

69. Which of the following was a reason for blacks to move over to the Democratic Party during the 1936 election?

Blacks felt that Roosevelt had been doing more for them than any other president.

34. The Niagara Movement leaders stated, "We repudiate the monstrous doctrine that the oppressor should be the sole authority as to the rights of the oppressed." What does this mean?

Blacks wanted to have an active role in determining what they wanted, rather than leaving it all up to whites.

56. Which leader influenced Marcus Garvey's early ideas about changing the situation of blacks?

Booker T. Washington

14. Who were the carpetbaggers and the scalawags?

Carpetbaggers were Republicans from the North; scalawags were white southerners who supported the Republicans.

100. Why did the NAACP not decide to use Montgomery, Alabama's Claudette Colvin's arrest as a test case on the buses but later used Rosa Parks?

Colvin was not considered "suitable"-she was 15, unmarried, and pregnant.

22. What was not a reason why some people were critical of Washington's approach with the Tuskegee Institute?

Critics often felt that Washington was pushing too hard for change.

31. What is not true about Du Bois's and Washington's approaches to improving the condition of black men?

Du Bois and Washington actually did not differ greatly regarding tactics for racial improvement.

30. How did W.E.B.Du Bois's background shape his views, just as Washington's shaped his?

Du Bois was born free in the North, encountered little racism during his early years, and was intelligent and obtained a superior education.

38. What was true about the NAACP publication, The Crisis?

Edited by Du Bois, it generally contained strident language denouncing racism and demanding that blacks stand up for their rights.

92. What did the Supreme Court decide in Sweatt v. Painter?

Equality in educational facilities included a lot of intangibles. The justices were basically saying that Sweatt had to be admitted to the main law school, not simply give space for him in the basement of the university.

58. For what proposal is Garvey best remembered?

Establishing the Black Star Line, a group of steamships that were supposed to help blacks get back to Africa.

3. Which of the following is true about the Port Royal Experiment?

Ex-slaves began to work the land around Port Royal, South Carolina, and some were able to purchase property

90. What did the NAACP claim southern states violated when they lacked black graduate education facilities or refused admittance to blacks?

Fourteenth Amendment

96. How had President Eisenhower reacted to the Brown decision?

He did not seem to accept the ruling completely, refusing to provide it with the backing of his office.

13. Why did Andrew Johnson veto the Freedmen's Bureau Bill?

He felt it would increase the federal bureaucracy too much.

39. How did Booker T. Washington feel about the NAACP?

He sent in aides and supporters to disrupt meetings, and attack Du Bois publicly.

8. How was Lincoln changing his opinion of blacks shortly before he was assassinated?

He suggested that perhaps some blacks who were educated or veterans should be able to vote.

25. Which of the following was not an element of Booker T. Washington's famous speech at the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition in 1895?

He thought blacks should work for voting rights at the same time try to impress whites with their hard work, cleanliness, and good morals.

29. What types of political activities was Washington supporting behind the scenes?

He tried to both improve conditions for blacks on segregated railroad cars and get the grandfather clause overturned in the courts.

61. What was Charles Hamilton Houston's legal focus?

He tried to force the South to equalize facilities, especially in education.

55. What benefits did Marcus Garvey and his ideas bring to many black people?

His ideas brought an opportunity to celebrate their culture, history, and heritage in a world that generally saw them as inferior or meaningless.

24. Where did most black men in the army after the Civil War spend their time?

In the West, fighting Native Americans

89. What did the case of State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada involve?

It forced states to provide equal facilities to blacks for legal education within their borders.

11. What did the Fourteenth Amendment not do?

It made all people born in the United States citizens.

85. How did the Cold War influence African Americans' struggle for rights?

It made racism and segregation less acceptable as the United States struggled for control and influence among African and Asian nations.

87. What did Truman's Executive Order 9981 do?

It officially desegregated the armed forces.

37. What was the significance of the Guinn v. United States case in 1915?

It upheld several discriminatory laws restricting black voting rights.

99. In August 1955, shat provoked whites in Money, Mississippi to lynch Emmett Till?

It was a breach of social etiquette-the boy allegedly called a white woman "Baby."

93. How was the case of Briggs v. Elliot different from prior NAACP cases in education?

It was the first case to involve elementary school education, rather than graduate school education.

9. How did Andrew Johnson's becoming president affect blacks?

Johnson felt that blacks should not vote or have a role in government, and were vastly inferior to whites. He destroyed many of their hopes.

77. What finally lifted the United States out of the Great Depression?

Military spending by the United States to prepare for World War II

79. What did Dorie Miller's actions during the bombing of Pearl Harbor illustrate about blacks in the military?

Miller was awarded the Navy Cross for his heroism, but was immediately returned to mess duty.

98. What is true about school desegregation under Brown by 1960?

Only 17 school systems had been desegregated.

51. What is true about academic studies and academic views of race in the 1920s?

Prominent scholars published numerous books warning about the threat to America from immigrants, and the dangers of "diluting" the white race.

76. What was the primary force behind much of Adolf Hitler's policies?

Racism, focusing on blaming Jews for all of Germany's problems

2. Which of the following is not true of Special Field Order #15?

Relative to the freed population of slaves, it affected a very large number of people.

42. What political party did blacks generally support in the early twentieth century?

Republican

1. What was the first concern of many African Americans once they achieved freedom?

Reuniting with lost family members

28. What event caused uproar in the South, as a breach of racial etiquette by the president himself?

Roosevelt invited Washington to dinner.

95. What did the Brown II decision say?

Schools should desegregate "with all deliberate speed."

101. Why did Rosa Parks say she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery Alabama city bust to a white person?

She saw the distorted face of Emmett Till and decided it was the least she could do.

26. How did white people react to Washington's 1895 Atlanta speech?

Since it was so non-threatening, they thought it was sensible and praiseworthy. Many whites supported Washington's leadership.

91. Which of the following cases involved a young woman who had been denied admission to a law school because she was black?

Sipuel v. Oklahoma State Board of Regents

64. What case ended the all-white primary strategy altogether?

Smith v. Allwright

15. Which former Confederate state had the most blacks holding political office during Reconstruction?

South Carolina

80. What was A. Philip Randolph's proposed 1942 March on Washington Movement designed to do?

Stop discrimination against blacks in wartime industries and the military.

81. What did FDR's Executive Order 8022 do?

Technically ended discrimination by race in defense industry employment

63. Why did the all-white primary law disfranchise black voters in Texas, when they could still vote in the general election?

Texas was so heavily Democratic that the only really contested election was the primary race.

33. What did the Niagara Movement demand in 1905?

That blacks should protest vigorously for their rights, better schools, housing, and an end to racial prejudice.

52. How was the rebirth of Klan at Stone Mountain GA in the 1920s different from the 19th century Reconstruction Klan?

The Klan of the 1920s expanded their hate targets to include Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and blacks.

54. What do the activities of the NAACP regarding "white primaries" and in the Sweet case tell us about their tactics during the 1920s?

The NAACP continued to use the court system to gain changes and civil rights in America.

40. What was the result of Washington's scheming to destroy the NAACP?

The NAACP eventually triumphed, in goals and tactics.

83. What is true about the NAACP during the World War II?

The NAACP suspended operations during the war, to avoid being labeled "unpatriotic"

72. What did the case of Powell v. Alabama, decided by the Supreme Court in 1932, state?

The Scottsboro Boys had not been given adequate council, and the trial was not fair because it had occurred in a hostile environment.

94. What was the result of the 1954 Brown case?

The court declared that separate educations for blacks and whites were not equal, therefore overturning the Plessy case.

20. What was post-Civil War and Reconstruction era called "The Nadir"?

The darkest period of racial violence and policies in U.S. history

19. What was the "white man's burden"?

The duty of superior, more civilized white countries to educate and bring culture to backward, inferior races

62. Why did Houston and Thurgood Marshall focus on gaining blacks access to professional and graduate schools?

The inequalities were very obvious; almost no graduate facilities existed for blacks in the South.

75. How did Billie Holiday's singing Lewis Allen's "Strange Fruit" protest racism?

The song was about the horror and violence surrounding lynching.

23. What was the "talented tenth"?

The top ten percent of black society; leaders like Du Bois felt that this group should lead blacks to greater social and political equality

32. What was the role of the "Talented Tenth," according to Du Bois?

The top ten percent of blacks were to be responsible for working to achieve the civil and political rights of African Americans.

65. What was not true about the cases of Gaines v. Canada, Sweatt v. Painter, and McLauren v. Oklahoma that led to the overturning of the Plessy Rule in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case?

They all concentrated on K-12 public school education like the Brown case.

59. How did other black leaders, like W. E. B. Du Bois and A. Philip Randolph, view Garvey?

They continually denigrated him and his ideas, calling him dangerous and a fool.

44. World War I was supposed to be a war "to make the world safe for democracy." How did Americans apply these ideals to the treatment of blacks?

They didn't. Americans continued to hold onto racism, and reacted violently against blacks.

12. How did women's suffragists feel about the Fourteenth Amendment?

They felt betrayed and angry, since the Fourteenth Amendment included only men.

10. Why did many oppose the land bill Thaddeus Stevens introduced in Congress in late 1865?

They felt that property rights of Southerners were more important than granting land to blacks.

68. What was the role of the FDR's 1930s "Black Cabinet"?

They helped the president formulate policy with respect to the Great Depression.

86. What was the reaction of many white southerner Democrats to Harry Truman's interest in African-American rights?

They left the Democratic Party to form the Dixiecrat Party, which favored white supremacy.

17. After the Civil War, how did Congress react to repeated southern attempts to stop blacks from exercising political power?

They passed the Fifteenth Amendment.

97. What was not a reaction by southern whites to implementing the Brown decision?

They swiftly moved to implement school desegregation.

5. Which of the following statements is true about the importance of education to blacks after Reconstruction?

They thought it was important, but felt s though they had to accomplish other things before whites would allow them an education.

16. What did southerners mean when they said they wanted to "redeem" their states or return to "Home Rule"?

They wanted to not only remove blacks and Republicans from political office, but from wielding any political power or hold any office.

4. What happened to Circular 13 and Special Field Order # 15?

They were both revoked. Land that had been given to blacks was returned to white owners.

36. What methods did the NAACP use to try to gain black civil and political rights?

They worked within the court and legislative system, chipping away at discrimination, racism, and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision.

82. What was different about the black soldiers who served in World War II versus those who served in World War I?

Those who served in World War I were more likely to see combat in Europe.

41. What was the goal of the 1906 founding of the Urban League?

To help blacks as they moved into cities, with housing, discrimination issues, and medical care.

70. What did the case of the Scottsboro Boys involve?

Two young white women who falsely accused nine young black men of rape on a train

57. What organization did Marcus Garvey form in Jamaica in 1914?

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

88. Which was the first war to see integrated American military troop units in conflict?

Vietnam

7. What form did the violence in the South take?

Violence was widespread, and took any form and any level of brutality

27. What type of political influence did Booker T. Washington have?

Washington ahd tremendous influence for a black man at the time. President Teddy Roosevelt respected and consulted him on political appointments.

21. What was not a belief of Booker T. Washington about opportunities for blacks?

Washington believed that blacks should work for the right to vote while they worked for economic success.

74. What was the Tuskegee Experiment?

When the federal government sponsored a health study that monitored, but did not treat black men with syphilis.

6. Why was there so much violence in the South after Reconstruction?

White Southerners were frustrated by their loss during the Civil War, and resented blacks acquiring freedom and status.

35. What is true about the early NAACP?

White leaders dominated it and financed it.

45. What provoked the 1906 race riot in Atlanta, Georgia?

Whites were embracing stereotypical views of blacks criminals, and especially of black men as rapists of white women.

43. How did Woodrow Wilson act toward black people when he became president?

Wilson held southern views about race; he segregated federal offices to avoid friction between the races.

71. What organization quickly rushed to the aid of the young black men accused in the Scottsboro case?

the NAACP