World History II - Chapter 22

slaves

European merchants developed trade by buying cowry shells imported from India and then trading them in Africa for

rudder

European sailors increased the maneuverability of their ships by building a ______ onto the stern.

magnetic compass

What piece of navigational equipment was used by European mariners to determine which direction they were heading?

establish a VOC monopoly on spice production and trade

What was Coen's plan for Dutch trading policy in Asia?

He connected the western and eastern hemispheres.

What was Columbus's most important contribution to world history?

The Americas would be settled and exploited by Europeans.

What was a result of the link between the western and eastern hemispheres that Columbus's voyages established?

the Dutch were basically indifferent

What was the Dutch attitude toward religious conversion

silver

What was the key commodity that Spain traded to China in exchange for Asian luxury goods?

sailing an indirect route in order to take advantage of prevailing winds

What was the volta do mar technique of sailing?

finding new lands for crop cultivation, establishing new trade routes to Asia, spreading Christianity

What were Europeans' three most important motivations for maritime exploration?

to find natural resources and farmland

What were the Portuguese primarily seeking to do when they began to explore the Atlantic Ocean?

Mexico

Where in the Americas did Spanish ships stop as part of their regular global trade routes?

Prussia

Which European state aided Britain in the Seven Years' War by holding off enemies in continental Europe itself?

Vancouver Island in western North America

Which area did the English explorer Sir Francis Drake scout in the sixteenth century?

They used naval power to intimidate growers into selling their spices only to VOC merchants.

Which of the following statements best describes the Dutch traders in southeast Asia?

it was extremely contagious

Which of the following statements best describes why smallpox was so devastating?

learning about foreign peoples and cultures

Which of the following was NOT one of the primary motivations for European maritime exploration?

Disease had diminished the earlier indigenous populations.

Why did European settlers to the Americas often find uninhabited land to occupy?

It already had an established trade route to Asia.

Why did Portugal choose not to sponsor Ferdinand Magellan's expedition to the Pacific?

There already existed powerful states that made colonization impossible.

Why did the European trading powers not try to colonize lands in Asia when they first arrived?

They already knew of a route to the spice islands.

Why did the Portuguese doubt Christopher Columbus when he proposed sailing west to reach the spice markets?

It was a biological exchange that linked the eastern and western hemispheres.

Why is the Columbian exchange an important feature of world history?

The volta do mar and its variants enabled mariners to travel safely and reliably to coastlines throughout the world.

Why was the volta do mar, a strategy developed by Portuguese mariners in the fifteenth century, important to maritime travel?

The New Testament specifically urges Christians to spread their faith throughout the world.

Why were European Christians driven to expand the boundaries of Christianity?

Siberian landowners offered lighter working conditions.

Why were Russian peasants inclined to migrate to Siberia?

They were in search of fur, a lucrative commodity.

Why were Russians driven to expand into Siberia despite the challenges they encountered?

The Philippines did not have a central government that could organize a resistance.

Why were Spanish forces able to overcome local authorities in Cebu and Manila with very little bloodshed?

trading with their neighbors to the south.

With access to the Volga River and the Caspian Sea, the Russians had the opportunity to increase their wealth substantially by

traded peacefully in Asian markets.

With the decline of the Portuguese effort to control shipping in the Indian Ocean, Europeans mostly

Portugese

______ mariners built the earliest trading-post empire.

find a northwest passage from Europe to Asia

Russia commissioned Danish navigator Vitus Bering to explore the Pacific in an attempt to

find a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.

Russia commissioned Danish navigator Vitus Bering to explore the Pacific in an attempt to

joint-stock

Since any number of accidents could befall a ship during a trade run, many merchants invested in ______ companies, which limited the risk assumed by individual investors

reducing the Aztecs' population by almost 90 percent and leaving their state in turmoil.

A key factor in Spain's successful conquest of the Aztecs was that smallpox had preceded them,

llamas

All of the following were domestic animals brought to the Americas from Europe via the Columbian exchange, EXCEPT

yams

All of the following were native American crops transported to Europe via the Columbian exchange, EXCEPT

the spread of Islam

An early example of biological exchange was the spread of plants and food crops throughout the eastern hemisphere from 700 to 1100 C.E. What helped cause this diffusion?

their economies were connected to the economies' of the European combatants.

Areas outside of Europe were drawn into the Seven Years' War because

dense forests

As Russian explorers made their way across Siberia, which of the following impeded their progress?

Spain

Because Portugal did not want to risk a Pacific expedition, Ferdinand Magellan pursued his goal of finding a western route to Asia under the sponsorship of

were more likely to die

Because the indigenous populations of the Americas, unlike European populations, had never been exposed to smallpox, native American adults first exposed to the disease

immunity

Because they had no inherited or acquired ______ to diseases from the eastern hemisphere, indigenous peoples of the western hemisphere often became infected by these new diseases.

Philippines

Between 1565 and 1815, Spanish galleons transported large cargoes between Acapulco, on the west coast of Mexico, and the

the Hawaiian Islands.

By 1800, Russian explorers had explored the Pacific Ocean as far south as

maize and potatoes

By the eighteenth century, which American crops were most responsible for a sharply increased number of calories in Eurasian diets?

Hawai`i.

Captain James Cook died in a fight with the indigenous inhabitants of

Pacific Ocean

Captain James Cook is most famous for his explorations in the

safe-conduct

Commander Afonso d'Alboquerque had the Portuguese crown's interest in mind when he tried to force all ships trading near Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka to purchase ______ passes.

ensure Portugal's complete domination of Indian Ocean trade.

Commander d'Alboquerque's goal in controlling ships' movements was to

Chinese and Arabic

European mariners combined Mediterranean and northern European maritime traditions with elements of ______ origin.

establishing direct access with Asian markets

Desirous of Asian luxury goods, Europeans took to the oceans in the hope of

establishing a route between the Philippines and Mexico.

Despite the loss of four of its five ships and most of its men, Magellan's Pacific expedition benefited his sponsor by

smallpox

Diseases that ravaged previously unexposed populations in the Americas and the Pacific islands included diphtheria, influenza, measles, and whooping cough; but the most devastating was

Morocco

During the fourteenth century, Europeans rediscovered the Canary Islands, where the Guanche people had been living since their arrival from ______ in around the fifth century B.C.E.

Indian Ocean

During the summer months, monsoon winds blow from the southwest throughout the ______ basin, whereas during the winter they blow from the northeast.

English

Dutch dominance of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean was achieved in part by expelling Portuguese merchants and preventing ______ mariners from establishing footholds there.

find a northwest passage from Europe to Asia

English navigators initially explored the Pacific in an attempt to

find a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.

English navigators initially explored the Pacific in an attempt to

India

English trading posts in Asia included posts in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, all cities in which modern country?

small, disunited chiefdoms.

Filipino resistance to Spanish intrusion came from

Asia

Following his first landing in the Bahamas, Columbus returned to Europe and told the king and queen of Spain that he had reached islands off the coast of the continent of

tobacco and tea

Four regional crops for which mass markets developed in the eighteenth century were sugar, coffee, ______, and ______.

enslaved Africans transported by force

From around 1500 to 1800, what was the largest population group to move over a large distance?

The pepper and cinnamon he brought back was very profitable.

Given the great loss of life among his crew and the lack of Indian interest in the cargo he carried, why was Vasco da Gama's initial voyage to India considered successful?

they were cheaper and more powerful

How did English and Dutch ships compare to those of the Portuguese?

as far as West Africa

How far did Portuguese explorers travel during Henry's lifetime?

sailing around Africa

In 1291, the Vivaldi brothers intended to get to India from Italy by

both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

In ______, strong winds blow regularly to create giant "wind wheels" both north and south of the equator, and ocean currents follow a similar pattern.

spread Roman Catholicism

In addition to promoting trade, the other primary goal of Spanish authorities was to ______ in the Philippines.

did not have enough people to rule their holdings directly.

In most regions of southeast Asia, the Dutch made alliances with local authorities to maintain order because the Dutch

sugar and tobacco

In the Americas, European manufactured goods were exchanged for agricultural products such as ______, which were in great demand in Europe.

bubonic plague

In the fourteenth century, populations in Europe and northern Africa were drastically reduced because of deaths caused by

Spanish commercial activity in Asia.

Manila became the hub of

improved the nutritional value of diets around the world.

Many of the food crops that were part of the Columbian exchange

sturdy

Mariners needed ______ ships to undertake voyages that kept them away from land for weeks at a time.

the collapse of the Mongol empires and the spread of bubonic plague.

Maritime trade routes became a more attractive alternative to the old Silk Roads because of

North America

More than sixteen million beaver pelts from ______ were hunted for use in hats and cloaks.

Chinese

On several occasions, Spanish and Filipino residents reacted violently to the commercial success of ______ merchants.

fur

One of the most valuable animal products in early global trade was

sugar

Portuguese mariners established plantations in the Atlantic islands to meet European demand for what commodity?

fortified trading posts.

Prince Henry of Portugal's capture of a port in Morocco was a jumping-off point for further exploration of the west coast of Africa, where Portuguese merchants established

highland regions

Spanish missionaries encountered the most resistance in which areas of the Philippines?

involved biological regions that had been virtually isolated from each other. allowed pathogens to infect previously isolated populations. introduced exotic flora and fauna to Europe.

The Columbian exchange was unprecedented in that it

English

The East India Company was a joint-stock company formed by ______ merchants.

duties from all merchant ships passing through.

The Portuguese set up fortified outposts in or near key cities in order to extract

Mongol

The Russian empire began when Russian forces took over territories held by the once-powerful ______ empire.

empire."

The Seven Years' War is also known as "the great war for

Indian

The Seven Years' War spread from Europe to other continents because the war concerned dominance in the New World and controlling trade in the ______ Ocean.

North America

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict because it involved not only parts of the Eurasian continent but also the Caribbean, part of the west African coast, and

French and Indian War

The Seven Years' War was related to a North American conflict between the British and French known as the

astrolabe

What piece of navigational equipment was used by European mariners to determine latitude?

Dutch

The VOC was a joint-stock company formed by ______ merchants.

Muslim

The crusades and holy wars launched by Europeans were intended to claim lands under ______ control.

found the British ousting commercial rivals from India and North America.

The end of the Seven Years' War

fueled Britain's empire building.

The expanding British control of major trade areas

provided new food sources and supplied draft animals.

The introduction of Eurasian livestock in the Americas as part of the Columbian exchange

fighting with the russians

The population of the native Yakut people of Russia sharply declined due to epidemic diseases and

South America

The treacherous strait that Magellan sailed through and that now bears his name is located near the southern tip of

set up parallel networks of trading posts.

To avoid a costly and time-consuming battle with the Portuguese over control of Indian Ocean trade, the Dutch and English

India as a major center of Portuguese trade.

Vasco da Gama's voyages were influential in establishing

manufactured goods from Europe

What did Europeans trade for enslaved people from Africa?

tribute

What did early Russian envoys demand of the native Siberian peoples?

a major but delayed effect

What effect did the Columbian exchange have on the world's population?

the migration of 420,000 Russians, who outnumbered the native population

What finally brought Siberia fully under Russian control?

to establish global trade networks

What is the primary reason European mariners were eager to obtain an accurate assessment of world geography?

Britain and France

What nations became the dominant powers in the Indian Ocean in the early eighteenth century, when trade in Indian cotton and tea overtook the spice trade?

barley and tobacco

our regional crops for which mass markets developed in the eighteenth century were sugar, coffee, ______, and ______.