World History Test 4

Dutch East Company

1494- founded in Amsterdam - 6 Dutch companies called VOC - fought for East Indies- traded spices - Established factories - 1795, taken over

What label best characterizes the Italian Renaissance?

A cultural movement

What does NOT belong in a list of Catholic doctrines rejected by Martin Luther?

Acceptance of the Holy Trinity

What is the most distinguishing characteristic of the Safavid civilization when compared to its Ottoman and Mughal empires?

Adherence to Shia and not Sunni Islam

What branches of Protestantism can trace its roots to a royal figure?

Anglican

What best explains the Ming decision to bring a brief period of extensive overseas exploration guided by admiral Zhenghe in the early fifteenth century to a halt?

Attitudes toward the expeditions within the imperial bureaucracy that ranged from indifference to hostility

Tobacco

Brought form the New to Old World

What European power won the colony of Indonesia away from the Portuguese in the seventeenth century?

Holland

What group made the most sustained efforts to spread Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750?

Jesuits

What can be characterized as outside the world network of trade in 1450?

Mesoamerica

What was Spain's Asian colony

Phillipines

Impact of the Columbian Exchange

Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African Slaves European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment

In what neighboring region(s) did the Russian Empire gain the most land during the Romanov dynasty?

Siberia and Central Asia

What event is most closely associated with the "reintroduction" of the West to the knowledge and trade of the Middle and Far East after the year 1000?

The Crusades

What event established the basic sovereignty of Parliament over the king of England?

The Glorious Revolution

What colony was claimed by Spain as a result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe in 1519-1521?

The Philippines

Causation

The action of causing something, the relationship between cause and effect

Races

- European blood but born in South America - MADE BY CB- Creole- European blood but born in South America - Mestizo- Mixed - Mulato- European with African slave - Zambo- African slave with Indigenous - Slaves and Indigenous were lowest

What Russian territorial possession lay farthest from the center of power in St. Petersburg?

Alaska

What is the Latin American racial hierarchy in the proper order, from lowest to highest, in status?

Native American, African slave, Mestizo/Mulatto, Creole, and Peninsular

The Afrikaners who settled in Southern Africa traced their origin back to which European country?

Netherlands

We associate the Maori people with which of the following locations?

New Zealand

What thinker established the principles of objects in motion and defined forces of gravity?

Newton

What Western power established trade forts at crucial locations in the Indian Ocean basin including Ormuz, Goa, and Malacca in the early sixteenth century?

Portugual

Which modern-day European nation projects farthest west off the Eurasian landmass and into the Atlantic Ocean?

Portugual

To what location was the greatest number of enslaved Africans transported?

Portuguese Brazil

What is most closely associated with the rule of Akbar the Great?

Prohibition of sati

The factories of the Industrial Revolution depended most heavily on the labor of...

Proletarians

Which social class experienced the most growth in absolute numbers as a result of the commercialization of the Western economy in the period 1450-1750?

Proletarians

Aside from the Yuan, what other Chinese dynasty was founded by nomadic invaders?

Qing (Manchu)

Why did the Renaissance originate in the city-states of northern Italy?

Urban elites grown rich in trade hubs provided financial backing

What was unique to Russian industrial development in the czarist period?

Use of serf labor

Vasco De Gama

Vasco da Gama was the first person to sail directly from Europe to India. He was commissioned by the Portuguese king to find a maritime route to the East. His success in doing so proved to be one of the more instrumental moments in the history of navigation. He subsequently made two other voyages to India, and was appointed as Portuguese viceroy in India in 1524.

Ponce de Leon

- Born in Spain - Tried escaping, left to search for new land and went to Florida - 2nd trip- Some natives attacked and drove him out - At the same time explorers were looking for new places - 2nd time he went to Florida- cargo was mostly people

Dona Marina/ La Malinche

- Daughter of Aztec family - Father put her in slavery - Mom then sold her to slavery - Was given to Cortez and could communicate with the Aztecs - Learned Mayan and Non Mayan Languages - Cortez able to communicate with Aztecs and enabled peacefulness - Cortez and Malinche seen together (relationship) - Bore him a son, who got killed in Spain - Malinche was seen as a traitor - Because she made communication easier less people died - Got married off

Commercial Revolution

- European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources. New economic systems emerged and new money and banking systems were created. Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved. Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country.

Navigational tools

- Lead to a greater amount of trade, and allowed cheaper and easy traveling

Slaves

- Many slaves processed sugar - The Africans were too powerful- traded by other Africans who captured slaves - 4 sq ft was the avg space on a ship - Sold in a similar fashion like cattle - Lives dominated by work and terror - Majority- agricultural laborers - Some slaves worked 48 hours straight - More slaves born in Americas- made up a great population - Slavery- permanent alienation of a person and dehumanizes them - Portuguese traded goods for slaves - Slaves were not paid unlike indentured servants, leaving the servants out of jobs - Contacts between Europeans and Africa resulted in diaspora, or the force of movement of populations against their will - African cultures were adapted to new environments and resulted to an increase of trade and goods exported - Syncratism -blend of 2 cultures - Music was blended and resulted in jazz and gospel music - The unrest caused by slave trade led to continuing warfare - Increased centralization of hierarchy - Centralization ++ lead to anti- authoritarian - Songhai empire collapsed- small kingdoms created - Interior of Africa helped to centralize power since coast was constantly watched and kept others from gaining power

Sri Lanka

- Meant back in forth between English and Dutch - Dutch opened coin mint - British tried to ally with Dutch - Trincomalee- base of British Royal Army

Christianity

- People in Europe were Christian - South spread Christianity more- new variations of Christianity evolved - Protestants in the North - not obligated to spread religion

Spanish and Portuguese ruling in Americas

- Ruled by monarch- king appointed a governor and did what the king wanted - Governors had a lot of freedom, kings put royal courts to judge governor - Governor had control but had to answer in court

Silver and Sugar

-16th century- Europe- created market -18th century- More silver in the market than was demanded - Sugar used to be something only the rich had but became a staple Europe- had a shortage of sugar and tried to invade Brazil - Plantations required slaves for labour - Portuguese Jews forced to convert of work on plantations - Climate was dangerous in Brazil - Sugar plantation economy thrived during the 15-16th century - 1st half of 19th century- slavery mostly abolished in Europe- slaves needed for plantations - Sugar was used for rum and molasses

What belongs in a list of characteristics of the Janissary corps in the Ottoman Empire?

1) It was composed of young men taken from conquered lands as children and conscripted for training in military arts 2) It relied on gunpowder musketry and artillery for weaponry 3) It intervened in dynastic succession disputes more frequently over the years 4) It carried out operations against foreign enemies and also served an internal police function

What event outside the West contributed to creating an opening for the West to move to the core of a global maritime trade network?

1) Ming reversal of treasure ship voyages in 1433 2) Fall of the Byzantine Empire after the Ottoman sacking of Constantinople in 1453 3) Mongol destruction of Abbasid power in 1253 4) Collapse of Mongol power in the mid-fifteenth century

What does belong in list of regions under Ottoman control at the height of their rule in terms of territory gained?

1) North Africa 2) Middle East 3) Anatolia 4) Balkan Peninsula

What belongs in a list of some of Catholic doctrines rejected by Martin Luther?

1) Papal authority 2) Granting of indulgences 3) Monasticism 4) Priestly celibacy

What feature of the expanding Russian Empire in the period 1500-1800 was also a feature of expanding Western European empires in this period?

1) Russia held military dominance over less technologically sophisticated people 2) Multiple ethnicities fell under the rule of a single monarch 3) Territorial expansion was a major goal 4) Natural resources and agricultural products were extracted from the newly absorbed lands

How do historians explain the Ming dynasty's 1433 decision to abandon the treasure ship voyages to the Indian Ocean basin that could have placed China at the core of the developing world economy?

1) State resources were required to thwart nomadic incursions from beyond the Great Wall 2) A dominant neo-Confucian worldview de-emphasized the value of non-Chinese ideas and products 3) State-backed exploration of distant lands was an unusual experiment in Chinese history 4) Internal economic development was flourishing, making long-distance trade unnecessary

What accompanied the transition from conquest to settlement of the New World?

1) Transitions from the search for gold to setting up of ranches and sugar plantations 2) Increased emigration of Spanish women to the New World 3) Disappearance of the majority of the indigenous population through disease or killing 4) Importation of African slaves to work plantations

Religious tolerance, Hindu-Muslim intermarriage, and abolition of the jizya head tax are all most closely associated with which Mughal ruler?

Akbar

What destabilizing influence did the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires face in the period 1450-1750?

A growing influx of silver through trade with the West leading to widespread inflation

What best characterizes power relations among the centers of Eurasian civilizations as they approached the year 1450?

A power vacuum of sorts has opened, as Byzantine, Abbasid, and Ming Chinese powers become less of a force in global affairs

How did rulers of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires respond to the rising influence of the West in world affairs after 1500?

A tendency to underestimate Western capacities led to a failure to adopt Western military, technological, and scientific advances

The relationship between supply and demand, as well as the concepts of "laissez faire" and the "invisible hand of the market," can be traced to the writings of...

Adam Smith

What group suffered the greatest loss of authority as absolute monarchy took hold in the West beginning in the seventeenth century?

Aristocrats

How did Russia tend to fit into the emerging global economy in the period 1450-1750?

As a supplier of grain, timber, fur, and other raw materials to the West

Where in the New World did slavery last the longest?

Brazil

What is the best way to characterize relations between the British and the Afrikaners after the British arrived in Southern Africa in 1795?

Britain gains formal formal possession of the colony, but conflicts persists with Afrikaners over land and expansion

Horses

Brought from the Old World to the New World

Conquistadors

Cabeza De Vaca- First European to travel across North America above mes0- America and the first to describe the native people he met along the way - early people had adapted well to their environment and had successful cultures - writings helped Europeans to begin to perceive Indians as human beings - Vaca arrived along the east coast of Texas between Galveston Island and Corpus Christi, where the Karkankawa Indians are located - The men were given shelter but eventually disappeared by 1850 and the Spanish slave traders disease, harsh treatment, and war with the French contributed to the destruction of their culture Francisco de Orellana- Amazonia- 1541-42- First exploration down the Amazon river, many people have tried to describe the mysteries and promise of the Amazon - Since Orellana's time, the rainforest has changed drastically -New settlers and new industries have moved in, exploiting area's land and natural resources Plantations were built and the Amazon Rainforest contained many resources Francisco Pizarro- Peru- 1513- arrived in the New World at 1513, encountered the Incas - The Spanish ruled over the lands (CB MADE THIS) eventually - The Inca people were forced to convert into Christianity - Smallpox had spread throughout the Inca Empire when the explorers arrived - Capac, or the leader of the Incan Empire predicted the end before the Spanish arrived Cortes- Mexico- The Aztecs wandered for a 100 years in the desert before they found Lake Texcoco, which had a fertile valley - Aztecs used warfare and alliances to increase their power within Mexico and obtain tools - Herman Cortes was given a grant of land with native Indians to serve him - Cortes prepared his expedition by using his own money to buy muskets, ammunition, crossbows, navigational instruments and supplies - Sailed along coast of Yucatan and stopped at a large native settlement by the Tobasco river - Cortes destroyed the Aztecs' local idols and promised Cortes loyalty as well as food, ornaments, and 20 women to serve him - Cortes fought against the Aztecs and attacked

What was the first slave-based island plantation colonies set up by Western powers?

Canary and Madeiras Islands

What region of the New World saw the initial penetration by European explorers and subjugation of the Native population to slave labor?

Caribbean Islands

In what regional waterways did the West most rapidly emerge into a dominant position after 1450?

Caribbean Sea

Compared with other centers of civilization in the world, which of the following had become the most distinctive characteristic of Western intellectual life by about 1750?

Centrality of science in understanding reality

Pigs

Completely recreated food supply and created an abundance of meat

What belief systems had little to no following in India by 1750?

Confucianism

Who is credited with bringing awareness of the heliocentric nature of the solar system in to Western civilization?

Copernicus

World System Theory

Core Region- NW Europe - Strong and central government, large bureaucracy, derived more wealth through trade, had a strong world population and food surplus, and had a lot of economic power Semi Periphery- Spain Portugal Italy - Through nationalism they declined - Strong central government but unable to unite country as a whole External Peripheral- Americas - Used for raw materials and resources - Shipped/used for trade External- China and Japan and Russia - Did not accept new things quickly - China accepted people but was not willing to trade - Russia used their own resources for internal use

What is another way to express the immediate precursor to the factory system of production that arose in England that is sometimes termed proindustrialization?

Cottage industry

By 1750 what was the most populous region on the globe?

East Asia

What civilizations were most able to pursue a policy of isolation in relation to the maritime West in the period 1450-1750?

East Asian

In what century did the Atlantic slave trade peak in terms of numbers of Africans transported?

Eighteenth

What Western power was first to ban its citizens from engaging in the slave trade?

England

Which European naval power is generally credited with breaking the grip on Atlantic maritime trade previously held by the Spanish monarchy?

England

Which of the following kingdoms serves as an exception to the rule of the growing power of absolute monarchies in the West in the period 1450-1750?

England

What movement applied reason to the problems of human affairs and can be understood as an extension of the Scientific Revolution into the field of politics?

Enlightenment

What Western tradition did the continuation of the Atlantic slave trade violate most?

Enlightenmernt

Karl Marx's belief

Every human action is motivated by economic decisions

What feature of the expanding Russian Empire in the period 1500-1800 was NOT a feature of expanding Western European empires in this period?

Expansion was mainly carried out over land and not sea

What would be the LEAST typical trade transaction along Africa's northeast coast in the period 1450-1750?

Female slaves exported to a West Indies sugar plantation

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal circa 1480. As a boy, he studied mapmaking and navigation. By his mid-20s, he was sailing in large fleets and was committed in combat. In 1519, with the support of King Charles V of Spain, Magellan set out to circumnavigate the globe. He assembled a fleet of ships and, despite huge setbacks, his own death included, proved that the world was round.

Francis Drake

Francis Drake, born around 1540-1544 in Devonshire, England, was involved in piracy and illicit slave trading before being chosen in 1577 as the leader of an expedition intended to pass around South America, through the Strait of Magellan, and explore the coast that lay beyond. Drake successfully completed the journey and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I upon his triumphant return. He later saw action in the English defeat of the Spanish Armada. He circumnavigated the globe.

What impulses for the colonization of North America was generally missing from the colonization of the rest of the New World?

Freedom from religious persecution

Jaques Cartier

French explorer Jacques Cartier is known chiefly for exploring the St. Lawrence River and giving Canada its name. He was sent by King Francis I to the New World in search of riches and a new route to Asia in 1534. His exploration of the St. Lawrence River allowed France to lay claim to lands that would become Canada. He died in Saint-Malo in 1557.

Where did Luther's movement first take root?

Germany

Syphilis

Given to the Europeans from the Americas and infected many in Europe

Export of precious metals

Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas Impact on Spain and international trade

Columbus

Had the Book of Privileges, which was an agreement with Spain He established trade and brought some Indians back to Spain Columbus made 4 voyages and never found the wealth he was looking for

What trend was most typical in slave-capturing coastal West African kingdoms, such as Dahomey, which supplied the Atlantic slave trade?

Increasing hierarchy, centralization, and importance of military capacity (including use of firearms)

What factor did NOT prevent European powers from establishing anything more than a limited coastal settlement on the African continent in 1450-1750?

Inferior weapons technology

What was the long-term impact of the massive influx of silver into the Spanish economy that resulted from its domination of the New World?

Inflation and unwise government spending

How was racial hierarchy on the North American continent different from racial hierarchy in Spanish Latin America?

Intermarriage among Native American, African, and European populations was much less common

What two groups were targeted in the Spanish "Reconquista" of the late fifteenth century?

Muslims and Jews

What does NOT belong in a list of characteristics of the Janissary corps in the Ottoman Empire?

It launched successful invasions of Central Europe culminating with the sack of Vienna

What best describes the attitude of Peter and Catherine the Great toward adopting change along Western lines?

It was a source of new ideas and methods to increase the power of the ruling family at home and abroad

What group traces its roots to the Catholic Reformation, sometimes referred to as the Counter-Reformation?

Jesuits

"All men are created equal", "Unalienable rights", "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness", and "Right of the people" are all ideas from the Declaration of Independence that can be attributed most directly to the influence of whom?

John Locke

What leadership tradition dating from the earlier caliphates continued to impact Muslim empires such as the Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughals into the period 1450-1750?

Lack of clear succession principles led to recurrent crises when replacing leaders

New World Crops

Led to greatest food surplus and population doubled between 1650 and 1850

Triangular Trade

Linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded

Henry the Navigator

Made expeditions down Africa's west coast. These expeditions were sent to create much-needed maps of the West African coast, to defeat the Muslims, to spread Christianity, and to establish trade routes. Prince Henry helped begin the Great Age of Discovery that lasted from the 1400's to the early 1500's. - Main motivations of Portugal- Gold and Christians

The economic centrality of long-distance trade and the lack of long feudal traditions opened a path for which social class to rise to dominance relatively quickly in the New World?

Merchant

The rule of which Chinese dynasties overlap with the time period 1450-1750?

Ming and Qing

What is most true of the Middle Passage?

Mortality on marches to the African coast was higher than mortality on the ships

What development in a contemporary civilization had the greatest impact on the foreign relations of the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid empires in the period 1450-1750?

Movement of the maritime West toward the core of a new global trade network

What three Muslim empires emerged from the wreckage left behind after the Mongol invasions?

Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman

Zheng He

Muslim- Made 7 voyages and had 300 ships - brought back exotic animals and "treasure" ships

North America vs South America

North - Colonies ruled by business people - France, etc gave grants of land to companies - Colonial assemblies- people had a say in their rule South - Preferred cities - Indigenous people continued to live in jungle, rainforest, etc - People in South wanted to use for cash crop, mining, etc North - Pushed indigenous people to West - Interactions in the North were more violent because Europeans wanted Indian land - More intermarriage in the South - Very little intermarriage in the North due to immigration of families - South America had less prejudice, more open to different cultures

In what colonial region of the globe did Western cultural practices supplant existing cultural practices most completely after 1450?

North and South America

In what way did the Spanish colonies reproduce existing Iberian social structures?

Peninsulares sought to reproduce essentially feudal estates with indigenous labor filling the role of the Spanish serf

What was the demographic impact of the Columbian Exchange on the populations of the Old World?

Population growth across the Old World based on New World crops such as corn and the potato

What European power was first to establish large-scale slave-trading operations on Africa for the purposes of export to plantations in the Americas?

Portugual

Columbian Exchange

Remade populations of people and animals More than 50% of natives died- disease Travelers killed by smallpox Deaths caused war Transmission of disease Western Hemisphere agriculture products, such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European lifestyles European horses and cattle changed lifestyles of American Indians Small pox killed many Americans

What monarchy constructed the largest contiguous land empire in history, second in size to the Mongol Empire?

Russian

What end result of industrial development was most important to Peter the Great?

Russian capacity to produce modern weapons

What empire in the period 1450-1750 ruled the territory with the greatest degree of religious homogeneity?

Safavid

What movement established a tradition of seeking answers to questions about nature through the application of reason and methodical investigation of the World?

Scientific Revolution

What New World commodity was of the greatest value to the Spanish monarchy?

Silver

What best characterizes the political situation in the West around 1450?

Small political units led by local and regional aristocrats were the rule, not the exception

In what New World society did the slave population grow mainly through natural increase and not continued importation?

Southern British North American colonies

What does NOT belong in list of regions under Ottoman control at the height of their rule in terms of territory gained?

Spain

Spain and Portugal in the 1500s

Spain would dominate Portugal as Columbus's success led to great wealth and Spain's Southern area was mostly Muslims, having a final push in 1492 and feeling a great sense of pride

What was the first Asian commodity Western merchants were able to gain control over in terms of both production and trade?

Spices

What best captures the impact of the Mongol Empire on world history?

Spread of the bubonic plague across the Eurasian landmass & Stabilization of long-distance trade routes, which sparked greater demand for goods from distant lands & The exposure of old centers of civilization to new religious and intellectual trends

The shift of the Russian imperial capital to which city indicated a shift in orientation toward the West under the rule of Peter the Great?

St. Petersburg

What New World commodity was of the greatest value to the Portuguese monarchy in the early phases of the settlement of Brazil?

Sugar

What is an example of a new disease Europeans were exposed to as a result of interaction with the peoples of the New World?

Syphilis

Gold Glory God

The 3 motivations of Spanish exploration summed up. This trio of motivating factors, Gold, Glory, and God, along with superior technology and disease, would prove to be the fuel that propelled the Spanish to conquer most of South America, parts of the Southwestern United States, and all of Mexico and Central America. The legacy of Spanish culture and the tragedy of the extermination of the indigenous peoples of these areas would change the course of the world forever.

Mercantilism

The economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. The main positive effect of mercantilism was the generation of wealth for the rulers and merchants of countries like Spain, Portugal, France and Britain through exploiting of distant foreign lands outside in the Caribbean, the Latin America, the Indian subcontinent and Asia by first establishing trade relations, then overthrowing the native rulers and setting up colonies. The rulers of these European countries supported their own adventurous merchant class to set up these colonies by providing initial risk capital wherever necessary and followed up with army support to capture the lands in intended colonies along with the clergy of the Church to convert. Once the colonies are set up the merchants were given exclusive rights to develop plantations and mines in colonies for ensuring cheap availability of raw materials for the homelands, capture jewelry, gold, silver and other precious material and remit to the home country, pay huge taxes to the home country. This processes considerably enriched the coffers of the colonial masters, the traders and the State/ Emperor/ King/ Queen/ Royal family of these countries in Europe. Later, this wealth provided the capital and assured supply of raw materials that would be needed needed to reap the benefits of the progress of science and technology through what we now call the industrial revolution.

What established a line of demarcation separating Spanish and Portuguese claims in the New World?

Treaty of Tordesillas

What best characterizes the period of Ming rule in China?

Turn to isolationism, consolidation of Confucian values, economic and demographic expansion

What does NOT belong in a list of elements common to Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties in the period 1450-1750?

Were weakened by failed land invasions into Western Europe

What significance did Nagaski Bay hold in Japanese history before the United States dropped a second atomic bomb there?

Western trade was restricted to contact with the Dutch only at Deshima Island, allowing for limited exposure to European ideas during a period of isolation

Role of Silver

World trade- global economy was created, rise of capitalism and free market systems, price inflation China- paper money became undervalued Japan- had control over silver mines- consolidation of Japan - Shoguns aligned with merchant class, market based economy - Withdrew from Chinese tributary system - Investment agricultural and infrastructure Spain- control of America- contained silver - took a large portion of mining profits through taxes - multiple bankruptcy due to decreasing values of silver - Spain had simultaneous wars with other countries - Ottomans, Dutch, etc. - Although Chinese were at the top, Spain was able to find success in the silver trade The Americas- lands were mind upon and the discovery of the mines led to the creation of Potosi in the Andes - Gave Spain the advantage in the trade for silver Africa- Portuguese brought African slaves to mine for silver, traded for silver > slaves - Value of gold went down- everyone wanted silver