World history test-vocab&short answers

Thomas Hobbes-

17th century thinker, wrote the leviathan, believed in a powerful gov

John Locke-

17th century thinker, wrote two treaties of Government, believed limited power which protected the natural rights of the people

What is a balance of power? How was it used in 17th and 18th centuries?

A balance of power is the distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong. The goal was to maintain a distribution of military and economic power among nations. Neighboring nations led by England fought to prevent the union of Spain and France. The war of Spanish succession dragged on, when France decided to sign the treaty of Utrecht. England and the other neighboring nations succeeded, and France never agreed to unite to two crowns. In 1750, great European powers included Austria, Prussia, France, Britain and Russia. These nations formed alliances to maintain the balance of power. However, rivalries between Prussia and Austria to control the German statues and Britain and France competing to develop overseas empires was extistant. These rivalries resulted in worldwide conflict, such as the seven years war and the French Indian war. The treaty of Paris ended these wars and gave britiain a huge empire. This changed the balance of power for the next hundred years.

How did Enlightenment ideas spread and how were they implemented?

Absolute monarchs adopted or accepted the idea known as enlightened despots. Frederick the great, Joseph II and Catherine the fest all used absolute power to bring politicl and social change. The ideas of philsohpes also spread. For example, Frederick the great reduced torture, allowed free press and tolerated religious differences. Joseph II modernized austra's government, supported religious equality for Protestants and Jews, ended censorship, andabolished serfdom. Catherine the great abolished torture,established religious tolerance, granted nobles a charter of rights and criticized the institution of serfdom.

Why was 1550 - 1650 Spain's golden age?

After Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand unified Spain, Philip II expanded Spanish influence and helped foster a Spanish golden age by supporting the arts. From 1550-1650, a golden age of culture, fostered by Philips patronage of the arts occurred. During this time, El Greco painted beautiful works of religious imagery. Miguel de Cervantes completed The Don Quixote, which was considered Europe's first modern novel.

What two major powers emerged at the end of the war?

After the war ended, the Hapsburgs in Austria wanted to created a string, unified state. The lands they wanted to unify were made up of many diverse people and languages. When Maria Theresa came to power, she preserved the empire and won the support of her people. While Austria grew as a Catholic state, Prussia emerged as a Protestant power. The king was able to seize from Silesia to Austria.

What were the major advantages and disadvantages of the British and Americans on the eve of the war?

Both the British and Americans had advantages and disadvantages in the war. The British had wealth, a better military, a navy and a central government. The Americas had more home turf, local, were more motivated and had strong leadership. The British disadavtages was the travel, poor supplies, unfamiliar territories and new kinds of fighting. The Americas disadavamtages were the small economy, outnumbered, no military and they were not united.

How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?

By the early 1700s, European thinkers felt that nothing was beyond reach of the human mind. The discoveries of the scientific revolution convinced educated Europeans the power of human reason. They found out that natural law governed forces such as gravity and magnetism.

Describe the accomplishments of Catherine the Great.

Catherine the great built alliances to assume power in 1762. She ruled as an absolute monarch. Catherine embrace d western ideas, reorganized governed and colidified laws. She also opened state sponsoed schools for kids. When peasants revolted against the harsh conditions of serfdom, Catherine repressed the rebellion and exempted boyars from paying taxes. Catherine also partitioned Poland and took control of its eastern lands in 1772, removing them from the map.

What caused the English Civil War?

Charles I inherited the throne in 1625. Like his father, he behaved like an absolute monarch and dissolved parliament in 1629. However, Charles summoned parliament in 1640 because he needed funds to suppress a Scottish rebellion. When it met, it launched its own revolt against the king. These actions led to the English civil war. When Charles tried to arrest the radical members of the parliament, they escaped and raised an army

How did the French wars of religion affect France?

France was torn apart by wars over religion in the late 1500s. These wars were fought between the Catholic majority and the French Protestants or Huguenots. These wars were the worst violence during this time. 300 Huguenots were killed and this incident symbolized a breakdown of order in France.

Huguenots

French Protestants

How did the Stuarts deal with Parliament?

Harmony between the monarchy and parliament came to an end with the Stuart's. Because Elizabeth died childless, her throne went to James Stuart, a king of Scotland, James I, as he came to be known, clashed with the parliament. Both James I and charles I dissolved parliament.

How did Henry IV rebuild French unity?

Henry IV inherited the French throne in 1589. He fought against Catholics for 4 years and then converted to Catholicism. Henry then issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 to protect the Protestants by granting the Huguenots religious toleration. Henry greatly increased the royal bureaucracy. He also reduced the power of nobles. In doing so, he laid the groundwork for future kings to rule without any check on their power.

Henry IV-

Huguenot prince who inherited French throne in 1589 .

How were the arts an expression of the Enlightenment?

In the age of Louis XiV, courtly art and architecture were grand and, reflected the lives of saints or glorious battles . Artist moved away from heavy splendor to light and elegant and charming subjects. This style was very popular among upper and middle classes. A new music style known as classical music evolve do. Lastly, literature developed new forms. Middle class readers like straightforward language and stories in their time. Thus, began an outoutpouring of novels.

What was the Glorious Restoration?

James II, Charles brother, inherited the throne in 1685 but wasn't there long. He openly practiced his catholic faith. Alarmed, parliament invited James Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William to become rulers in 1688. They accepted, and James II fled to France. This bloodless transfer of power was called the Glorious Revolution.

Louis XIV-

King who inherited the French throne in 1643 and went on to rule with absolute power

How did Louis XIV increase the power of the French monarchy?

Louis appointed Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister. Cardinal Richelieu strengthened the central government. He also outlawed Huguenot armies and gave nobles high posts at court to tie them to the king. Louis tried to take power away from the king. Louis then decided to take complete control of the government and solidify his power as an absolute monarch. His court supported century of the arts in which drama, painting and ballet flourished. He also sponsored the French academics, which set standards for the arts and sciences.

Describe England under Cromwell.

Parliament declared England a republic, known as the commonwealth, under Oliver Cromwell's leadership. Charles II, the undercrowned heir, attacked from Ireland and Scotland. Cromwell crushed the uprising. A group called the Levellers challenged the common-wealth from within. They wanted the poor to have a say. Cromwell suppressed them and began to rule as a dictator. The puritans eventually gained a voice in the society of the commonwealth. There goal was to root out godlessness.

What were Peter the Great's goals for Russia?

Peter the great took control of Russian government and set out to modernize it. He brought back people to help with his policy of westernization. Peter also worked to control the church and the nobles in Russia. Peter also saught o expand Russia's borders so thst it could have a warm water port.

Why did Russian leaders want to expand their territory in the 1700s?

Peter wanted to increase Russia's ability to trade with the west. Peter also wanted to gain control of a warm water port.. In the terr gained, Peter used it to build St. Petersburg, great palaces, city parks and boulevards, and the Versailles. By gaining this territory, peter ended Russia's period of isolation and he made it the largest country in the world. Cathere the great also took some of Poland in a partition to avoid fighting with each other

Explain the ways in which Philip II was an absolute monarch.

Philip made every part of the governemnt answer to him. He reigned having complete authority. Philip asserted that he ruled by divine rights, meaning his right to rule came directly from God. He fought wars in the Mediterranean and Netherlands and tried to crush the Protestant faith.

Why did Spanish power decline?

Philip sent a huge Spanish Armada to invade England. The mission failed because Spanish ships were outmaneuvered by faster English ships. The Spanish then retreated. This defeat marked the beggining of the end of Spain's glory. Philips successors did not rule as well as he did. There were also economic problems, such as costly foreign wars and over-reliance on treasure from the Americas. In the 1600s and 1700s, other European fleets arose and surpassed Spain's power.

Catherine the Great-

Russian empress as of 1762 who embraced western ideas and ruled as an absolute monarch

Charles I-

Stuart monarch who inherited the throne in 1625 and dissolved parliament, then fought the English civil war against it

How did the Declaration of Independence and Constitution reflect Enlightenment values?

The Declaration of Independence was inspied by the ideas of John Locke. The idea was that the government had an obligation to protect people's natural rights. People had the right to alter or abolish unjust government. Popular sovereignty stated all government power comes from the people. The constitution became a symbol of freedom to the Europeans. The power was divided between the government and states. The government was a social contract with a system of checks and balances. There was a separation of power among the legislature, executive and judicial branches. This reflects Montesquieu idea of the separation of powers in the governemnt.

Why did the Philosphes have different ideas of human nature?

The philosophes applied methods of science to understand society. They desired reform in society. They believe that reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society.

How did the Thirty Years' War affect the German states?

The thirty years war was very brutal. Mercenaries burned villages and killed without mercy. Serve depopulation in both German and French states occurred as well. German lands were divided into more han 360 separate states.

How did the Tudors deal with Parliament?

Tudor monarchs, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I worked with Parliament to rule England. Both saught approval from parliament, even as they wanted to control it. As a result, parliament became acosstomed to being consulted. In fact, Elizabeth's skill at handling parliament helped make her a popular ruler.

b. George Washington-

Virginia planter and soilder who became the head of continental army

Identify the causes of the American Revolution.

Wars in Europe and Americans drained British treasury. King George III expected the colonists to help pay for these wars. In 1764, the sugar act created imported taxes. In 1765, the stamp act imposed taxes on news papers and pamphlets. In 1766, the declaratory act proclaimed britiians complete authority over the colonists. Because the colonists had no voice in parliament, they argued that they were subject to taxation without representation. In 1770, the Boston massacre and Boston tea party occurred. As a result the parliament passed harsh laws to punish Massachusetts for the destruction of tea. Representatives from each colony gathered in pliladelhpia and met in a continental congress to decide what action to take. After much debated the colonists declared their independence from Britain. Finally, in April 1775, war between the colonists and British broke out

Frederick William I-

a Prussian ruler who came to power in 1713 and gained the loyalty of Prussian nobles to increase his control of the state

d. Declaration of Independence-

a docment that reflects john lockes ideas if the governments obligations to protect the people's natural rights to life, liberty, and property. It also included people's rights to alter or abolish unjust governments, and popular sovereignty.

Puritans-

a group of dissenters who sought to "purify" the church of Catholic practices

Boyar-

a land owning noble

Westernization-

adaptation of western ideas, technology and culture

. enlightened despot-

an absolute ruler who used power to bring about politics and social change

War of Austrian Succession-

an eight yr war that broke out when Frederick of Prussia seized the Hapsburg province of Silesia

Adam Smith-

author of wealth of nations, proponent of the free market system

Catherine the Great-

became empress of Russia in 1762; believed in the enlightenment ideas of equality and Liberty

divine right

belief that the authority to rule comes directly from God

St. Petersburg-

capital city and major port that Peter the great established in 1703

Hapsburg Empire

central European empire that in the 1500s included the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands

Maria Theresa-

daughter of Charles VI, who succeeded him and ruled the Hapsburg lands during the war of Austrian succession

federal republic-

governemnt in which the power is divided between the federal government and the states

Constitutional government-

government whose power is defined and limited by law

Social Contract-

hobbes proposal for an orgainized society in which people enter into an agreement accepting a powerful government in exchange for their freedom

George III-

king of England during American Revolution

Frederick the Great-

king of Prussia from 1740-1786, an enlightened despot

Oliver Cromwell-

leader of the supporters of parliament during the English civil war, who went on to lead the short lived commonwealth between 1648-1658

Joseph II-

most radical of the enlightened despots; ruled Austria and worked for religious equality and an end to censorship

c. Thomas Jefferson-

principal author of the Declaration of Independence

Edict of Nantes-

proclamation issued by Henry IV granting the Huguenots religious toleration

censorship-

restrictions on access to ideas or information

Versailles-

royal french residence and seat of government established by king Louis XIV

Charles V

ruler of Hamburg empire beggining in 1519

absolute monarch

ruler with complete authority over the governemnt and lives of people

Natural Law

rules discoverable by reason

Peter the Great-

russian tsar who took control of governemnt in 1689 and used his power to modernize Russia

English Bill of Rights-

series of acts passed by parliament in 1689 that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of parliament

Peace of Westphalia-

series of treaties that ended the 30 yrs war

Philip II

son of Charles V, who began his reign in 1556 and made Spain the foremost power in Europe

Frederick II-

son of Frederick William, who became king of Prussia in 1740 and seized Silesia from Austria , sparking the war of Austrian succession

Ferdinand-

the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia

James I-

the first Stuart monarch, who repeatedly clashed with the parliament

elector-

title of each of the seven leading German princes who chose the holy roman emperor in the 17th century

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

while huguenot and catholic nobles were gathered for a royal wedding, a plot led by catholic royals led te massacre of over 3,000 huguegots. This symbolized the breakdown of order in France

Jean Jacques Rousseau-

wrote the social contract, promoted people in their natural state were essentially good