World History-The Reformation

Elector Frederick of Saxony, Luther's ruler, was unwilling to see his famous professor killed so..

He sent Luther into hiding and then protected him when he returned to Wittenberg at the beginning of 1522.

When Mary, Henry's daughter, came to the throne in 1553, England was ready for a reaction. Mary was a catholic who wanted to restore England to Roman Catholicism.

She had more than 300 Protestants burned as heretics earning her nickname "Bloody Mary". As a result, England was even more Protestant by the end of her reign than in the beginning.

Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs. Both faith and good works were declared necessary for salvation.

The 7 sacraments, catholic view of the eucharist, and the clerical celibacy were all upheld. Belief in purgatory and in the use of indulgences was strengthened, although the selling of indulgences was forbidden.

In 1534, at Henry's request, Parliament moved to finalize the break of the Catholic Church in England with the pope in Rome.

The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared that the king was the only supreme head on earth of the new Church of England was the only supreme head of earth of the new Church of England.

Henry used his powers to dissolve the monasteries and sell their lands and possessions to wealthy landowners and merchants.

The king receive a great boost to his treasury and a group of supporters who now had a stake in the new order in matter of doctrine. Henry still remained close to Catholic teachings.

Luther came to believe that humans are...

not saved through their good works but through their faith in God.

Luther believed that indulgences were...

simply harming their chances for salvation by buying them

Luther had arrived at his understanding of salvation through..

studying the Bible, the Bible became for Luther, as for all other Protestants, the only source of religious truth.

What did Catholic teachings stress..

that both faith and good works were needed to gain personal salvation.

The Church excommunicated him in January 1521 and he was also summoned to appear before the imperial diet-or legislative assembly- of the Holy Roman Empire in the city of Worms.

the emperor, Charles V., thought he could convince Luther to change his ideas, but Luther refused. By the Edict of Worms, Luther was made an outlaw within the empire. His works were to be burned and Luther himself captured and delivered to the emperor.

On October 31, 1517, Luther was angered by the Church's practices, and set a list of 95 thesis to his church superiors, especially the local bishop...

the theses were a stunning attack on abuses in the sale of indulgences. Thousands of copies were printed and spread throughout Germany. Pope Leo X didn't take the issue seriously however.

As a part of the development of these state-dominated churches, Luther also set up new religious services to replace the Catholic mass.

these featured a worship service consisting of Bible readings, preaching of the word of God, and song. His doctrine developed, soon became to be known as Lutheranism, and the churches as Lutheran Churches. Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Calvin like Luther believed in the doctrine of justification by faith alone to explain how humans achieved salvation

But Calvin also placed much emphasis on the all powerful nature of God which led him to the idea of predestination. It meant that God had detained in advance who would be saved(the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate).

Calvin's success in Geneva made the city a powerful center of Protestantism. Missionaries trained in Geneva and were sent to all parts of Europe.

Calvinism became established in France, Netherlands, Scotland, and central & eastern Europe. By mid16th century Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important & dynamic form of Protestantism.

The English Reformation rooted in politics not religion. King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his 1st wife, Catherine of Aragon, with whom they had their daughter, Mary. Since he needed a male heir, He wanted to mary Anne Boleyn. Impatient with the pope's unwillingness to annul, Henry turned to...

England's own church courts. Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, head of the highest church court in England approved the marriage as null and void. Three months later they had a baby girl.She later would become Queen Elizabeth I.

By 1520 Luther called on German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed church in Germany to move toward a more definite break with the Catholic Church. Luther also attacked the Church's system of sacraments...

He thought that the pope and the church had destroyed the real meaning of the gospel for 1,000 yrs. He kept only two sacraments Baptism and Communion. He also called for clergy to mary(but this went against the long-standing Catholic requirements that the clergy remain celibate)

By the mid16th century, Lutheranism had become rooted in Germany and Scandinavia, and Calvinism had taken hold in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, and eastern Europe.

In England, the split from Rome had resulted in the creation of a national church.

The Society of Jesus, known as the jesuits, was founded by a Spanish nobleman, Ignatius of Loyola. He gathered a small group of followers, which was recognized as a religious order by the pope in 1540.

Jesuits took a special vow of absolute obedience to the pope, making them an important instrument for papal policy. They used education to spread their message. They restored catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe and in spreading it to other parts of the world.

When henry died in 1547, his sickly 9 yr old son, Edward VI (the son of his third wife) took over. During his reign, Church officials who favored Protestant doctrines moved the Church of England (or Anglican Church) in protestant direction.

New acts of Parliament gave the clergy the right to marry and create a new Protestant church service.

John Calvin was educated in his native France, but after he covered to Protestantism he was forced to flee Catholic France to Switzerland for safety.

Once he published the Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary of Protestant thoughts in 1536, Calvin had a reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism.

The participation of Renaissance popes in dubious financial transactions and italian political and military affairs had created many sources of corruption.

Pope Paul III perceived the need for change and took the bold step of appointing a Reform Commission in 1537 to determine the Church's ills. The commission blamed the Church's problems on the corrupt policies of the pope.

Paul III began the Council of Trent. In March 1545, a group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians met in the city of trent, on the border between Germany and Italy

There they began the Council of Trent, which met on and off for 18 years.

Luther's religious movement became a revolution. He was able to gain the support of many of German rulers among the numerous states that made up the Holy Roman Empire.

These rulers quickly took control of the Catholic churches in their territories, forming state churches whose affairs were supervised by the government.

In 1536, Calvin began working to reform the city of Geneva, Switzerland. He created a church government that used both the clergy and laity in the service of the church. The Consistory was a special body enforcing moral discipline, was set up as a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans.

They had the right to punish people who deviated from the church's teachings and moral principles. Such crimes included dancing, singing, obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards.

The belief in predestination gave later Calvinist the firm conviction that they were doing God's work on Earth.

This conviction made them determined to spread their faith to other people. Calvinism became a dynamic and activist faith.

The position of the kind gave him control over religious doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline.

Thomas more, a Christian humanist and devout catholic, opposed the king's action and was beheaded.

In June 1524, Luther faced a political crisis when German peasants revolted against their lords. The peasants looked to Luther to support their cause, but Luther instead supported the lords.

To him, the state and its rulers were called by God to maintain peace necessary for the spread of the gospel. It was the duty of the princes to stop the revolt. German princes crushed the peasants and Luther became even more dependent on state authorities for the growth of his church.

After the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church possessed a clear body of doctrine and was unified under the supreme leadership of the pope.

With a renew spirit of confidence, Catholics entered a new phase, as well prepared as calvinist to do the battle for their faith.

Martin Luther

a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg, in Germany, where he lectured on the Bible.

Justification

being made right before God, by faith alone; this became the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation.

This did not look particularly good for the Catholic Church. However, the Catholic Church also had a revitalization in the 16th century...

giving it new strength and enabling it to regain much that it lost. this Catholic Reformation was supported by 3 chief pillars: the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of trent

But in Luther's eyes..

human beings were powerless in the sight of an almighty God and could never do enough good works to earn salvation. It is faith alone, he said, and not good works, that justifies and brings salvation through Christ.