World History unit 1 test
Ziggurats
"to build on a raised area") were massive structures built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley and western Iranian plateau, having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels.
Animism
(from Latin anima, "breath, spirit, life") is the worldview that non-human entities—such as animals, plants, and inanimate objects—possess a spiritual essence. The belief that natural objects such as rivers and rocks possess a soul or spirit. Anima is the Latin word for "soul" or "spirit."
Surplus
... the amount that remains when use or need is satisfied Cities cannot survive without a surplus of food being available, since there is not space within a city for everyone to grow their own food. Over time food became available as the climate changed and as people accumulated their learning and techniques. humans learned not to eat their animals at once but to use their products—milk for food, wool for clothes, waste for fertilizer, and muscle power for pulling plows and carts. Plows, irrigation, pottery for storage, and metallurgy helped make surplus food possible.
Nomadic
A member of a group of people who have no fixed home and move according to the seasons from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land
Gender division of labor
A term referring to the specialized gender roles of male breadwinner and female housewife; or, in the terminology of Talcott Parsons (Family, Socialisation and Interaction Process, 1956), the 'instrumental' and 'expressive' roles. particular division of labour by sex is usually associated with the separation of workplace from home which followed industrialization in the West. Anthropological research shows that most pre-industrial societies also distinguish 'men's tasks' from 'women's tasks', although the sexual division of labour so identified may not correspond to the Western stereotype described above. For example, in some societies growing crops and weaving are tasks for women, whereas hunting and making pots are the responsibility of men
Artifact
An object produced or shaped by human craft, especially a tool, weapon, or ornament of archaeological or historical interest.
Yahweh
Another name for God, used in the old testament, the God of the Jews/Israelites.
Specialized labor
As societies became larger and more complex, individuals began to specialize in different types of jobs. It was no longer necessary for one individual to learn how to do every kind of work. Instead, one person could specialize in making pottery, while another could specialize in weaving cloth.
Paleolithic Era
Of, relating to, or denoting the early phase of the Stone Age, lasting about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used. Also called Old Stone Age.The Paleolithic period extends from the first appearance of artifacts to the end of the last ice age (about 8,500 years ago). The period has been divided into the Lower Paleolithic, with the earliest forms of humankind and the emergence of hand-ax industries (ending about 120,000 years ago), the Middle Paleolithic, the era of Neanderthal humans (ending about 35,000 years ago), and the Upper Paleolithic, during which only modern Homo sapiens is known to have existed
Shang China
Recorded history in China begins with the Shang dynasty. one event more than any other signaled the advent of the Shang dynasty — the Bronze Age.
compare 3 spice categories with Paleolithic, and Neolithic
Social: Gender divisions (women becoming too tired birthing children), social inequality (no surplus food) Economic: specialization of labor; textiles, pottery, metallurgy. AGRICULTURE. No hunting and gathering. Political: social hierchy, men who had more food and "stuff" than someone else
geography problems that led to the 1st civilization in Sumer
Sumer provided surplus food because of the rich growing areas of the fertile crescent, it attracted other people who brought new ideas and discoveries.
hieroglyphic
The Ancient Egyptians used picture words to write called hieroglyphics. It is a very old form of writing that they starting using as early as 3000 B.C. Hieroglyphics was a very complicated way of writing involving 1000s of symbols. Some of the symbols represented sounds, like our letters, and other's represented entire words. •One of the goals in writing hieroglyphics was that the writing would look like art and be beautiful to look at. •A single picture symbol could stand for a whole word, called an ideogram, or a sound, called a phonogram. For example, a picture of an eye could mean the word "eye" or the letter "I". Also, hieroglyphical. designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented.
The Chavin civilization
The Chavin civilization flourished between 900 and 200 BCE in the northern and central Andes and was one the earliest pre-Inca cultures. The Chavin religious centre Chavin de Huantar became an important Andean pilgrimage site, and Chavin art was equally influential both with contemporary and later cultures from the Paracas to the Incas, helping to spread Chavin imagery and ideas and establish the first universal Andean belief system.
long term demographic, social, political, and economic effects of the Neolithic Revolution.
The Neolithic Revolution began the era of permanent societies. · Due to the closed nature of society, the demographic of farmers was less diverse than of the demographic of herders as they mostly mated within their population · Gender roles became more prevalent · The reliance on the limited amount of land they had gave way to political organization · Less variety in terms of food which affected the overall health of the farming society's citizens · Political organization caused social organization which was divided by amount of property and power.
olmec civilization
The Olmec were the first major civilization in Mexico following a progressive development in Soconusco. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco.
Standard of Ur
a Sumerian artifact excavated from what had been the Royal Cemetery in the ancient city of Ur (located in modern-day Iraq south of Baghdad
The Neo-Babylonian Empire
a civilization in Mesopotamia between 626 - 539 BCE. During the preceding three centuries, Babylonia had been ruled by the Akkadians and Assyrians, but threw off the yoke of external domination after the death of the last strong Assyrian ruler. •Neo-Babylonian art and architecture reached its zenith under King Nebuchadnezzar II, who ruled from 604 - 562 BC. He was a great patron of art and urban development and rebuilt the city of Babylon to reflect its ancient glory. •Most of the evidence for Neo-Babylonian art and architecture is literary. Of the material evidence that survives, the most important fragments are from the Ishtar Gate of Babylon. •Neo-Babylonians were known for their colorful glazed bricks, which they shaped into bas-reliefs of dragons, lions, and aurochs to decorate the Ishtar Gate.
Empire
a group of countries or regions that are controlled by one ruler or one goverment especially : a group of countries ruled by an emperor,an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.
Hebrew
a member of the Semitic peoples inhabiting ancient Palestine and claiming descent from Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; an Israelite. a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic family, the language of the ancient Hebrews, which, although not in a vernacular use from 100 b.c. to the 20th century, was retained as the scholarly and liturgical language of Jews and is now the national language of Israel
Ice age
a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers
City-state
a state consisting of a sovereign city and its dependencies. Among the most famous are the great independent cities of the ancient world, such as Athens, Sparta, Carthage, Thebes, Corinth, and Rome. a state that has its own government and consists of a city and the area around it.
Pyramids
a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single point at the topPyramids have been built by civilizations in many parts of the world. For thousands of years, the largest structures on Earth were pyramids
Pastoralism
a subsistence pattern in which people make their living by tending herds of large animals. The species of animals vary with the region of the world, but they are all domesticated herbivores that normally live in herds and eat grasses or other abundant plant foods. is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep.
Criminal Law
a system of law concerned with the punishment of those who commit crimes
cuneiform
a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the Sumerian city of Uruk which advanced the writing of c. 3200 BCE.
Code of Hammurabi
a well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC. It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world
Artisan
a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.
Civilization
an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached. any complex society characterized by urban development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (typically, writing systems), and a perceived separation from and domination over the natural environment.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Civilizations are intimately associated with and often further defined by other socio-politico-economic characteristics, including centralization, the domestication of both humans and other organisms, specialization of labor, culturally ingrained ideologies of progress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming as an agricultural practice, and expansionism.[2][3][5][7][8] Civilizations are organized in densely populated settlements divided into hierarchical social classes with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture and trade. Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings
Indus Valley civilization
an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity.
The Epic of Gilgamesh
an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. Dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2100 BC), it is often regarded as the first great work of literature
Independent invention
an invention arrived at independently, even though another group of people may have created the same invention in a different place at a different time.
Akkadian Empire
ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, in ancient Mesopotamia. The empire united all the indigenous Akkadian-speaking Semites and the Sumerian speakers under one rule. They controlled Mesopotamia, the Levant, and parts of Iran.[4] Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history,[7] though there are earlier Sumerian claimants.[8]After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, the Akkadian people of Mesopotamia eventually coalesced into two major Akkadian speaking nations: Assyria in the north, and, a few centuries later, Babylonia in the south.
textile
any cloth or goods produced by weaving, knitting, or felting. a material, as a fiber or yarn, used in or suitable for weaving:
Hunter/gatherers
early human society is one in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals, in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species. also called foraging culture, any group of people that depends primarily on wild foods for subsistence. Until about 12,000 to 11,000 years ago, when agriculture and animal domestication emerged in southwest Asia and in Mesoamerica
Catal huyuk
in Anatolia, Turkey, is the best example of an early neolithic town where the transition to a fully settled existence has been satisfactorily achieved.
Shaman
is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world. is an ancient healing tradition and way of life. Shamanic teachings focus on our connection to nature and all of creation
Patriarchy
is a social system in which males hold primary power, predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property; in the domain of the family, fathers or father-figures hold authority over women and children. Property and title are inherited by the male lineage. The female equivalent is matriarchy. is a social system in which males hold primary power, predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property; in the domain of the family, fathers or father-figures hold authority over women and children.
Plow
is a tool (or machine) used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil.
Foraging
is searching for wild food resources/The act of looking or searching for food or provisions.
Pharaoh
is the common title of the kings of Ancient Egypt
Prehistory
is the period that begins with the appearance of the human being, about five million years ago, and finishes with the invention of writing, human history in the period before recorded events
Domestication
is the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use. Domestic species are raised for food, work, clothing, medicine, and many other uses. Domesticated plants and animals must be raised and cared for by humans. Domesticated species are not wild.
Assyria
kingdom of northern Mesopotamia that became the centre of one of the great empires of the ancient Middle East. It was located in what is now northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. A brief treatment of Assyria follows
Monotheism
pertaining to, characterized by, or adhering to monotheism, the doctrine that there is only one God:
Polytheistic
pertaining to, characterized by, or adhering to polytheism, the doctrine that there is more than one god or many gods: Science thrived in the polytheistic culture of ancient Greece
Pottery
pots, dishes, and other articles made of earthenware or baked clay. Pottery can be broadly divided into earthenware, porcelain, and stoneware
Sedentary Agriculture
subsistence agriculture practiced in the same place by a settled farmer, this is in contrast to nomadic farming...sedentary agriculture replaced most hunter/gatherer societies.
Moses
the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites out of Egypt and delivered the Law during their years of wandering in the wilderness. The 10 commandments.
Irrigation
the artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops
Civil-law
the body of laws of a state or nation regulating ordinary private matters, as distinct from laws regulating criminal, political, or military matters. Evolved from the Romans
Nebuchadnezzar II
the greatest king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He is known for rebuilding much of Babylon and restoring it to its former glory. He also built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon which is considered one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World.
Productivity
the measure of efficiency calculated by dividing output by input. In terms of land, it would calculate, for example, how many bushels of corn are produced per acre. Productivity can be defined by the amount of output created in terms of goods produced or services rendered, per unit input used. For instance, labor productivity is typically measured as output per worker or output per labor-hour. Increasing productivity reduces prices, and therefore goods become more widely available. Automobiles for example, were initially hand made and only available to the wealthy. As productivity increased, and the price of automobiles fell, they became widely available to the general population.
Judaism
the monotheistic religion of the Jews, having its ethical, ceremonial, and legal foundation in the precepts of the Old Testament and in the teachings and commentaries of the rabbis as found chiefly in the Talmud.
Archaeology
the scientific study of human remains and artifacts. is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that has been left behind by past human populations, which includes artifacts
Homo Sapiens
the species to which all modern human beings belong. Homo sapiens is one of several species grouped into the genus Homo, but it is the only one that is not extinct.
metallurgy
the technique or science of working or heating metals so as to give them certain desired shapes or properties.
Sumer
was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Kuwait) which is generally considered the cradle of civilization.
Neolithic Revolution
was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, allowing the ability to support an increasingly large population. The Neolithic Revolution was a fundamental change in the way people lived. The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations. The Neolithic Revolution is a major turning point in human history
