World History:Patterns of Interaction Chapter23
Jacobin
(in the French Revolution) a member of a radical society or club of revolutionaries that promoted the Reign of Terror and other extreme measures, active chiefly from 1789 to 1794: so called from the Dominican convent in Paris, where they originally met.
How did Great Britain combat Napoleon's naval Brigade?
...
How did Napoleon become a hero in France?
...
How did the Reign of Terror come to an end?
...
How was Napoleon able to control the countries neighboring the French Empire?
...
What did Napoleon consider his greatest triumph in domestic policy?
...
What did the divisions in the Legislative Assembly say about the differences in French society?
...
What major reforms did the National Assembly introduce?
...
Why did Napoleon have trouble fighting the enemy forces in the Peninsular war?
...
Why was Napoleon's delay of the retreat from Moscow such a great blunder?
...
Why was the congress of Vienna considered a sucess?
...
What was the long term legacy of the Congress of Vienna?
1) Diminised the power of France 2) Increased the power of Britain and Portugal 3) Nationalism began to spread
Forces of Change
1) Enlightenment Ideas 2) Economic Troubles 3) A Weak Leader
What were the three points of Metternich's plan for Europe?
1) The Containment of France 2) Balance of Power 3) Legitimacy
How did Louis XVI's weak leadership contribute to the growing crisis in France?
???
How did the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 change?
???
Legislative Assembly
A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war
The rights of man
A document which was similar to the American Declaration of Independence; it preserved French citizens' natural rights.
concordat
Agreement between Pope and Napoleon: Napoleon recognized Catholocism as the religion of the majority of France, Pope does not ask for any land back seized during the Revolution
Holy Alliance
Coalition of Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815 at the request of Alexander I of Russia, signed in Vienna on September 26, 1815. Was to instill the Christian values of charity and peace in European political life. Monarchs used this to prevent revolutionary influence (French Revolution) from entering these nations. It was against democracy, revolution, and secularism.
scorched-earth policy
Destroying crops and livestock so that one's enemy has nothing to use for food as they invade. Used by the Russians when Napoleon invaded in 1812.
End of the Terror
Finally Robespierre goes too far and is arrested and sentenced to death., he is the last victim of the terror.
Factions split France
Food shortages and government debt still caused problems. The Legislative Assembly split into three groups.
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789
Jean-Paul Marat
French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793), Published a radical journal called Friend of the People.
Why were members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with life under the Old Regime?
It was unfair for them to be heavily taxed.
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789 event; 1st sybolic act of violence against the monarchy the beginning of the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and lead the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time
A State controlled Church
Many of National Assembly's reforms focused on the church. They took over Church lands and declared that church officials and priests should be paid as state officials. The Catholic Church lost both it's lands and its political independence. They used the proceeds from the sale of land to pay off France's debt. This alarmed many devout French Catholics. Even though the thought that the church and state should be together was and Enlightenment idea, many Catholics were offended.
June 1791
Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI try to escape from Paris
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)
Coup d'Etat
Napoleon ended the Directory in a coup d'etat and substituted a strong dictatorship for a weak one. Coup d'etat means "Blow to the state"
March 1, 1815
Napoleon escaped from Elba and was received joyously.
The Invasion of Russia
Napoleon tried to invade but Russians dont fight and retreat, leaving the Grand Army with no food -only 40,000 survived
December 2, 1804
Napoleon was crowned the Emperor of France in an elaborate ceremony in the Notre Dame Catherdral in Paris
Continental System
Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.
Emigres
Nobles, clergy, and others who had fled France and its revolutionary forces
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
legitimacy
Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored
Hundred Days
The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
The First Estate
The clergy made up the first estate. They included archbishops, bishops, abbots, parish priests, monks, and nuns. There were 400,000 of them which made up 2% of the population
Josephine
The first love and wife of Napoleon, she exerted great influence and style in France. Napoleon divorced her when she could not produce his children.
estates
The three social classes into which France was divided before the French Revolution, including the clergy, the aristocracy, and the common people
Napoleonic Code
This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed
Peninsular War
a conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.
guillotine
a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people
plebiscite
a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal.
Concert of Europe
a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
Great Fear
a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789.
Battle of Trafalgar
an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.
Estates-General
an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France
Napoleon surrenders
april 1814
lycees
government run public schools
sans-culottes
in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages
Louis XVI
king of France from 1774 to 1792 his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793)
The Second Estate
made up of rich nobles. Only made up 2% od population, but owned 20% of land and paid almost no taxes. most hated enlightenment ideas b/c they threatened their status.
Marie Louise
niece of Marie Antoinette; part of Hapsburg family (Austria); mother of Napoleon I; 2nd wife of Napoleon
Tennis Court Oath
pledge made by members of France's National Assembly in which they vowed to continue meeting until a new constitution was drawn up
Marie Antoinette
queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
slogan of the french revolution that inspired nationalist feelings and the goal of the revolution
Old Regime
social and political system of France in the 1770s
guerrilla
spanish peasant fighter, supported by British to rebel against French king put in Spain by Napoleon
Klemens von Metternich
the Austrian foreign minister who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna; claimed that he was guided by the principal of legitimacy
Waterloo
the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians
balance of power
the distribution of power among nations so that no single nation can dominate or interfere with another
peninulares
the highest calls, officials went from spain to rule the colonies.
October, 1813
the month Napoleon faces European allies outside of Leipzig
Georges Danton
the newly appointed minister of justice who led the sans-culottes in revenge on those who had aided the king and resisted the popular will.
blockade
the shutting of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out
September 7, 1812
two armes, French and Russian, clash at the battle of Borodino.
The Third Estate
was 98% percent of Frances population. The third estate contained three parts to it. (1) a city-dwelling middle class called the bourgeoisie, (2) urban lower class, (3) peasants. The bourgeoisie was the fastest and richest growing part of the third estate. They staged the French Revolution.
