World Oceans Final
Manmade chemicals such as CFCs can exhibit __________ times more greenhouse potential than carbon dioxide. A. 0.24 - 0.53 B. 10 - 50 C. 200 - 2,000 D. 12,000 - 15,000
A. 0.24-0.53
The Federal Clean Water Act was passed in A. 1972. B. 1982. C. 1990. D. 1995. E. 2000.
A. 1972
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in A. 1988 B. 1970 C. 1995 D. 2002
A. 1988
On average, Earth's surface albedo is about A. 2% B. 7% C. 31% D. 52%
A. 2%
Milankovich cycles are oscillations in Earth's solar energy and variations in Earth's orbit occurring at A. 23,000 to 400,000 years B. hundreds of years C. 10,000 to 50,000 years D. millions of years
A. 23,000 to 400,000 years
What percentage of birds are marine species? A. 3% B. 10% C. 22% D. 27% E. 30%
A. 3%
Surimi is A. a processed fish product. B. a product processed from crab and shrimp. C. shrimp paste made from krill. D. shark meat that has been specially processed. E. None of these are correct; it is a type of tuna eaten raw.
A. A processed fish product.
Pollution is best described as: A. Adding substances or energy that harm the environment. B. Changing the population growth of species. C. The decrease in the quality of the environment as a result of natural events. D. Substances or materials that are toxic to humans decreasing the quality of the human environment. E. Can be broken down by bacteria.
A. Adding substances or energy that harm the environment.
The ecology of San Francisco Bay is being disrupted by A. Asian clams. B. comb jellies. C. European green crabs. D. Asian clams and European green crabs. E. Asian clams, comb jellies, and European green crabs.
A. Asian clams
Scientists have been able to evaluate changes in ocean temperature profiles over more than 100 years by comparing modern instrument float records to data obtained during the A. HMS Challenger expedition B. Glomar Explorer expedition C. Beagle expedition D. Meteor expedition
A. HMS challenger expedition
The maximum sustainable yield is best defined as the: A. Highest catch that can be taken without overfishing. B. Maximum fishing effort allowed after overfishing is reached. C. Highest catch that will pay the minimum cost of the fishing effort. D. Minimum catch that will still allow the population to grow. E. The annual size of the catch that will balance natural death and predation.
A. Highest catch that can be taken without overfishing.
The size of the hypoxic dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico appears to vary annually in response to all of the following except A. annual fish catch B. annual rainfall C. the amount of fertilizer used D. periods of drought
A. annual fish catch
Most fish in the bathypelagic are A. black. B. silver. C. red. D. white. E. colorless.
A. black.
Baleen whales feed principally on A. copepods and krill. B. diatoms and dinoflagellates. C. fish and squid. D. All of these are correct. E. None of these are correct.
A. copepods and krill.
A warmer ocean has been linked to A. decreases in disease outbreaks B. migration of species poleward and deeper C. declines in the microbial loop D. increases in nutrients from deep-water sources
A. decreases in disease outbreaks
Floating objects accidentally lost at sea are called A. flotsam B. jetsam C. toxicants D. garbage patches
A. flotsam
Large-scale fertilzation of the ocean to stimulate blooms and draw down carbon have proposed using A. iron B. phosphorus C. urea D. all of the above are correct E. none of the above are correct
A. iron
Geo-engineering proposals to mitigate climate change include A. large-scale iron fertilization B. enhancement of deep-water formation C. increasing rates of denitrification D. development of wind turbine farms in the open ocean
A. large scale iron fertilization
The biomass of planktonic, unicellular algae in tropical regions A. remains nearly constant over the year. B. increases during the summer months. C. decreases during the summer months. D. increases during the winter months. E. decreases during the winter months
A. remains nearly contant over the year.
Fish of the bathyal and abyssal zones are generally A. small bodied, large mouthed, and bioluminescent. B. large bodied, large mouthed, and bioluminescent. C. small bodied, small mouthed, and dark colored. D. large bodied, small mouthed, and dark colored. E. small bodied, small mouthed, and bioluminescent.
A. small bodied, large mouthed, and bioluminescent.
The highest rates of productivity in temperate waters occur in A. spring. B. winter. C. summer. D. fall. E. Productivity is the same during all seasons.
A. spring.
The period of highest productivity in polar areas is A. summer. B. winter. C. spring D. fall. E. productivity is similar in all seasons.
A. summer.
There is less biomass per unit volume available for harvesting in the open ocean, as compared to upwelling and coastal zones, because A. there are less nutrients. B. there is less oxygen. C. the salinity is greater. D. the temperature is lower. E. All of these are correct.
A. there are less nutrients.
Rapid cooling of Earth's climate can be caused by A. volcanic activity B. plate tectonics C. solar flares D. changes in Earth's orbit
A. volcanic activity
The Copenhagen Accord A. was led by Denmark B. recommended a target of no more than 2° C rise in global temperature C. is a binding agreement D. established specific targets for greenhouse gas emissions
A. was led by Denmark
Sources of renewable ocean energy include all of the following except A. wind, wave, current, and tidal power B. salinity and thermal gradients C. algal biofuels D. methane hydrates extracted from the deep ocean
A. wind, wave, current, and tidal power
Without greenhouse gases, Earth's average temperature would be about A. -40° C B. -18° C C. 0° C D. 15° C
B. -18° C
Increased CO2 in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution has resulted in lower surface ocean pH of about ________ pH units. A. 0.01 B. 0.1 C. 1.0 D. 5.0
B. 0.1
There are more than 6,000 marine protected areas (MPAs) worldwide accounting for approximately ______ percent of the world's surface ocean. A. 1 B. 2 C. 5 D. 10 E. 20
B. 2
It is estimated that roughly _____ or more of all material dumped at sea is dredged material from ports and waterways. A. 10% B. 25% C. 35% D. 50% E. 75%
B. 25%
Globally, aquaculture produces about _____% of fish consumed by humans. A. 50 B. 38 C. 24 D. 12 E. 2
B. 38%
How much oil is usually recovered after a spill? A. 5-10% B. 8-15% C. 22-25% D. up to 50% E. None is recovered.
B. 8-15%
A period of abrupt cooling that occurred (geologically) recently from about 1350-1850 is called the A. Great Freeze B. Little Ice Age C. Stormageddon D. Perfect Storm
B. Little Ice age
A high-oxygen content and a low-nutrient content in surface seawater indicate that a population of ______ are present. A. animals B. phytoplankton C. bacteria D. decomposers E. None of these are correct; they indicate no life present.
B. Phytoplankton
Baleen whales lack: A. Flukes B. Teeth C. Dorsal fin D. A blowhole E. Ear opening
B. Teeth.
A food web is A. a net for trapping marine organisms. B. a plan of interactive food chains and energy. C. an inverse trophic pyramid. D. used only with herring life histories. E. a diagram of an organisms's life history
B. a plan of interactive food chains and energy.
Polar bears A. don't like to get wet. B. can swim continuously for 100km. C. feed primarily on fish. D. are found at both poles. E. can swim continuously for 100km, feed primarily on fish, and are found at both poles.
B. can swim continuously for 100km.
The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. methane D. tropospheric ozone
B. carbon dioxide
Which compound does not serve as a pigment in phytoplankton? A. chlorophyll c B. chlorophyll a C. fucoxanthin D. hemoglobin E. phycoerythrin
B. chlorophyll
. As a general rule, total biomass _______, size of individuals _____, and number of individuals ______ as you move up a trophic pyramid. A. increases; decreases; decreases B. decreases; increases; decreases C. increases; decreases; increases D. decreases; decreases; increases E. increases; increases; increases
B. decreases; increases; decreases
The CLAW hypothesis links increasing ocean temperature to the production of more A. oxygen B. dimethyl sulfide C. hydrogen peroxide D. carbon dioxide
B. dimethyl sulfide
At higher and higher trophic levels, there are usually _____ and _______ animals. A. fewer; smaller B. fewer; larger C. more; smaller D. more; larger E. None of these are correct; there is no change in number or size
B. fewer; larger
Adding iron to the surface of the ocean has been shown to A. have no impact on phytoplankton community composition. B. increase phytoplankton production for an initial short period. C. make no difference to phytoplankton production. D. be toxic to phytoplankton production. E. All of these are false; this experiment has never been tried.
B. increase phytoplankton production for an initial short period.
A low oxygen level in the Gulf of Mexico A. kills most bottom organisms. B. is responsible for a decline in Gulf fisheries. C. has been linked to excess nutrients supplied by the Mississippi River. D. kills most bottom organisms and has been linked to excess nutrients supplied by the Mississippi River. E. kills most bottom organisms, is responsible for a decline in Gulf fisheries, and has been linked to excess nutrients supplied by the Mississippi River.
B. is responsible for a decline in Gulf fisheries.
Minamata disease is an example of humans ingesting __________ contaminated sea-life. A. DDT B. mercury C. lead D. chlorine E. PCB
B. mercury
Decreasing ocean pH can result in all of the following except A. increased metal solubility B. more noise pollution C. expansion of hypoxic dead zones D. declines in calcifying organisms
B. more noise pollution
Demersal fish spend more of their time A. at middepths in the water column. B. on the seafloor. C. at the sea surface. D. swimming actively over a wide range of depths. E. in the littoral zone.
B. on the seafloor.
Periods of Earth's history with extensive sea ice result in enhanced albedo, leading to more cooling. This is referred to as A. the CLAW hypothesis B. positive feedback C. negative feedback D. abrupt climate change
B. positive feedback
Changes to North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) could result in A. rapid warming of the U.S. east coas B. rapid cooling similar to the Little Ice Age C. no change in Earth's climate D. increased precipitation at high latitudes
B. rapid cooling similar to the Little Ice Age
If baleen whales eat krill that eat diatoms, krill represents the _______ trophic level. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth E. fifth
B. second.
The Berkeley Earth Team estimates that Earth's average temperature increased about _________ since the 1950s. A. 0.1° C B. 0.5° C C. 1.0° C D. 2.0° C E. 5.0° C
C. 1.0° C
In a simple food chain with 10% efficiency, a net primary production rate at the first trophic level is 10,000 units. How many units are available to the fourth trophic level? A. 1000 B. 100 C. 10 D. 1 E. 0.1
C. 10
Carbon dioxide molecules last, on average, _______ years in the atmosphere A. 2 B. 12 C. 100 D. 200
C. 100
Scientists have reported increased temperatures at depths greater than __________ in the North Atlantic where thermohaline circulation rapidly transports surface water to depth. A. 200 m B. 800 m C. 1600 m D. 2000 m
C. 1600 m
For the year 2008, the FAO estimated that every person on the planet consumed at least _____ percent of their animal protein intake as fish. A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 40
C. 20
To detect trends in primary productivity related to climate change, scientists need __________ years of global data, such as can be obtained from ocean color satellites. A. 10-15 B. 20-40 C. 30-50 D. more than 100
C. 30-50
According to a 2011 report conducted by Yale University and George Mason University, the majority of the public surveyed in the United States agreed that global warming is occurring, and _______ believed it was caused primarily by human activities. A. 10% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 90%
C. 50%
Potential sources of energy that can be obtained from the sea include all of the following except: A. Tides. B. Waves. C. Currents. D. Differences in temperature between deep and shallow water. E. Polymetallic nodules.
C. Currents
Which of these is an example of a jawless fish: A. Ray. B. Shark. C. Hagfish. D. Whale shark. E. Skate.
C. Hagfish
Mercury toxicity has been directly linked with one of the following health problems in humans: A. Hepatitis. B. Cancer. C. Neurological disorders and paralysis. D. Digestive disorders. E. Respiratory problems.
C. Neurological disorders and paralysis.
Which of the following is not necessary for photosynthesis? A. light B. chlorophyll C. oxygen D. water E. carbon dioxide
C. Oxygen
A group behavior that is much more common in bony fish than cartilaginous fish is: A. Territoriality. B. Homing. C. Schooling. D. Migration.
C. Schooling.
One particular feature found in bony fishes but is absent in cartilaginous fishes: A. Scales. B. Gills. C. Swim bladder. D. Pectoral fin. E. Skeleton.
C. Swim bladder.
In terms of grams of carbon per square meter per day, the open-ocean environment is about as productive as A. prairie land. B. alpine forests. C. deserts. D. intensively farmed fields. E. tropical rain forests.
C. deserts
If the net primary production in a region is continually consumed by herbivores, the standing stock A. increases. B. decreases. C. does not change. D. increases, decreases, or does not change depending on the time of year. E. increases, decreases, or does not change depending on the nutrients present.
C. does not change.
Ecosystem-based management allows for diverse societal use of fish stocks including all of the following except A. tourism B. ecosystem health C. fishing down the food chain D. fishing E. recreation
C. fishing down the food chain
At temperate latitudes, a stable water column with a pycnocline near the surface will _______ primary production in the spring and ________ primary production in late summer. A. decrease; increase B. increase; increase C. increase; decrease D. decrease; decrease E. None of these are correct; both will be moderately productive.
C. increase;decrease
The counter-current system of flow is involved in: A. Increasing blood flow into gills. B. Decreasing the time it takes for blood to flow through gills. C. Increasing the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood. D. Increasing the efficiency of the movement of gills. E. Increasing heart rate.
C. increasing the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood.
Although light, nitrogen and phosphorous are abundant in the Pacific and Southern Oceans the plankton are less abundant due to A. low surface temperature. B. low oxygen levels at the surface. C. lack of iron in surface waters. D. low surface temperature and lack of iron in surface waters. E. low surface temperature, low oxygen levels at the surface and lack of iron in surface waters.
C. lack of iron in surface waters.
The only herbivorous marine mammal is A. seal. B. sea lion. C. manatee. D. grey whale E. sea otter.
C. manatee.
In temperate waters, the timing of the phytoplankton bloom is influenced by A. light intensity. B. inorganic nutrient concentrations. C. stability of the water column. D. zooplankton abundance. E. All of these are correct.
C. stability of the water column.
High concentrations of toxic heavy metals in estuaries are most likely to be found in A. the water of the estuary. B. air above the estuary. C. the sediments. D. the water of the adjacent ocean. E. the air above the adjacent land.
C. the sediments
Seals, turtles, squid, and sea snakes are A. heterotrophs. B. members of the nekton. C. pelagic organisms. D. All of these are correct. E. None of these are correct.
D. All of these are correct.
Upwelling areas are more productive than oceanic areas because _______ in upwellings. A. organic matter is more concentrated B. food chains are shorter C. there are more nutrients D. All of these are correct. E. None of these are correct.
D. All of these are correct.
The Redfield Ratio is: A. N:C:P 106:16:1. B. P:C:N 106:16:1. C. C:P:N 106:16:1. D. C:N:P 106:16:1. E. P:N:C 106:16:1.
D. C:N:P 106:16:1
When new marine phytoplankton biomass is produced by photosynthesis, dissolved carbon dioxide is converted to A. carbon dioxide gas. B. carbon dioxide solids. C. soluble inorganic compounds. D. organic carbon compounds. E. None of these are correct.
D. Organic carbon compounds.
As plastics discarded in the marine environment degrade, they can produce and concentrate A. bisphenol A (BPA) B. PCBs C. DDT D. all of the above are correct
D. all above are correct
Biological invasions can occur in response to A. shifts in climate patterns B. plate tectonics C. ballast water transport D. all of the above are correct E. none of the above are correct
D. all above are correct.
North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation may be impacted by climate change because of A. increased precipitation at higher latitudes B. decreased surface water density C. increased water column stability D. all of the above are correct E. none of the above are correct
D. all above are correct.
Climate models used in the IPCC Assessment Reports have been improved by including A. more complex feedbacks B. higher spatial resolution C. higher temporal resolution D. all of the above are correct
D. all of the above
Algal biofuels are considered viable alternatives to land-based crops such as corn and soybeans because A. algae do not compete with food production B. growing algae does not require farmland C. algae can be grown on wastewater D. all of the above are correct E. none of the above are correct
D. all of the above are correct
Sea level can rise in response to A. thermal expansion B. atmospheric pressure changes C. changes in sea ice extent D. all of the above are correct
D. all of the above.
A standing crop of phytoplankton can be measured by A. determining the chlorophyll a content of a sample. B. weighing the cells in a sample. C. counting the cells in a sample. D. All of these are correct. E. None of these are correct.
D. all of these are correct.
The largest sharks and rays are A. carnivores. B. plankton feeders. C. predators. D. carnivores and plankton feeders. E. carnivores and predators.
D. carivores and plankton feeders.
The term "bycatch" refers to A. all fish caught in nets. B. animals other than fish caught in nets. C. fish that are processed on board the fishing vessel. D. fish other than the targeted species, often thrown away. E. None of these are correct.
D. fish other than the targeted species, often thrown away.
Simultaneous removal of fish from multiple trophic levels is termed A. sustainable fishing B. fishing through the food chain C. overfishing D. fishing down the food chain
D. fishing down the food chain
Records indicating rapidly rising temperature of about 1° C since the the 1950s provides evidence for A. uncertainties and errors in the data B. volcanic activity C. natural variability of Earth's climate D. human-induced climate change
D. human- induced climate change
An increase in the chlorophyll a content of a seawater sample with time yields a measurement of A. change in the species of phytoplankton in the sample. B. gross production of organic carbon. C. plant respiration. D. net production of organic carbon. E. decomposition of plant cells.
D. net production of organic carbon.
Hypoxia A. occurs when oxygen concentrations fall below 2mg per mL. B. can result in the death of sessile organisms. C. occurs when respiration rates exceed oxygen replenishment via circulation. D. occurs when oxygen concentrations fall below 2mg per mL, can result in the death of sessile organisms, and occurs when respiration rates exceed oxygen replenishment via circulation. E. None of these are correct.
D. occurs when oxygen conentrations fall below 2mg per mL, can result in the death of sessile organisms, and occurs when rrespiration rates exceed oxygen replenishment via circulation.
The smallest marine mammal is a: A. Seal B. Fur seal C. Sea lion D. Sea otter E. dugong
D. sea otter.
Walrus feed on A. krill. B. squid. C. small fish. D. shellfish. E. small seals.
D. shellfish.
Which migration route is not correct? A. California gray—between Mexico and the Bering Sea B. humpback—between Hawaii and the Gulf of Alaska C. bowhead—between the Bering and Chukchi seas D. sperm—between the coast of Maine and Greenland E. narwhal—between Greenland and Arctic islands
D. sperm-between the coast of Maine and Greenland
The Vostok ice core provides direct measurements of all the following except A. dust B. methane C. carbon dioxide D. temperature
D. temperature
The arctic region has low annual productivity because A. the nutrient supply is low. B. the water is cold. C. ice covers the water in winter. D. the intensity of solar radiation is low. E. the oxygen level of the surface waters is low.
D. the intensity of solar radiation is low.
Gradual climate change is not caused by changes in Earth's A. eccentricity B. obliquity C. precession D. volcanic activity
D. volcanic activity
Which of the following are considered incidental catch? A. turtles in shrimp trawls B. porpoise in tuna nets C. birds in salmon nets D. All of these are correct. E. None of these are correct.
D.All of these are correct
In what year was the Marine Mammal Protection Act established? A. 1913 B. 1920 C. 1945 D. 1965 E. 1972
E. 1972
Hypoxic areas such as in the Gulf of Mexico develop when A. oxygen levels fall below 5ppm. B. large amounts of nitrate are added into the water. C. die-off from a large phytoplankton bloom uses up the oxygen in water. D. methyl-mercury is added to water. E. A, B, and C.
E. A, B, and C.
Marine biological invaders arrive A. in ballast water. B. with commercially harvested shellfish. C. from home aquariums. D. attached to seaplanes and small boats. E. All of these are correct.
E. All of these are correct.
Marine mammals use echolocation to detect objects. For echolocation to work, marine mammals must be able to A. generate rapidly produced clicks of short duration. B. detect faint echoes as their clicks reflect back from objects. C. screen out unrelated loud noises in the sea. D. evaluate the time and direction of return sounds. E. All of these are correct.
E. All of these are correct.
Continued catches above the maximum sustainable yield: A. Can be increased to prevent overfishing. B. Will result in underutilization. C. Will result in a decrease of fishing effort. D. Must be decreased in order to decrease population size. E. Will result in overfishing and the crash of fish populations.
E. Will result in overfishing and the crash of fish populations.
Potential issues with direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean include all of the following except A. potential acidification B. the legal basis for injecting carbon C. potential impacts to the deep-ocean ecosystem D. uncertainly in how long the CO2 would stay at depth E. all of the above are correct F. none of the above are correct
E. all of the above.
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) were A. in greatest use in the early 1960s. B. are no longer manufactured or used in the U.S. C. are still entering the environment from previous use. D. remain in the sediments for unknown periods of time. E. All of these are correct.
E. all of these are correct
Polar bears are A. managed by international agreement. B. top predators of Arctic marine food chains. C. hunted by native peoples. D. protected by the U.S. Marine Mammal Act. E. All of these are correct.
E. all of these are correct.
The largest animals in the world are the A. sperm whales. B. humpback whales. C. finback whales. D. sei whales. E. blue whales.
E. blue whales
The most common nutrient that limits coastal productivity is A. oxygen. B. phosphate. C. nitrate. D. carbon. E. iron.
E. iron.
The world's largest oil spill A. came from a commercial oil well in the Gulf of Mexico. B. occurred in the Persian Gulf during the 1991 Gulf War. C. happened during the grounding of the Exxon Valdez. D. was the result of tanker collision during a North Atlantic storm. E. was the grounding of the Amoco Cadiz on the French coast. 35. The Exxon Valdez oil spill A. was equal in volume to the Persian Gulf spill. B. dissipated quickly in warmer inshore water. C. was 99% recovered using new sophisticated methods. D. All of these are correct. E. None of these are correct.
E. none of these are correct.
The Marine Plastic Pollution and Control Act A. prohibits dumping plastic debris in coastal oceans only. B. prohibits dumping plastic debris everywhere in the oceans. C. is enforced by the United Nations Ocean patrol. D. has eliminated the plastic trash problem in the oceans. E. prohibits dumping plastic debris everywhere in the oceans and is enforced by the United Nations Ocean patrol.
E. prohibits dumping plastic debris everywhere in the oceans and is enforced by the United Nations Ocean patrol.
Natural mangrove stands provide a coast with A. protection from waves. B. protection from storms. C. habitats for fish and shellfish. D. protection from waves and protection from storms. E. protection from waves, protection from storms, and habitats for fish and shellfish.
E. protection from waves, protection from storms, and habitats for fish and shellfish.
Which of the following increased humans' abilities to harvest the great whales? A. the explosive harpoon B. motorized hunting vessels and factory ships C. sonar D. All of these are correct. E. the explosive harpoon and motorized hunting vessels and factory ships
E. the explosive harpoon and motorized hunting vessels and factory ships.
Plastics in the sea are a hazard to marine life because A. they ensnare animals. B. they are eaten by animals. C. their colors confuse animals. D. they ensnare animals and they are eaten by animals. E. they ensnare animals, they are eaten by animals, and their colors confuse animals.
E. they ensnare animals, they are eaten by animals, and their colors confuse animals.
Earth's climate is comprised of all of the following except A. precipitation B. temperature C. the atmosphere D. wind E. weather
E. weather.
Which of the following organisms are expected to show the highest concentration of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in its tissues? A. Filter-feeding fishes B. Carnivorous fishes C. Phytoplankton D. Sea lions E. Zooplankton
E. zooplankton
The most numerous and greatest biomass of herbivores are A. zooplankton. B. fish. C. the great whales. D. primary consumers. E. zooplankton and primary consumers.
E. zooplankton and primary
Cloud condensation nuclei include A. dimethyl sulfide B. sea salt C. organic compounds D. pollutants E. all of the above are correct F. none of the above are correct
F. none of the above are correct.