World War 1

Conscription/Draft

all of the warring nations except Britain imposed universal military ___________, which required all young men to be ready military or other service.

Collective security

noun the cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen the security of each. After World War I, the first large scale attempt to provide collective security in modern times was the establishment of the League of Nations in 1919-20. The provisions of the League of Nations Covenant represented a weak system for decision-making and for collective action. An example of the failure of the League of Nations' collective security is the Manchurian Crisis, when Japan occupied part of China (which was a League member). After the invasion, members of the League passed a resolution calling for Japan to withdraw or face severe penalties.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

of Austria Hungary who was going to visit Sarajeva, the capital of neighboring Bosnia on June 28.

Mobilize

prepare its military forces for war.

Gavrilo Princip

the killer; was from a Serbian family. Princip had joined unity or death, a terrorist group commonly known as the Black Hand.

France & England's goals

Leaders at Paris applied the principle of self-determination only to parts of Europe. Outside Europe, the victorious Allies added to their existing overseas empires. The treaties created a system of mandates, or territories that were administered by western powers. Britain and France gained mandates over German colonies in Africa & Ottoman lands in the Middle East. In theory mandates were to be held and modernized until they were able to "stand alone".

Total War

-Almost the whole of Europe mobilized to wage World War I.

Treaty of Versailles Terms

1.) Armistice - The new German government sought ______ or agreement to end fighting with the allies. At 11am on Nov, 11 1918 , the Great War at last came to an end. 2.) The allies blamed the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that the losers make __________or payments for war damage. The stunned central powers who had viewed the armistice as a cease fire rather than a surrender looked for a scapegoats on whom to blame their defeat. The treaty so imposed huge reparations that would put an already damaged German economy under a staggering burden. The ______ not only covered the destruction caused by the war, but also pensions for millions of allied soldiers or their widows & families. The total cost of German reparations would come up to over 30$ billion 3.) The allies blamed the conflict on their defeated foes and insisted that the losers make __________or payments for war damage. The stunned central powers who had viewed the armistice as a cease fire rather than a surrender looked for a scapegoats on whom to blame their defeat. The treaty so imposed huge reparations that would put an already damaged German economy under a staggering burden. The ______ not only covered the destruction caused by the war, but also pensions for millions of allied soldiers or their widows & families. The total cost of German reparations would come up to over 30$ billion

Causes of European Involvment 1.)

1.) Militarism - the glorification of the military. Under militarism, the armed forces & readiness for war came to dominate national policy. The rise in militarism grew partly out of the idea of social darwinsim. As international tensions grew, the great powers expanded their armies & navies. The eesult was an arms race that further increased suspicions and made war more likely. The fiercest competition was the naval rivaey between between Britain & Germany. To protect its vast overseas empire, Britain had built the world's most respected navy. 1890s: Germany began to build a navy that rivaled England's. o In response, England enlarged their fleet. 1914: Every major power in Europe had a standing army, ready to fight at a minute's notice. o Generals created highly detailed mobilization plans in case of war.

Reasons of U.S. involvement in 1917

1.) one major reason was German submarine attacks on merchant & passengers ships carrying American citizens. Many of these ships were carrying supplies to the Allies. But president Woodrow Wilson insisted that Americans as citizens of a neutral country had the right to safe travel on the seas. In May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British liner Lusitania. Germany justified the attack arguing that the Lusitania was carrying weapons. When Wilson threatened to cut off relations with Germany, though, Germany agreed to restrict its submarine campaign. Before attacking any ship U-boats would surface & give warnings allowing neutral passengers to escape go the lifeboats. In February 1917 , however, Germany angered Wilson by resuming unrestricted submarine warfare. 2.) Many Americans felt ties of culture and language to Britain. Americans were also sympathetic to France as another democracy. 2. American Propaganda Stressed German barbarism. Posters depicting the Kaiser as some sort of madman. Urged American to support allies throughout neutrality. 3. German Dictatorship - "Make the World safe for Democracy." - Cultural ties 4. U.S. Business Interests - US trade w/ the allies increased from 825 million in 1914 to 3.2 billion in 1916. 5. Zimmerman Note - Germany asked Mexico to enter the war against the US. We intercepted the note.

Causes of European Involvment 2.)

2.) imperialism - a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Imperialism divided European nations. In 1905 and in 1911, competition for colonies brought France and Germany closer to war. Territorial Disputes o 1905 & 1911 - Germany & France almost went to war over control of Morocco Europe supported France; Germany backed down. Rivalries and mistrust deepen between France & Germany. France still bitter about loss of Alsace-Lorraine in Franco-Prussian War o 1908 - Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the Balkans. Serbs in Serbia wanted the Serbian population in Bosnia-Herzegovina to be part of Serbia! Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, etc. want independence from Austria-Hungary, who refuses. Russia also wanted to control this area. Although diplomats kept the peace, Germany gained some territory in central Africa. As a result of the two, Moroccan crises, Britain & France began to form closer ties against Germany.

Causes of European Involvment 3.)

3.) Nationalisim - "Feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country" During the early 1900s, aggressive nationalism was a leading cause of international tension. Nationalism was especially strong in France and Germany. Germany was proud of empire it built on military power and industrial leadership. France longed to regain its position as Europes leading power. Patriotic French citizens wanted revenge on Germany and recovery of the "lost provinces" due to the Franco-Prussian war. France longed to regain its position as Europe's leading power.

Causes of European Involvement 4.)

4.) Alliances - an agreement between two countries . Fear and distrust led the great powers to protect themselves through alliances. Nations signed treaties pledging to defend each other. These alliances were intended to create powerful combinations that no one would dare to attack. One of the huge alliances were the Central Powers. The first alliances had their origins in Bishkarck's day. Knowing that France would not attack Germany without help, Bishmark signed treaties with the other great powers. In 1872, Germany joined a weak alliance with Austria-Hungary and Russia. Ten years later Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria Hungary and italy. Kaiser William ii pursued his own policies. He preserved the triple alliance. In 1914, when war did erupt Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on the same side they became known as the central powers. A rival bloc took shape in 1894 when France and Russia signed an alliance. In 1904, France and Britain signed an entente cordiale. It was bot a binding treaty but but it led to close military and diplomatic ties. After three years, Britain signed a similar agreement with Russia. When the war began these powers were kniwn as the Allies. Other states were drawn into alliance. Germany signed a treaty with the Ottmon empire while Britain drew close to Japan. Rather than easing tensions the growth of rebel alliance systems made governments increasingly nervous. Caused by Military rivalries and feeling the need for protection. DEFENSIVE ALLIANCES: If one country in the alliance is attacked, the others will help. However, if one country in the alliance is an aggressor nation - the others are not obligated to help. 1870: Otto von Bismarck feared that France would try to seek revenge after the Franco-Prussian War & tried to isolate France. o 1879: Austria-Hungary & Germany (The Dual Alliance) o 1882: Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy (The Triple Alliance) o 1890: A treaty between Russia & Germany lapsed after Bismarck was fired by Kaiser Wilhelm II, who wanted more power for himself. 1892 & 1894: France & Russia 1904: Britain & France

Ultimatum

Austria sent Serbia a sweeping ultimatum, or final set of demands. To avoid war, said the ultimatum? Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation & punish any Serbian official involved in murder plot. Serbia agreed to most but not all the terms.

Allies

Britain, France, Russia, Italy. & the U.S., Japan, Serbia

New weapons

Chemical weapons such as gas, tanks, new machine guns, airplanes

Isolationism

Essentially it made us turn to isolationism. We wanted nothing to do with Europe. It was as if we had fought in the war for no reason. Many Americans saw US involvement in WWI as a waste of time. From the very beginning it was not particularly popular. When the war ended many Americans saw a Europe that had changed little. Men had died, sacrifices made...and for what. America had walked into the ring of international diplomacy and affairs and received a bloody nose for our efforts. The result was a disillusionment with world affairs. The result of this disillusionment was a fundamental shift in American policy from internationalism to relative isolationism.

Sussex Pledge 1916

Germany promised to alter their naval and submarine policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships

Central powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria

Effect of the Industrial Revolution on WW1

Industrial revolution played a major role in world war 1. It allowed for new machinery to be produced & at a much faster rate than ever before. This increase in technology combined with old war tactics led to total carnage the shocked the world. Mass production was arguably the deadliest weapon for war. With mass production, weapons could be made faster than ever before, making weapons like rifles & common machine guns. There were many new weapons found in world war 1 that increased the deadliness of war. These included moveable machine guns, planes, torpedoes, pistols, & grenades. Chlorine gas was first used by the Germans in 1915. This has caused burning in the throat & chest & eventually suffocated its victims.

Neutrality

Is a policy of supporting neither side In war. Italy and Britain remained uncommitted. Britain had to decide quickly whether or not to support its ally France. Then Germany's war plans suddenly made the decision for Britain.

Schlieffen Plan

Italy & Britain remained uncommitted. Italy decided to remain neutral for the time being. Britain had to decide quickly whether or not to support its ally France. Then Germany's war plans suddenly made the decision for Britain. Germany's worst fear was a war on two fronts, with France attacking from the west & Russia from the east. Year's earlier, General Alfred Von Schlieffen had developed a strategy to avoid a two-front war. Schlieffen reasoned that Russia's lumbering military would be slow to mobilize. Under the Schlieffen plan, Getmany first had to defeat France quickly, then it would Russia. To ensure a quick victory in the west, the Schlieffen Plan required German armies to march through Belgium, then swing south behind French lines. On August 3, Germany invaded Belgium. However, Britain & other European powers had signed a treaty guaranteeing Belgian neutrality. Out raged by the invasion of Belgium, Britain declared war on Germany. German generals however soon violated the Schlieffen plan. Russia mobilized more quickly than expected. After Russian forces won a few small victories in eastern Prussia, Germany hastily shifted some troops to the east. That move weakened German forces in the west. When British troops reached France, the German offensive stalled.

Treaty of Versailles 6/28/1918

On 28 June 1919, the peace treaty that ended World War I was signed by Germany and the Allies at the Palace of Versailles near Paris. Allied interests were represented by the 'Big Three'. The peacemakers summoned representatives of the new German republic to the palace of Versailles outsider Paris . The Germans were ordered to sign the treaty drawn up by the Allies. The Germans signed it because they had no choice.

The Spark (world war 1 packet)

On June 29th a group of assassins hired by the Serbian government had a plan to kill the heir to the Hungary-Austria throne but, initially their plan did not work one of them were captured and interrogated while the others went and tried to regroup. One member ended up killing both the heir and his wife. This caused a commotion throughout the empire once they found out that Serbia was behind this they asked Germany for help and the allies on each side fought against one another and the brought about the First World War.

Effects on Germany

Other clauses were aimed at weakening Germany. The treaty severely limited the size of the once - feared German military machine. Land taken away from Germany Alsace Lorraine (given to France) Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium) , Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark) , Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia). West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland).The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum. The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies. Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received some of this land. Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks Germany was not allowed an air force. Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines. Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one super state. 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause". 2. Germany, had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war. The Germans were told to write a blank check which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at - $10,495,270,667.95. a huge sum of money well beyond Germany's ability to pay. 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace. In fact, the first 26 clauses of the treaty dealt with the League's organization. Reaction - Germans had been convinced that they would be consulted by the Allies on the contents of the Treaty. There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public. The Treaty became known as a Diktat - as it was being forced on them and the Germans had no choice but to sign it. Many in Germany did not want the Treaty signed, but the representatives there knew that they had no choice as German was incapable of restarting the war again.

League of Nations

The Paris peace conference offered one beacon of hope in the League of Nations. In the aftermath of the war , many looked for the League to ensure the peace. More than 40 nations joined the league. They agreed to negotiate disputes rather than resort to war. Members of the league promised to take common action, economic or even military against any aggressor state.

Treaty of Brest Litovsk 3/3/1918

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk brought about the end of the war between Russia and Germany in 1918. The German were reminded of the harshness of Brest-Litovsk when they complained about the severity of the Treaty of Versailles signed in June 1919.

Wilson's Goals

The main purpose of the Fourteen Points was to outline a strategy for ending the war. He set out specific goals that he wanted to achieve through the war. If the United States was going to fight in Europe and soldiers were going to lose their lives, he wanted to establish exactly what they were fighting for. Through this speech and the Fourteen Points, Wilson became the only leader of the countries fighting in the war to publicly outline his war goals. Summary of the Fourteen Points No more secret agreements between countries. Diplomacy shall be open to the world. International seas shall be free to navigate during peace and war. There shall be free trade between the countries who accept the peace. There shall be a worldwide reduction in weapons and armies by all countries. Colonial claims over land and regions will be fair. Russia will be allowed to determine its own form of government. All German troops will leave Russian soil. German troops will evacuate Belgium and Belgium will be an independent country. France will regain all territory including the disputed land of Alsace-Lorraine. The borders of Italy will be established such that all Italians will be within the country of Italy. Austria-Hungary will be allowed to continue to be an independent country. The Central Powers will evacuate Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania leaving them as independent countries. The Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire will have their own country. Other nationalities under the Ottoman rule will also have security. Poland shall be an independent country. A League of Nations will be formed that protects the independence of all countries no matter how big or small.

Woodrow Wilson

The president who led the nation through the hard years of World War I was Woodrow Wilson. -In the summer of 1914 all Europe was plunged into war. Wilson called upon the United States to be neutral "even in spirit," but few Americans were able to remain impartial. For two years the president made every effort to avoid war. -On Jan. 8, 1918, he announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for a peace settlement.

Propaganda

Total war meant controlling public opinion. Even in democratic countries , special boards censored the press. There aim was to keep complete casualty figures and other discouraging news from reaching the people. Government sensors also restricted popular literature, historical writings , motion pictures and the arts. Both sides raged a _____ war. _______ is the spreading of ideas to promote cause or damage an opposing cause. Allied _______ often played up Germany's invasion of Belgium Asa barbarous act. Allied _______ made cavell a symbol of German brutality , although women on both sides were executed as spies.

The Big Three

Wilson was one of the strong personalities who dominated the Paris Peace Conference. (A dedicated reformer, Wilson was so sure of his rightness that he could be hard to work with. He wanted the 14 points to be the basis of the peace. The British prime minister, David Lloyd George knew that the British people demanded harsh treatment for Germany. (He promised that he would build a postwar Britain " fit for the heroes" a goal that would cost money). The French leader, Georges Clemenceau bore the nickname "tiger" for his fierce policy . His chief goal was to weaken Germany so that it could never again threaten France. (Britain , France, Italy , and the U.S. )

Stalemate

a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible. After the Schlieffen plan, both sides then dug in for the winter. They did not know that the battle lines in France and Belgium would remain unchanged for 4 years. On the western front , the warring armies burrowed into a avast system of trenches, stretching from the Swiss frontier to the English Channel. Between the opposing trench lines lay "no man's land" . Through coils of barbed wire, soldiers peered over the edge of their trenches watching for the next attack. With no protection but their rifles and helmets they charged across in no mans land toward the enemy lines. Each side then rushed in reinforcements to replace the dead and wounded. The struggle continued back and forth over a few hundred yards of territory. In 1916 both the alleys and Central Powers launched a massive offenses to break the __________.

Trench warfare

is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. On the western Front, the warring armies burrowed into a vast system of trenches, stretching from the Swiss frontier to the English Channel. An underground network linked bunkers communications trenches and gun emplacement. Between opposing trench lines lay , " no mans land".

Battle of attrition Attrition

warfare is a military strategy in which a belligerent side attempts to win a war by wearing down its enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and material. The war will usually be won by the side with greater such resources.[1] An example of this was during World War I when the Allies wore down the Central Powers to the point of capitulation. Influenza pandemic 1918