Writing 3

Make an outline

-list each main point you will cover next to a Roman numeral -under each main point, enter the topics you'll discuss next to capitol letters -under each topic, list details next to Arabic numerals -review your outline, experiment until satisfactory, keep handy, refer to it as you draft/revise research writing

Indefinite pronoun

A word such as anyone, each, or many that refers to a person, place, or thing, without specifying which one

Revising your paragraphs for problem and solution essays

Add a topic sentence change the positions of some topic sentences use a subject complement in your topic sentence

Predicate adjective

An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject

Effective cause and effect essays usually contain the following:

An explanation of how causes result in certain effects examples and other details that support the essays main ideas traditions that show how various causes and effects are linked a logical organizational strategy

What is a comparison and contrast essay

An expository nonfiction essay that explains how two or more subjects are similar and different

When revising the overall structure of your essay, you should

Analyze the balance of information

Revising your overall structure for problem and solution essays

Analyze the balance of information Color-coding details to analyze balance

What is the best way to begin your research

Beginning with an effect and list the causes that you know

___________________essays Explain the relationship between events or situations

Cause and effect

Drafting: shaping your writing for writing exposition

Choose an effective organization two common approaches when writing a comparison and contrast essay: •point by point comparison •subject by subject comparison

Revising your paragraphs: paragraph flow

Circling first and last sentences Revise your closet and sentences for faulty coordination: when ideas that are of equal importance or not treated that way

Features of an effective problem and solution essay

Clearly states a specific problem identifies the most important aspects of the problem presents one or more possible solutions supports each solution with specific details and logical reasons is logically and effectively organized

Revising your sentences for problem and solution essays

Complete sentences vary sentence lengths: Underlining to code sentence length

What is a subordinating conjunction

Connect 2 complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate to the other Example: therefore

Steps of the interview process in order from beginning to end

Contact each person and arrange a time to speak prepare your questions in advance record the answers in writing or by taping follow up with a thank-you call or note

Pre-writing: narrowing your topic for a problem and solution essay

Create a web

Pre-writing: narrowing your topic for a cause and effect essay

Create a web to narrow your topic

Pre-writing: gathering details for a research paper

Develop a research plan use a wide righty of sources: Library sources Internet sites media sources interviews Use a T chart

Drafting: shaping your writing for research papers

Develop a thesis statement organize to support your thesis make an outline Use chronological organization if... —you are tracing the history of something; you are writing about someone's life Use cause and affect organization if... —You want to emphasize that certain events caused others to happen; you are making a prediction Use order of importance organization if... You want to build an argument; there are various aspects to your topic

In a point by point comparison, you ___________________

Discuss one feature or aspect of both subjects, and then move on to another feature

A __________________Is based on research about a particular subject

Documented essay

Where would your local newspaper place a problem and solution essay you submitted for publication

Editorial page

What is not an effective method for revising and editing your draft

Eliminate predicate adjectives from your draft

One way to improve the unity of your essay is to

Eliminate unnecessary details

Pre-writing: evaluating your topic for riding exposition

Evaluate similarities and differences

Why should excerpts start on a new line

Excerpts should start on a new line so that the words are more easily distinguished from the text of the paper

Features of an effective comparison and contrast essay

Explores two or more topics that are similar clearly shows through details and examples how two or more subjects are similar and different is logically and effectively organized clearly indicates the connections among ideas closes with a summary of main points or an evaluation of the subjects overall points of similarity and difference

Drafting: providing elaboration for problem and solution essays

Five points of illumination Comparative evidence: — can be used to show how your solution has worked to solve similar problems Historical examples: —help you prove how events in history help you predict events of today Personal examples: —show how real world circumstances support your ideas Statistics: —support your recommended solution Quotations: —help you summarize or restate a main idea in a new and interesting way

Editing and proofreading for a cause and effect essay

Focusing on "which" and "that" "Which" indicates nonessential information "That" offers essential information

Example of a compound sentence

Football built character; it turned boys into men

Steps of the writing process (in order)

Generate topics evaluate subjects to find an effective topic select details and language to achieve purpose Write using an effective organizational strategy revise to give a sense of unity edit and proofread to make essay error free publish and present essay to an audience

Good subjects for comparison should ___________________

Have similarities and differences

Example of a compound-complex sentence

He dismissed all of his coaches as soon as he became quarterback, and he began making his own decisions

How can you use color coding to identify supporting details

Highlight each category of detail with a different color

Revising your paragraphs for writing expedition

Identify paragraphs: —topical paragraphs —functional paragraphs —paragraph blocks

Strategies for generating topics for documented essays

Imagine in address book perform a flip test write invisibly

Example of an insight

In stone forest caverns, water has shaped stone with the grace and Percision of a master sculptor

The conclusion of your essay should

Leave a vivid impression on the reader

When gathering details to compare subjects, what is the most effective strategy

List specific questions about both subjects

Pre-writing: gathering details for writing exposition

List your questions

Pre-writing: gathering evidence for problem and solution essays

Make a T chart

Drafting: shaping your writing for problem and solution essays

Most writers begin by describing the problem and then present one or more solutions When describing the solution, choose an organization that will most effectively present the details you have gathered If your solution has several steps, use chronological order If you are presenting several solutions, place them in order of importance begin with the least effective solution, and build to the solution you believe is most effective

Pre-writing: narrowing your topic for documented essays

Narrow by looping

The purpose of looping is to

Narrow your topic

Example sentence that contains a subject complement

Our city's most pressing problem today is traffic A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective that appears with a linking verb and tells something about the subject of the sentence

Problem posed and one or several solutions follow

PS: problem/solution

___________________Is a topic sentence that is supported by several paragraphs in sequence

Paragraph block

a __________________Is a piece of exposition that describes a problem and one or more likely solutions

Problem & solution essay

Drafting: providing elaboration for a cause and effect essay

Provide data give examples share insights

Most documented essays do the following:

Provide detailed information about a specific topic are based on research that can be proved to be accurate by means of supporting references contain references to source material within the text of the essay have fewer than four sources of information are clearly and effectively organized

Generally starts with a question that is then answered and subsequent sentences

QA: question/answer

What type of detail must always be cited

Quotations

Unnecessary repetition of an idea

Redundancy

Pre-writing: gathering details for a cause and effect essay

Research

A __________________Is an in-depth written examination of a topic in which the writer puts forth a thesis, or main point, and supports it with information drawn from several outside sources

Research paper

A topical paragraph ___________________

Revolves around a main idea

Strategies for generating topics for problem and solution essays

Scan a newspaper work with a peer make a list

Strategies for generating a topic for a cause and effect essay

Scan a newspaper or magazine Free write

In performing a flip test to generate topics, you

Scan magazines and jot down interesting topics

Strategies for generating topics for research papers

Scan news headlines use looping

One reason for making a new outline of your work while revising is to

See whether you have included all the information in the right place

What kind of detail should always have a citation in a research paper

Statistics

Example of a complex sentence

Still, the game was basically a defensive affair in which serious injuries were common

Revising your overall structure when writing exposition

Strengthen unity circling topic sentences

Revising for word choice: transitions! when writing exposition

Strengthening connections with transitions

Topic sentence followed by a restatement or extension of the main idea, followed by an example

TRI: topic, restatement, illustration

Example of a topic that is too broad for a cause-and-effect essay

The causes of famine in underdeveloped countries

What is wrong with this sentence: A writer must be certain that their writing is grammatically correct

The pronoun and antecedent do not agree in number

Example sentence that uses correct hyphenation

The reddish-purple wall was ready to be repainted

Example of a simple sentence

The sport is enjoyed by fans from all continents, including Australia, Africa, and South America

Why is it important to consider your audience

This helps the writer identify the types of details and language needed in the writing

Example sentence that uses a predicate nominative

Through his own efforts he had become our captain

When editing your draft, how can you use underlining to add variety to your writing style

Underline long and short sentences

Revising your word choice for a cause and effect essay

Unnecessary qualifiers: Almost rather it seems somewhat kind of sort of quite tends

In order to speed and focus your search for information online you should

Use a search engine

Drafting: shaping your writing for a cause and effect essay

Use one of two organizational strategies: order of importance or chronological order

Revising your sentences for writing exposition

Vary your sentences: •simple sentence: -An independent clause that is a complete thought •compound sentence: -contains two independent clauses linked by a comma and a coordinating conjunction; or linked by a semicolon •complex sentence: -contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses •compound-complex sentence: -Contains at least one subordinate clause and at least two independent clauses

Narrowing a topic for research papers

Webbing

How can you use a T chart to organize your research

Write down what you want to know along with possible sources

Pre-writing: choosing a topic for writing exposition

Writing marathon mental shopping Word association

The way you share your ideas depends on

Your audience's familiarity with your topic

predicate nominative

a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or identifies the subject

Coding to identify sentence type when writing exposition

•To add complexity: —combine sentences —add transitions to link ideas —insert clauses into simple sentences —use a question to create variety •To simplify: —separate one sentence into two or more sentences —add a short, emphatic statement between long sentences —delete unnecessary phrases