Writing 3
Make an outline
-list each main point you will cover next to a Roman numeral -under each main point, enter the topics you'll discuss next to capitol letters -under each topic, list details next to Arabic numerals -review your outline, experiment until satisfactory, keep handy, refer to it as you draft/revise research writing
Indefinite pronoun
A word such as anyone, each, or many that refers to a person, place, or thing, without specifying which one
Revising your paragraphs for problem and solution essays
Add a topic sentence change the positions of some topic sentences use a subject complement in your topic sentence
Predicate adjective
An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject
Effective cause and effect essays usually contain the following:
An explanation of how causes result in certain effects examples and other details that support the essays main ideas traditions that show how various causes and effects are linked a logical organizational strategy
What is a comparison and contrast essay
An expository nonfiction essay that explains how two or more subjects are similar and different
When revising the overall structure of your essay, you should
Analyze the balance of information
Revising your overall structure for problem and solution essays
Analyze the balance of information Color-coding details to analyze balance
What is the best way to begin your research
Beginning with an effect and list the causes that you know
___________________essays Explain the relationship between events or situations
Cause and effect
Drafting: shaping your writing for writing exposition
Choose an effective organization two common approaches when writing a comparison and contrast essay: •point by point comparison •subject by subject comparison
Revising your paragraphs: paragraph flow
Circling first and last sentences Revise your closet and sentences for faulty coordination: when ideas that are of equal importance or not treated that way
Features of an effective problem and solution essay
Clearly states a specific problem identifies the most important aspects of the problem presents one or more possible solutions supports each solution with specific details and logical reasons is logically and effectively organized
Revising your sentences for problem and solution essays
Complete sentences vary sentence lengths: Underlining to code sentence length
What is a subordinating conjunction
Connect 2 complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate to the other Example: therefore
Steps of the interview process in order from beginning to end
Contact each person and arrange a time to speak prepare your questions in advance record the answers in writing or by taping follow up with a thank-you call or note
Pre-writing: narrowing your topic for a problem and solution essay
Create a web
Pre-writing: narrowing your topic for a cause and effect essay
Create a web to narrow your topic
Pre-writing: gathering details for a research paper
Develop a research plan use a wide righty of sources: Library sources Internet sites media sources interviews Use a T chart
Drafting: shaping your writing for research papers
Develop a thesis statement organize to support your thesis make an outline Use chronological organization if... —you are tracing the history of something; you are writing about someone's life Use cause and affect organization if... —You want to emphasize that certain events caused others to happen; you are making a prediction Use order of importance organization if... You want to build an argument; there are various aspects to your topic
In a point by point comparison, you ___________________
Discuss one feature or aspect of both subjects, and then move on to another feature
A __________________Is based on research about a particular subject
Documented essay
Where would your local newspaper place a problem and solution essay you submitted for publication
Editorial page
What is not an effective method for revising and editing your draft
Eliminate predicate adjectives from your draft
One way to improve the unity of your essay is to
Eliminate unnecessary details
Pre-writing: evaluating your topic for riding exposition
Evaluate similarities and differences
Why should excerpts start on a new line
Excerpts should start on a new line so that the words are more easily distinguished from the text of the paper
Features of an effective comparison and contrast essay
Explores two or more topics that are similar clearly shows through details and examples how two or more subjects are similar and different is logically and effectively organized clearly indicates the connections among ideas closes with a summary of main points or an evaluation of the subjects overall points of similarity and difference
Drafting: providing elaboration for problem and solution essays
Five points of illumination Comparative evidence: — can be used to show how your solution has worked to solve similar problems Historical examples: —help you prove how events in history help you predict events of today Personal examples: —show how real world circumstances support your ideas Statistics: —support your recommended solution Quotations: —help you summarize or restate a main idea in a new and interesting way
Editing and proofreading for a cause and effect essay
Focusing on "which" and "that" "Which" indicates nonessential information "That" offers essential information
Example of a compound sentence
Football built character; it turned boys into men
Steps of the writing process (in order)
Generate topics evaluate subjects to find an effective topic select details and language to achieve purpose Write using an effective organizational strategy revise to give a sense of unity edit and proofread to make essay error free publish and present essay to an audience
Good subjects for comparison should ___________________
Have similarities and differences
Example of a compound-complex sentence
He dismissed all of his coaches as soon as he became quarterback, and he began making his own decisions
How can you use color coding to identify supporting details
Highlight each category of detail with a different color
Revising your paragraphs for writing expedition
Identify paragraphs: —topical paragraphs —functional paragraphs —paragraph blocks
Strategies for generating topics for documented essays
Imagine in address book perform a flip test write invisibly
Example of an insight
In stone forest caverns, water has shaped stone with the grace and Percision of a master sculptor
The conclusion of your essay should
Leave a vivid impression on the reader
When gathering details to compare subjects, what is the most effective strategy
List specific questions about both subjects
Pre-writing: gathering details for writing exposition
List your questions
Pre-writing: gathering evidence for problem and solution essays
Make a T chart
Drafting: shaping your writing for problem and solution essays
Most writers begin by describing the problem and then present one or more solutions When describing the solution, choose an organization that will most effectively present the details you have gathered If your solution has several steps, use chronological order If you are presenting several solutions, place them in order of importance begin with the least effective solution, and build to the solution you believe is most effective
Pre-writing: narrowing your topic for documented essays
Narrow by looping
The purpose of looping is to
Narrow your topic
Example sentence that contains a subject complement
Our city's most pressing problem today is traffic A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective that appears with a linking verb and tells something about the subject of the sentence
Problem posed and one or several solutions follow
PS: problem/solution
___________________Is a topic sentence that is supported by several paragraphs in sequence
Paragraph block
a __________________Is a piece of exposition that describes a problem and one or more likely solutions
Problem & solution essay
Drafting: providing elaboration for a cause and effect essay
Provide data give examples share insights
Most documented essays do the following:
Provide detailed information about a specific topic are based on research that can be proved to be accurate by means of supporting references contain references to source material within the text of the essay have fewer than four sources of information are clearly and effectively organized
Generally starts with a question that is then answered and subsequent sentences
QA: question/answer
What type of detail must always be cited
Quotations
Unnecessary repetition of an idea
Redundancy
Pre-writing: gathering details for a cause and effect essay
Research
A __________________Is an in-depth written examination of a topic in which the writer puts forth a thesis, or main point, and supports it with information drawn from several outside sources
Research paper
A topical paragraph ___________________
Revolves around a main idea
Strategies for generating topics for problem and solution essays
Scan a newspaper work with a peer make a list
Strategies for generating a topic for a cause and effect essay
Scan a newspaper or magazine Free write
In performing a flip test to generate topics, you
Scan magazines and jot down interesting topics
Strategies for generating topics for research papers
Scan news headlines use looping
One reason for making a new outline of your work while revising is to
See whether you have included all the information in the right place
What kind of detail should always have a citation in a research paper
Statistics
Example of a complex sentence
Still, the game was basically a defensive affair in which serious injuries were common
Revising your overall structure when writing exposition
Strengthen unity circling topic sentences
Revising for word choice: transitions! when writing exposition
Strengthening connections with transitions
Topic sentence followed by a restatement or extension of the main idea, followed by an example
TRI: topic, restatement, illustration
Example of a topic that is too broad for a cause-and-effect essay
The causes of famine in underdeveloped countries
What is wrong with this sentence: A writer must be certain that their writing is grammatically correct
The pronoun and antecedent do not agree in number
Example sentence that uses correct hyphenation
The reddish-purple wall was ready to be repainted
Example of a simple sentence
The sport is enjoyed by fans from all continents, including Australia, Africa, and South America
Why is it important to consider your audience
This helps the writer identify the types of details and language needed in the writing
Example sentence that uses a predicate nominative
Through his own efforts he had become our captain
When editing your draft, how can you use underlining to add variety to your writing style
Underline long and short sentences
Revising your word choice for a cause and effect essay
Unnecessary qualifiers: Almost rather it seems somewhat kind of sort of quite tends
In order to speed and focus your search for information online you should
Use a search engine
Drafting: shaping your writing for a cause and effect essay
Use one of two organizational strategies: order of importance or chronological order
Revising your sentences for writing exposition
Vary your sentences: •simple sentence: -An independent clause that is a complete thought •compound sentence: -contains two independent clauses linked by a comma and a coordinating conjunction; or linked by a semicolon •complex sentence: -contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses •compound-complex sentence: -Contains at least one subordinate clause and at least two independent clauses
Narrowing a topic for research papers
Webbing
How can you use a T chart to organize your research
Write down what you want to know along with possible sources
Pre-writing: choosing a topic for writing exposition
Writing marathon mental shopping Word association
The way you share your ideas depends on
Your audience's familiarity with your topic
predicate nominative
a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or identifies the subject
Coding to identify sentence type when writing exposition
•To add complexity: —combine sentences —add transitions to link ideas —insert clauses into simple sentences —use a question to create variety •To simplify: —separate one sentence into two or more sentences —add a short, emphatic statement between long sentences —delete unnecessary phrases