y335 final exam
Bottom-up Europeanization
"uploading" member states preferences at the EU-level, member states may push for policies at the EU level which once accepted all member states must abide. for example, the Federal Republic of Germany
which countries are the highest on the HDI?
Norway, Switzerland, Ireland, Germany , Sweden, Netherlands, Finland, Canada...
European Council
intergovernmental institution comprised of leaders of member states that set broad goals and make decisions for the EU, passes legislation
Council of the EU
intergovernmental institution made up of national-level ministries that review and approve commission proposals
the welfare state: political school
it matters if the left or the right is in charge. democrats are much more likely to fund welfare than republicans
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
military alliance formed to counter Soviet expansion in 1949, the largest alliance system in the world. some Europeans see NATO as being dominated by the US. fears on both sides of the Atlantic that a European Army would displace NATO
Continentialist
modern vision of european security and defense policy, favors the regulation and cooperation between nations within a continent
Atlanticist
modern vision of european security and defense policy, the belief in a close relationship between the US, Canada, and European countries
structural funds
monies distributed within the EU from richer members to poorer member states to help the latter develop economically and meet EU standards.
what does Europe do with its budget?
most funds go to national resources and environment, and cohesion and values
american perspective on immigration
nation of immigrants, a "melting pot", humanitarian approach to immigration, uses pre-entry controls
2021 italian elections
nationalist-populist Lega party formed a coalition with various small, right wing parties
european perspective on immigration
not a nation of immigrants, economic approach to immigration, uses post-entry controls
american response to economic crisis
obama passed a $787 billion fiscal stimulus package, pressed for transatlantic coordination, and proposed a global fiscal stimulus
euroskeptic parties
opportunistic, take advantage of less permissive consensus, more skepticism in public opinion, and dimensions of political competition (ex: France's National Front, Germany's AFD, Spain's Podemos). affect elections and issue debates, emphasizing immigration and foreigners, and de-emphasizing economy, enviornment, and gender
french 30 glorious years
period of economic prosperity (1940s-1970s) due to nationalization, increasing welfare state
Modell Deutschland
political approach to German economic growth after WWII - wanted highly skilled high-wage labor - created a social market economy, market embedded within private & public institutions, niche markets - strained european integration, unification and budget deficits, east-west tensions, risk, and export-led growth
british economic management
post WWII collectivist consensus, nationalization, full employment, social services expansion, price stability, favorable exchange rates (aka Keynesian Welfare State). limited management.
2015 refugee crisis
refugees fled from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan to escape war and persecution, many died while crossing the dangerous Mediterranean, EU relocated many immigrants
Schengen Agreement (1985)
removed border controls and guaranteed free movement of European citizens traveling between member states
what caused the EU debt crisis?
since 2009, many EU countries that rely on foreign capital stopped receiving it, and are struggling to pay off debts. the euro also lost some value, so eurozone countries are struggling. (eurozone = the 19 member states that use the euro as common currency)
Copenhagen Criteria (1993)
specify that a country wishing to join the EU market must be democratic, have a predominately free-market system, and adopt all preexisting EU laws and directives into their national legislation
austerity
stern economic measures, such as tax increases and sharp cuts in public spending that are commonly employed to solve debt crises, but also politically difficult and unpopular
European Parliament
supranational and elected EU body that provides consultation on issues proposed by European Commission
European Commission
supranational institution that proposes initiatives and legislation, safeguards treaties, and oversees EU decisions and is composed of directorate generals (departments)
European Court of Justice (ECJ)
supranational judicial body composed of 27 judges, one appointed from each member state, which has the power to interpret and enforce European Union treaties and law
Why is the EU a critical security actor?
the EU is a coordinating mechanism for global foreign policy issues including terrorism, humanitarian relief and crisis management, UN peacekeeping operations, international sanctions regimes, and international treaties
american welfare state
the US spends a lot but does not like to tax and does not give much money to welfare (no universal healthcare, no free pre-school, etc). the US is low in satisfaction rates, which might have to do with high income inequality, but we have a high fraser freedom score (high in personal freedom)
sovereign debt
the amount of money that a country's government has borrowed, typically issued as bonds
Acquis Communautaire
the body of laws and regulations new members of the EU must accept before gaining admission
what happened after the 2016 Brexit referendum?
the british pound fell on international markets, Prime Minister David Cameron resigned, and 4 million Britons signed a petition asking for a re-vote. the new conservative Prime Minister Teresa May was tasked with following through with brexit, and could not get a deal through parliament. In 2019, Boris Johnson was selected as the new Prime Minister after pledging to get Brexit done.
2021 great britain elections
the conservative party and Prime Minister Boris Johnson have remained in power
permissive consensus
the sense of people willing to go along with what their leader is telling them to do
inter-governmentalism
view of European integration that argues that the guiding force behind integration is the interest and power of individual nation-states
supranationalism
view of European integration that emphasizes the powers the EU has gained over nation-states so that it can compel them to act in certain ways
why did the common market succeed in Europe?
weakness of political and defense integration, not due to the economic success of the ECSC
why is there a democratic deficit in the EU?
- the EU has historically been weak, particularly with respect to the budget, and lacks the ability to propose legislation - the EU is too distant from voters, who often do not understand it or identify with it - no real European-wide elections
france immigration
1889 law gave citizenship to all people born in France with foreign-born parents (jus soli)
french separation of church and state
1905 law on separation of church and state, nation formed by civic inclusion, not civic exclusion still today they ban any religious symbols in public schools (video of Arab girl)
german shift from blut to boden
1913 law said citizenship was based on blood (blut), because Germany was formed by civic exclusion, not civic inclusion (ethnocultural nationalism), but due to labor market shortages from high skilled workers, 2000 citizenship law lowered permanent residency duration and allowed children born in Germany to be citizens (boden)
European Stability Mechanism (ESM)
2012, a crisis mechanism/funding for countries in the eurozone
Dublin Convention
EU agreement, which came into force in 1997, which requires those seeking asylum to apply in the first EU country they enter. This was designed to coordinate EU asylum policy, but specific asylum policies still vary across member states
Common Foreign and Defense Policy (CDSP)
EU initiative designed to increase its military capability; it has been activated for several peacekeeping and humanitarian operations
European neighborhood policy (ENPs)
EU policy initiated in 2004 to foster stronger ties with neighboring countries in MENA and the post-Soviet space; it offered more aid and enhanced cooperation, but not the immediate prospect of EU membership
france 5th republic
created a semi-presidential system that split powers between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government
remain side of brexit
backed by younger, more educated people in London, Northern Ireland, and Scotland.
european response to economic crisis
britain agreed to fiscal infusion, germany and france increase regulation
what does Brexit mean for the EU?
- EU has to negotiate is economic relationship with Britiain which could lead to mass exodus - changes to the balance of power in the EU, weakening the position of more free-market, anti-Russia, and trans-Atlantic countries - weakens the power of non-euro using countries - weakens the EUs global clout
the welfare state: cultural school
- americans are individualistic, emphasize the individual over the entire group, so less welfare - german federalism and corporatism advocate for the organization of society by corporate and interest groups that can fund welfare. - latin is centralized and has low trust of gov't - Scandinavia is collectivist, emphasize the needs of the group as a whole over the needs of each individual, more welfare
British multiculturalism & immigration policies
- lots of immigration from 1960-70s - 1981 British Nationalist Act limits legal residency and restricts passports from colonies - anti-discrimination laws put in place - ethnic minorities retained identities and traditions and british culture starts to incorporate new cultural traditions (multiculturalism)
french economic management
- post WWII modernization plans - 1958 state-led industrialization and establishment of the 5th republic and resulted in 30 glorious years - 1970s high compettion in high tech and basic industries from Asia and US - 1980s neoliberal strategy and first socialist President (Mitterrand) - 2000 legallly mandated 35 hour work week - 2018 gilets jaunes (yellow jackets) protests over fuel prices
EU coronavirus response
- relied on short-term work programs - features of the EU welfare state were helpful, such as access to free health care - many countries closed their borders, suspending the Schengen agreement - ideas of European solidarity - 750 billion recovery package
what are the 3 European security and defense principles since 1948
1. keep the Russians out 2. keep the Germans out 3. Keep the Americans in
socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production, income equally distributed according to need, prices set by government, government-owned businesses have less incentive for efficiency and innovation, high taxes necessary to pay for public services
euroskepticism
A view that rejects the idea and process of European integration (can oppose the very idea of integration, believe the EU is too inclusive, or believe the EU is too exclusive)
capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of capital, income determined by free market forces, prices determined by supply and demand, free market competition to encourage efficiency and innovation, and limited taxes based on individual income
European Green Deal
An EU initiative in 2019 that envisions the EU becoming carbon-neutral by 2050, more investment in green technologies, and greater financial support to combat climate change in EU assistance programs.
New Labour 1997-present
Bank of England granted independence of the gov't (can maintain monetary and financial stability free from political influence), a "stakeholder economy"
The Thatcher Era (1979-1990)
Conservative party endorsed the following changes: neoliberalism cut back the power of unions reduce Keynesianism approach adopt monetarism natural rate of unemployment promote macroeconomics endorse a "stakeholder culture" A minimalist approach to government intervention in the economy. Increased privatization of ustries Anti European Union stance
2021 french elections
Emmanuel Macron is still the President. Anne Hidalgo, socialist mayor of Paris, is gaining popularity.
Gastarbeiter (guest workers)
Foreign workers who were recruited to join the German labor force as "guests" in the 1960s, generally from Italy, Yugoslavia, and especially Turkey. pull factor = migrants coming to Germany
what explains the differences in american and european responses to the economic crisis?
Germany and France have automatic built-in stabilizers such as job protections, unemployment insurance, and active labor market policies because they want to protect their welfare state, have different attitudes towards risk, and class consciousness Europe has a paternalistic role of the state: broad acceptance for state-led industrialization via regulation and nationalization, while the US is anti-regulation and anti-nationalization Europe and US see the 1920s economic crises differently. For the USA, the great depression was the biggest crisis, and unemployment and deflation were the biggest problems. For Germany, the great inflation of 1923 was the biggest crisis.
Brexit: December 2019 elections
Labour Party supported a second referendum, the Liberal Democrats opposed Brexit, but Boris Johnson's conservatives won with 43.6% and got 365 seats, so Brexit was finalized in 6 weeks.
2021 german election
SPD, FDP, and the Greens formed a coalition. Olaf Scholz is the new chancellor
brexit
The British Exit from the European Union after voting to do so in a 2016 referendum
Bretton Woods System
The economic order negotiated among allied nations at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, which led to a series of cooperative arrangements involving a commitment to relatively low barriers to international trade and investment, to facilitate post-war growth. established the international monetary fund and the world bank
Justice and Home Affairs
a broad area of EU competence, including border control, crime, terrorism, and provision of EU-wide rights to all citizens
monetary union
a group of countries that use a common currency, 19 of the 27 EU members have adopted the euro
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
a pen-European security organization, including former Soviet states, which has taken a lead in issues such as human rights, democratization, and arms control
europeanization
a process by which a non-European subject gradually adopts the cultural norms of European countries
common market
a single economic space within the EU that allows the free moment of goods, capital, labor, and services; one of the primary features of European integration
EU Schengen Agreement (1985)
a treaty that led most of the European countries towards the abolishment of their national borders, to build a Europe without borders
Stability and Growth Pact
agreement among countries using the euro that is aimed to keep the euro stable. limits the yearly budget deficits to remain under 3% of the GDP
Common Agricultural Policy
agricultural policy of the EU that helps ensure farmers income, protects EU agriculture from foreign competition, and consumes a sizable part of the EU budget
what does Jurgen Habermas say can be done about the democratic deficit?
believes the EU's problem is they have elite institutions, but not people who identify with them. argues for more efforts to link European publics together to build a community based on shared historical and cultural values that will generate "constitutional patriotism". empowering the EU, creating pan-European parties, and drafting a European constitution are all ideas
2021 Spanish elections
conservative Spanish people's party formed a minority government with outside support from the nationalist-populist Vox party
what is European integration
cooperation between European countries/member states. more integration = shared decision making, shared laws, shared legal and political systems. member states have little to no room for other foreign policy items than integration
convergence criteria
criteria imposed on EU members wishing to adopt the euro as their national currency such as rules on inflation, interest rates, and debt
leave side of brexit
included most of britains members of parliament, the Bank of England, famous people, and older, less educated, rural voters. feared EU overreach and excessive regulations, the loss of British soverignty, and immigration. viewed the EU and globalization as something that benefitted elites
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
first success at European integration, group of six European countries formed in 1951 to coordinate iron and steel production to ensure peace among member countries; eventually evolved into the EU
1993 Maastricht Treaty
formally created the EU and expanded the scope of European integration, including creating the euro and a Common Foreign and Security Policy
french assimilation
immigrants who come to france can "become french" by adopting french values
Dublin III Regulation (2013)
determines which EU member state is responsible for the examination of an application for asylum
economic crisis 2007-2009
due to inflow of capital, housing bubble in US real estate and risky mortgages, and collateralized debt obligations
the welfare state: institutional school
electoral rules = the number of parties = the number of voices heard. federalism and interest group organization
European Defence Community (EDC)
established by the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1952 by six European countries that would have created a European army, but failed ratification by the French parliament
top-up europeanization
european-led initiatives usually codified in offical treaties, for example the Lisbon Treaty
1957 Treaty of Rome
expanded early integration efforts with the goal of a common market and an ever closer union of European countries. created the Euratom (which wanted nuclear power in Europe) and the European Economic Community(EEC) which wanted to lower trade barriers and create a common market for goods, labor, and capital
Lisbon Treaty (2009)
expanded the role of EU in global affairs and had a "solidarity clause" for member states to assist each other in event of a disaster
europes economic model
global liberalism + national welfare (more of a social market economy)
European foreign and defense policy
goal of humanizing globalization, organizing the governance of the planet, resolving issues, ensuring the preservation of peace, attempt to export its model of cooperation and legal and diplomatic resolution of disputes around the world
democratic deficit
idea that the EU suffers from a lack of democracy and connections to its citizens.
the welfare state: economic school
if the economy rises, then public spending rises. wealthy countries spend more and demography matters!
