zoo ch 18

Choose the two forms of nitrogenous waste that can be excreted in concentrated urine because of their lower toxicity.

Uric acid Urea

What extraembryonic membrane is designated by the letter B in this diagram of an amniotic egg?

Allantois

Venomous snakes belonging to what family have well developed, movable, tubular fangs at the front of the mouth that are erected only during strikes by a muscle and bone lever system?

Viperidae

What sense is particularly well developed in most nonavian reptiles and birds?

Vision

Select all true statements about senses in lizards.

With the exception of geckos, hearing is not an important sense in lizards. In contrast to snakes, most lizards have an external ear opening.

What is found in eggs of both anamniotes and amniotes?

Yolk sac

The jaws of amniotes are much stronger than those of fishes. This is due to some extent to the expansion of jaw muscles into openings or notches of the skull.

temporal

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question Color-bearing cells called ______ are present in the dermis of many lizards and snakes.

chromatophores

True or false: All amniotes have very acute senses of vision, smell, and hearing.

false

What statement accurately compares the lungs of amniotes with those of amphibians?

Amniote lungs have much more surface area and are ventilated by a different mechanism.

Choose all the features that distinguish the amniote skin from that of amphibians.

Amniote skin is less permeable to water. Amniote skin is more keratinized.

Match vertebrates to the form of metabolic waste they excrete.

Amphibians matches Choice, Ammonia Ammonia Mammals matches Choice, Urea Urea Reptiles matches Choice, Uric acid Uric acid

What type of skull has a temporal region with no fenestrae and is completely roofed by dermal bones?

Anapsid

What type of snake is most likely to have excellent binocular vision?

Arboreal

Why can't a turtle expand its chest to breathe in, as other amniotes do?

Because its ribs are fused to the shell

Select all shared derived characters that unite birds and nonavian reptiles as a monophyletic group.

Beta keratin in the skin Skull and ankle features

As traditionally defined, reptiles are a paraphyletic group because they don't include all of descendants of their most common ancestor. Which group of animals has to be added to the traditional reptile group in order to produce a monophyletic clade?

Birds

What is a separate monophyletic group within the reptiles (as defined by modern cladistics)?

Birds and crocodilians

Because they share several derived characters, such as the presence of keratin in the skin, birds and nonavian reptiles are united as a clade

Blank 1: beta Blank 2: monophyletic

Because they share several derived characters, such as the presence of keratin in the skin, birds and nonavian reptiles are united as a clade.

Blank 1: beta Blank 2: monophyletic

A turtle's shell is made of two parts: a dorsal and a ventral .

Blank 1: carapace Blank 2: plastron

A skull has two temporal openings that are separated by a bony arch.

Blank 1: diapsid or reptilian

Nonavian reptiles use external sources of heat in order to regulate their temperature; therefore, they are .

Blank 1: ectothermic, ectotherms, or ectotherm

During diving, a reptilian's separation of blood in the heart ventricles can be advantageous, as it allows blood to bypass the , when pulmonary respiration is not occurring.

Blank 1: incomplete or partial Blank 2: lungs

Scales, feathers, hair, and claws are skin structures found in amniotes that are composed of

Blank 1: keratin

What is an adaptation of crocodilians that allows them to breathe when the mouth is full of water and/or food?

Complete secondary palate

What non-avian reptiles have robust, elongated skulls, with massive jaw musculature and a complete secondary palate?

Crocodilians

What describes how crocodilians care for their offspring?

Females guard the eggs, and care for the young after they hatch.

Regarding the senses, select all of the following that are present in snakes.

Internal ears Ability to sense vibrations

Select all of the following that describe reproduction in turtles.

Internal fertilization Oviparous

Select all of the features of the mineralized egg shell in birds.

It allows gas exchange. It limits water loss. It provides mechanical support.

What is the adaptive significance of the complete secondary palate in crocodilians?

It allows them to breathe even when their mouth is full of water.

Consider the quadrate bone in the skulls of reptiles. How is that bone modified in the kinetic skulls of snakes and lizards?

It has a joint at its dorsal end, instead of being fused to the skull as in other reptiles.

Select all of the selective advantages of the amniotic egg when compared with the egg of amphibians.

It has better movement of oxygen. It can support larger embryos. It can be laid in drier environments.

Select all of the features of the amniote jaw and mouth.

It is stronger than that of fishes. It is a muscular, mobile tongue

Choose all features of the skeleton in snakes.

No pectoral girdle No pelvic girdle, except a vestige of it in some snakes No limbs

Choose all members of the group "Lacertilia".

Skinks Monitors Iguanas Chameleons

What sense is used by most snakes to hunt their prey?

Smell

What group of nonavian reptiles is characterized by an extreme elongation of the body and highly kinetic skulls that allow the swallowing of very large prey?

Snakes

Why do all amniotes have internal fertilization?

Sperm cannot penetrate the shell and extraembryonic membranes.

What part of the amniotic egg provides mechanical support and can, in certain animals, act as a semipermeable barrier that allows gases in and out, but keeps the egg from drying out?

The shell

What is the function of the temporal openings found in modern animals with synapsid and diapsid skulls?

They are occupied by large muscles that elevate the lower jaw

Choose the features of teeth in a typical nonavian reptile (except turtles, in which teeth are absent).

They are similar in shape and function. They have a single point. They can be replaced many times during lifetime.

How do modern turtles grip their food?

They have tough keratinized plates on their jaws.

Choose all answers that correctly describe the growth and reproductive rates of tuataras.

They take 10-20 years to become sexually mature. They lay eggs once every four years.

How do turtles breathe?

They use certain abdominal and pectoral muscles to actively inhale and exhale.

Select all of the ways in which amniotes can fill their lungs.

They use rib muscles. They pull their liver posteriorly.

Select all of the habitats in which ectothermic nonavian reptiles are particularly successful.

Tropical deserts Grassland Warm temperatures, low productivity

True or false: All crocodilians are oviparous.

True

True or false: In contrast to amphibians, the skin in most amniotes does not participate in the exchange of gases.

True

A female crocodilian typically guards her young for how long?

Two years or more after hatching

The presence of extraembryonic membranes and, in many cases, a shell, would prevent the sperm from reaching the egg. For that reason, all amniotes have fertilization.

internal

Beta keratin is a hard form of kertain found in the epidermis of what amniotes? Select all that apply.

nonavian reptiles birds

All turtles are _______.

oviparous

where are nutrients stored

yolk sac

In the skin of amniotes, ______ provides protection from physical trauma, while ______ lipids limit the loss of water. Multiple choice question. keratin; hy

keratin; hydrophobic

All crocodiles are ______.

oviparous

The four extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg are: the , the , the , and yolk sac.

Blank 1: amnion Blank 2: allantois blank 3: chorion

The amnion, chorion, allantois, and the yolk sac are the four extraembryonic membranes found in eggs.

amniotic egg

In the amniote heart, the left , which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, is completely separated from the right one, which receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Blank 1: atrium

A key difference between lizards and snakes is that lizards have movable , while a snake's eyes are covered with a permanent cap.

Blank 1: eyelids Blank 2: transparent

The of a viper have a canal for venom delivery and are erected during a strike; when the snake's mouth is closed, they lie in a membranous sheath.

Blank 1: fangs

The shell of a turtle is composed of two layers: an outer layer made of , and an inner layer made of .

Blank 1: keratin Blank 2: bone

Scientists hypothesize that one reason why temporal openings evolved in amniotes was to accommodate large , which can elevate the lower . These changes might have reflected a switch from suction feeding in aquatic vertebrates to terrestrial feeding in early amniotes.

Blank 1: muscles Blank 2: jaw

Choose all functions of the amnion in the amniotic egg.

cushions the embryo provides an aquatic environment for embryo development

A anapsidBlank 1Blank 1 anapsid , Incorrect Unavailable skull has a single temporal opening behind the orbit. The opening is usually located low on the cheeks and bordered by a single bony orbitBlank 2Blank 2 orbit , Incorrect Unavailable.

Blank 1: synapsid Blank 2: arch

Amniote animals fill their lungs by expanding their cavity, using their rib muscles, or by pulling the diaphragm or posteriorly with other muscles.

Blank 1: thoracic Blank 2: liver

All reptiles, except crocodilians, posses a single in their heart, which is incompletely partitioned into multiple chambers.

Blank 1: ventricle

Select the two correct matches regarding composition of turtle shells.

Inner layer: composed of bone Outer layer: composed of keratin

What amniotes can resorb water and salts from dilute urine in their bladder?

Birds and nonavian reptiles

By flicking its tongue through the air, a snake collects scent molecules that are then drawn past the organs in the roof of the mouth, where specialized cells detect those scents.

Blank 1: Jacobson's, vomeronasal, or jacobsons

In the amniotic egg, the extraembryonic membrane called the encloses the embryo in fluid, therefore providing an aquatic environment, in which the embryo can develop.

Blank 1: amnion

What extraembryonic membrane of the amniotic egg forms a sac where metabolic wastes are stored?

Allantois

Choose the two extraembryonic membranes that act as a respiratory organ for the embryo in an amniotic egg.

Allantois Chorion

Early diapsids diversified to give rise to five morphologically distinct clades. What clade includes dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodilians, and birds?

Archosaurs

Select the letter that points to the amnion in the diagram of an amniotic egg.

D

Select all of the situations in which the incomplete separation of blood in the heart of nonavian reptiles is an advantage.

During estivation During diving

Why does ectothermy allow lizards to inhabit systems with low productivity and warm temperatures?

Ectothermy requires warm temperatures but uses considerably less energy than endothermy.

What family of terrestrial venomous snakes is characterized by short, permanently erect fangs in the front of the mouth?

Elapidae

True or false: Most snakes lack a pectoral girdle, but have a well developed pelvic girdle

False

Name the group of lizards whose members are small, nocturnal forms with adhesive toe pads that enable them to walk upside down and on vertical surfaces.

Geckos

Select two important specializations in snakes.

Highly specialized kinetic skull for swallowing large prey Extreme elongation of the body with internal organ displacement and rearrangement

Diapsids first appeared during the Paleozoic and subsequently diversified into five distinct clades. The are an extinct clade represented by aquatic, dolphin-like species.

Ichthyosaurs

What statement describes the separation of blood in the atria of amniotes?

In all amniotes, blood in the left atrium is completely separated from blood in the right atrium.

Select all true statements about senses in lizards

In contrast to snakes, most lizards have an external ear opening. With the exception of geckos, hearing is not an important sense in lizards.

A fossil skull of an amniote has two temporal openings, one above the other, separated by a small bony arch. Select all of the following that can be concluded about this ancient amniote.

It was a diapsid. It could have been a lizard.

Choose the two sister clades within the Reptilia, as defined by modern cladistics.

Lepidosaurs Archosaurs

Some snakes can detect the heat emitted by a warm-bodied prey animal even in complete darkness and aim a highly effective strike at their prey. What structure allows them to do that?

Pit organs

Regarding a turtle's shell, choose the two correct matches.

Plastron: ventral Carapace: dorsal

What feature of the jaws in snakes allows them even greater flexibility when swallowing large prey?

The two parts of the lower jaw are only joined by muscle and skin.

What describes the flow of blood in the ventricle of reptiles (except crocodilians)?

The ventricle is incompletely partitioned, but flow patterns limit the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Select all of the amniotes that have synapsid skulls.

Therapsids Mammals

What modern group of nonavian reptiles lacks teeth?

Turtles

As traditionally classified, reptiles are a paraphyletic group because birds are not included, and birds ______.

are descended from the same ancestor as reptiles

Nonavian reptiles (except turtles) have polyphyodont teeth, which means that their teeth ______.

are replaced many times

In birds and nonavian reptiles, water and many salts from dilute urine are resorbed in the ______.

bladder

In terms of the source of heat used to regulate their body temperature, nonavian reptiles are ______.

ectothermic

The evolution of the shelled egg allowed reptiles to become fully independent from the aquatic environment because a shelled egg ______.

encloses a small aquatic environment, where development of the embryo can occur

True or false: Amniotes and amphibians ventilate their lungs in the same way.

false

Most lizards and snakes have skulls that are modified from the ancestral diapsid condition by loss of dermal bone near the lower temporal opening. This has allowed the evolution in those animals of a(n) ______ skull that has movable joints.

kinetic

Bony plates called are found in the dermis of crocodiles and many lizards, underneath the keratinized scales.

osteoderms

Mambas, coral snakes, cobras and kraits belonging to the family Elapidae have ______ of the mouth.

permanently erect fangs at the front

The heat-sensitive organ of a viper or boa is located between the nostrils and the eyes.

pit

The ______ of early amniotes allowed those animals to fully live on land because it provided an enclosed aquatic environment, in which an embryo can develop.

shelled egg

Order the following animals in terms of the flexibility of their jaws, starting with the most flexible at the top.

snakes lizard turtle

Scientists hypothesize that early amniotic eggs had a selective advantage and were able support larger and faster-growing embryos than eggs of amphibians because ______.

their shells provided better support and movement of oxygen