10.4 Apush Foner
Martin Van Buren
Federal soldiers forcibly removed them during the presidency of Jackson's successor,...
treaties
In good American fashion, Cherokee leaders also went to court to protect their rights, guaranteed in... with the federal government.
Cherokee nation v Georgia
In... (1831), Marshall described Indians as "wards" of the federal government.
distrusted
Jackson... the federal banks.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.
escaped slaves
The Indians were assisted by...
slave
"Extending the area of slavery," proclaimed Thomas Hart Benton, who represented Missouri in the Senate for thirty years, required "converting Indian soil into... soil."
petitioned Congress
"Free citizens of the Cherokee nation"... for aid in remaining "in peace and quietude upon their ancient territory."
now let him enforce it
"John Marshall has made his decision," he supposedly declared, "..."
Era of Good Feelings
A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
Nullification Crisis
A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.
Seminoles
A small number of... managed to remain in Florida, a tiny remnant of the once sizable Indian population east of the Mississippi River.
Pet Banks
A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.
trans-Mississippi West
Although Indians still dominated the..., as American settlement pushed relentlessly westward it was clear that their days of freedom there also were numbered.
Cotton Kingdom
Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton
South Carolina and Georgia
As early as colonial times, Florida had been a refuge for fugitive slaves from..., to whom Spanish officials offered freedom.
Trail of Tears
At least one-quarter perished during the winter of 1838-1839 on the..., as the removal route from Georgia to the area of present-day Oklahoma came to be called. (In the Cherokee language, it literally meant "the trail on which we cried.")
familiar presence
At the time of independence, Indians had been a... in many parts of the United States.
national supremacy
But despite his strong assertion of... in the nullification crisis, Jackson refused to recognize the validity of the Worcesterruling.
savages
But in his messages to Congress, Jackson repeatedly referred to them as "..." and supported Georgia's effort to seize Cherokee land and nullify the tribe's laws.
resisted
But the Seminoles of sparsely settled Florida...
1840
By..., in the eyes of most whites east of the Mississippi River, they were simply a curiosity, a relic of an earlier period of American history.
farmers
Chief Justice John Marshall, himself a speculator in western lands, claimed that from the early colonial era, Indians had lived as nomads and hunters, not...
bowed to the inevitable and departed peacefully
During the 1830s, most of the other southern tribes...
1820s
During the..., Missouri forced its Indian population to leave the state.
American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
Indian efforts to retain their lands
Entirely inaccurate as history, the decision struck a serious blow against...
Johnson v. McIntosh
Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.
Seminole and African-American fighters
Georgia sent the militia into Florida to recapture them, but it was driven out by...
Hard and Soft Money
Hard money: less notes, backed up in gold/silver, against US Bank's ideals. Jackson was for hard money. Soft money: more notes no specie back up. Claimed it helped the economic growth and speculation.
Methodism
He later converted to... and became a revivalist preacher.
white Americans and Indians
His book appealed for harmony between...
white Americans and Indians
His exclusion of Indians from the era's assertive democratic nationalism led to the final act in the centuries-long conflict between... east of the Mississippi River.
William Apess
In 1831,..., a descendant of Metacom, or King Philip, who had battled New England colonists in the 1670s, published A Son of the Forest, the first significant autobiography by a Native American.
Worcester v. Georgia
In 1832, in..., the Court seemed to change its mind, holding that Indian nations were a distinct people with the right to maintain a separate political identity.
Johnson v. M'Intosh
In a crucial case involving Indians in 1823, ..., the Court had proclaimed that Indians were not in fact owners of their land, but merely had a "right of occupancy."
cotton cultivation
In the slave states, the onward march of... placed enormous pressure on remaining Indian holdings.
Second Seminole War
In the..., which lasted from 1835 to 1842 (the first had followed American acquisition of Florida in 1819), some 1,500 American soldiers and the same number of Seminoles were killed, and perhaps 3,000 Indians and 500 blacks were forced to move to the West.
states' rights and limited government
It is perhaps ironic that Andrew Jackson, a firm believer in..., did more than any other individual to give an emotional aura to the idea of Union and to offer an example of willingness to go to war, if necessary, to preserve what he considered the national government's legitimate powers.
Force Bill (1833)
Jackson's response to S. Carolina's ordinance of nullification that declared the tariffs of 1828 & 2832 null and void, & S. Carolina would not collect duties on them; authorized President Jackson to use military force to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832; never invoked b/c it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary; nullified by S. Carolina
whortleberries, blackberries, strawberries or apples, plums, peaches, etc
John Adams once recalled how, when he was young, local Indians "were frequent visitors in my father's house," and how he would visit a nearby Indian family, "where I never failed to be treated with..."
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act.
federal government over the states
Marshall, however, believed strongly in the supremacy of the...
mosquitoes
One of the Illinois militiamen was the young Abraham Lincoln, although, as he later remarked, he saw no action, except against...
War of 1812
Osceola, one of the leaders of Seminole resistance to removal, was a Red Stick who had survived Andrew Jackson's assault on hostile Creeks during the...
racial definition of American nationhood and freedom
Removal was the alternative to the coexistence championed by Apess. It powerfully reinforced the...
Indian Removal Act
Soon, the policy of expulsion was enacted in the older slave states. One of the early laws of Jackson's administration, the... of 1830, provided funds for uprooting the so-called Five Civilized Tribes—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole—with a population of around 60,000 living in North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi.
George Washington
The administration of... attempted to persuade the Seminoles to expel the fugitives, but they refused.
18,000 men, women, and children
The army herded... into stockades and then forced them to move west.
Worcester v. Georgia
The court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community in which the laws of Georgia had no force.
jurisdiction over the tribe
The justices could not, therefore, block Georgia's effort to extend its...
1,000
The last Indian resistance to the advance of white settlement in the Old Northwest came in 1832, when federal troops and local militiamen routed the Sauk leader Black Hawk, who, with about...followers, attempted to reclaim ancestral land in Illinois.
repudiation
The law marked a... of the Jeffersonian idea that "civilized" Indians could be assimilated into the American population.
underscored
The nullification crisis... Jackson's commitment to the sovereignty of the nation.
Apess
The son of a white man and an Indian woman,... had served with American forces in an unsuccessful attack on Canada during the War of 1812.
unique status
Their appeals forced the Supreme Court to clarify the... of American Indians.
establishing schools, adopting written laws and a constitution modeled on that of the United States, and becoming successful farmers, many of whom owned slaves.
These tribes had made great efforts to become everything republican citizens should be. The Cherokee had taken the lead,...
enforce their rights
They deserved paternal regard and protection, but they lacked the standing as citizens that would allow the Supreme Court to...
federal government
They must be dealt with by the..., not the states, and Georgia's actions violated the Cherokees' treaties with Washington.
cede their lands
With legal appeals exhausted, one faction of the tribe agreed to..., but the majority, led by John Ross, who had been elected "principal chief" under the Cherokee constitution, adopted a policy of passive resistance.