ch.2 chemistry part 2 (organic chemistry)
What's the structure of DNA?
- deoxyribose sugar - double helix (double stranded) - strands held together by hydrogen bonds
what's the structure of RNA?
- sugar = ribose - single stranded! - has uracil! A, U, C, G
three steps of an enzymatic reaction
1. substrate approaches the active site 2. substrate binds to enzyme, forming enzyme-substrate complex. uses a selectivity known as enzyme-substrate specificity. 3. splits into enzyme and reaction products
what is the secondary level of protein structure
2D, twisting of amino acid chain due to hydrogen bonding (alpha helix, beta sheet)
what is the tertiary level of protein structure
3D, folding of the amino acid chain (globular, fibrous)
what bases pair with each other in DNA?
A = T C = G
what are considered purines
A and G
what is a polymer?
A chain of monomers linked together
What's an organic compound?
A compound that contains carbon as the "backbone". with hydrogen and oxygen
What's a reversible reaction of ATP
ADP, adenosine diphosphate
formula for ATP by using hydrolysis
ATP + water --> ADP + P + ENERGY
what are the four bases that make up DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
what are the four bases that make up RNA
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
What's a carbohydrate?
C:H:O , 1:2:1 sugar and starches
What is hydrolysis?
Chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with h2o. (LIKES WATER, SO IT BREAKS DOWN THE BOND)
What are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What is glycogen?
It is a stored formed of glucose/energy (polysaccharide) manufactured by the liver
what are considered pyrimidines in both DNA and RNA
T and C in DNA U and C in DNA
What's a polysaccharide? and list the three main kinds
Thousands of simple sugar units in the shape of chains (glycogen, starch, cellulose)
What's a disaccharide? and list the three main kinds
Two monosaccharides put together by dehydration synthesis (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
effects of denaturation
When they are exposed to extreme heat, acids, bases, and certain other substances, proteins will denature. they lose their functional shape and are no longer able to carry out their jobs.
5. A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution
a
A fatty acid in which there exists no double bonds is called a. Saturated b. Unsaturated c. Hydrogenated d. Carboxylated
a
What is denaturation?
a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means.
What is a triglyceride?
a monomer made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
what is ATP
adenosine triphosphate = energy-transfer molecule
3. Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose
amino
what's the monomer of a protein?
amino acid
examples of saturated fats
animal fats - bacon, grease, lard. the "bad" fats
what is the quaternary level of protein structure
arrangement of protein with more than one polypeptide chain
8. The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty
b
When two glucose molecules undergo dehydration synthesis, the product is a ________. a. Monosaccharide b. Disaccharide c. Polysaccharide d. Glycogen
b
Which of these molecules is hydrophobic? a. Glucose b. Cholesterol c. A protein d. A disaccharide
b (it's a type of lipid)
how are the polymers formed in a nucleotide?
by bonding between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of a second nucleotide. they only bond at the phosphate group!
1. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above
c
In general, ___________ have a 2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen. a. Enzymes b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Carbohydrates
c
The folding and coiling of a protein into a globular shape is the ___________ structure of the protein. a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary
c
The nitrogenous base present in DNA but not RNA is a. Guanine b. Cytosine c. Thymine d. Adenine e. Uracil
c
what's the function of DNA?
carry instructions (genes) for the synthesis of proteins
what is the function of RNA?
carry out the instructions coded in DNA
what is the primary level of protein structure
chain of amino acids that determines structure
What's a polypeptide?
chain of amino acids, 10-100
What are fatty acids?
chains of carbon that contain a carboxyl group (COOH) and a methyl group
function of steroids
chemical messengers, forms of hormones, and component of cell membranes
examples of steroids
cholesterol, sex hormones, and certain vitamins
What's a peptide bond?
covalent bond between two amino acids that forms by dehydration synthesis.
6. In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix
d
7. Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above
d
Proteins perform all of the following functions except _________. a. Catalyze chemical reactions b. Provide structural support c. Transport substances into and out of the cell d. Store genetic information
d
A drastic change in the conformation (shape) of a protein is called __________. a. Contamination b. Denaturation c. Saturation d. Sedimentation
denaturation
what is DNA
deoxyribose nucleic acid
What is starch?
energy storage in plants
function of triglycerides
energy storage, insulation, protection
what are proteins that function as biological catalysts?
enzymes
2. What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol
glucose
whats a lipid
hydrophobic molecule made of carbon and hydrogen at a 2:1 ratio. fats and oils contain little oxygen
why is the last phosphate in the three phosphate groups of ATP important?
last phosphate attachment is a high energy bond
What are phospholipids?
lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic (polar) "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic (non-polar) "tails" derived from fatty acids
What are steroids?
lipids with carbon atoms arranged in four rings
What are unsaturated fats?
lipids with double (covalent) bonds between carbon atoms
What are saturated fats?
lipids with single bonds between carbon atoms
what are the four major classes ?
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
What's a protein?
long chain of amino acids with a central carbon atom with an amino and a carboxyl group. except in side chain with the radical (R group) linked by peptide bonds.
function of carbohydrates
main source of energy, brain uses glucose for fuel
what are the three main types of RNA?
messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
three kinds of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
4. A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen
nucleic acids
What's the monomer of a nucleic acid?
nucleotides
examples of unsaturated fats
oils from plant fat - corn oil, olive oil. the "healthy" fats
What's a nucleotide?
phosphate, pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and nitrogen base (A, T, C, G)
function of fatty acids
precursor of triglycerides; source of energy
What are the four levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
what is RNA
ribonucleic acid
what is ATP composed of?
ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups
two kinds of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated fats
What's a monosaccharide? and list the three main kinds
simple sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose) that form a chain or a ring
function of phopholipids
structural foundation of cell membranes
What is cellulose?
structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants
function of proteins
structural, transport, chemical messengers, movement, defense, catalysts for chemical reactions (enzymes)
What does glucose do?
the "blood sugar" that provides energy to our cells
what is a monomer?
the basic unit of a polymer
What is dehydration synthesis?
the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water. (LOSE WATER, RESULTING IN MAKING SOMETHING)
What base changes in RNA?
thymine to uracil thymine is in DNA, uracil in RNA
three kinds of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
