ch.2 chemistry part 2 (organic chemistry)

What's the structure of DNA?

- deoxyribose sugar - double helix (double stranded) - strands held together by hydrogen bonds

what's the structure of RNA?

- sugar = ribose - single stranded! - has uracil! A, U, C, G

three steps of an enzymatic reaction

1. substrate approaches the active site 2. substrate binds to enzyme, forming enzyme-substrate complex. uses a selectivity known as enzyme-substrate specificity. 3. splits into enzyme and reaction products

what is the secondary level of protein structure

2D, twisting of amino acid chain due to hydrogen bonding (alpha helix, beta sheet)

what is the tertiary level of protein structure

3D, folding of the amino acid chain (globular, fibrous)

what bases pair with each other in DNA?

A = T C = G

what are considered purines

A and G

what is a polymer?

A chain of monomers linked together

What's an organic compound?

A compound that contains carbon as the "backbone". with hydrogen and oxygen

What's a reversible reaction of ATP

ADP, adenosine diphosphate

formula for ATP by using hydrolysis

ATP + water --> ADP + P + ENERGY

what are the four bases that make up DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

what are the four bases that make up RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

What's a carbohydrate?

C:H:O , 1:2:1 sugar and starches

What is hydrolysis?

Chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with h2o. (LIKES WATER, SO IT BREAKS DOWN THE BOND)

What are nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is glycogen?

It is a stored formed of glucose/energy (polysaccharide) manufactured by the liver

what are considered pyrimidines in both DNA and RNA

T and C in DNA U and C in DNA

What's a polysaccharide? and list the three main kinds

Thousands of simple sugar units in the shape of chains (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

What's a disaccharide? and list the three main kinds

Two monosaccharides put together by dehydration synthesis (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

effects of denaturation

When they are exposed to extreme heat, acids, bases, and certain other substances, proteins will denature. they lose their functional shape and are no longer able to carry out their jobs.

5. A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

a

A fatty acid in which there exists no double bonds is called a. Saturated b. Unsaturated c. Hydrogenated d. Carboxylated

a

What is denaturation?

a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means.

What is a triglyceride?

a monomer made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

what is ATP

adenosine triphosphate = energy-transfer molecule

3. Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose

amino

what's the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

examples of saturated fats

animal fats - bacon, grease, lard. the "bad" fats

what is the quaternary level of protein structure

arrangement of protein with more than one polypeptide chain

8. The ability of an enzyme's active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________. a. selectivity b. specificity c. subjectivity d. specialty

b

When two glucose molecules undergo dehydration synthesis, the product is a ________. a. Monosaccharide b. Disaccharide c. Polysaccharide d. Glycogen

b

Which of these molecules is hydrophobic? a. Glucose b. Cholesterol c. A protein d. A disaccharide

b (it's a type of lipid)

how are the polymers formed in a nucleotide?

by bonding between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of a second nucleotide. they only bond at the phosphate group!

1. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above

c

In general, ___________ have a 2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen. a. Enzymes b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Carbohydrates

c

The folding and coiling of a protein into a globular shape is the ___________ structure of the protein. a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary

c

The nitrogenous base present in DNA but not RNA is a. Guanine b. Cytosine c. Thymine d. Adenine e. Uracil

c

what's the function of DNA?

carry instructions (genes) for the synthesis of proteins

what is the function of RNA?

carry out the instructions coded in DNA

what is the primary level of protein structure

chain of amino acids that determines structure

What's a polypeptide?

chain of amino acids, 10-100

What are fatty acids?

chains of carbon that contain a carboxyl group (COOH) and a methyl group

function of steroids

chemical messengers, forms of hormones, and component of cell membranes

examples of steroids

cholesterol, sex hormones, and certain vitamins

What's a peptide bond?

covalent bond between two amino acids that forms by dehydration synthesis.

6. In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________. a. beta chain b. pleated sheet c. alpha helix d. double helix

d

7. Uracil ________. a. contains nitrogen b. is a pyrimidine c. is found in RNA d. all of the above

d

Proteins perform all of the following functions except _________. a. Catalyze chemical reactions b. Provide structural support c. Transport substances into and out of the cell d. Store genetic information

d

A drastic change in the conformation (shape) of a protein is called __________. a. Contamination b. Denaturation c. Saturation d. Sedimentation

denaturation

what is DNA

deoxyribose nucleic acid

What is starch?

energy storage in plants

function of triglycerides

energy storage, insulation, protection

what are proteins that function as biological catalysts?

enzymes

2. What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel? a. glucose b. glycogen c. galactose d. glycerol

glucose

whats a lipid

hydrophobic molecule made of carbon and hydrogen at a 2:1 ratio. fats and oils contain little oxygen

why is the last phosphate in the three phosphate groups of ATP important?

last phosphate attachment is a high energy bond

What are phospholipids?

lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic (polar) "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic (non-polar) "tails" derived from fatty acids

What are steroids?

lipids with carbon atoms arranged in four rings

What are unsaturated fats?

lipids with double (covalent) bonds between carbon atoms

What are saturated fats?

lipids with single bonds between carbon atoms

what are the four major classes ?

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

What's a protein?

long chain of amino acids with a central carbon atom with an amino and a carboxyl group. except in side chain with the radical (R group) linked by peptide bonds.

function of carbohydrates

main source of energy, brain uses glucose for fuel

what are the three main types of RNA?

messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

three kinds of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

4. A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen

nucleic acids

What's the monomer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotides

examples of unsaturated fats

oils from plant fat - corn oil, olive oil. the "healthy" fats

What's a nucleotide?

phosphate, pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and nitrogen base (A, T, C, G)

function of fatty acids

precursor of triglycerides; source of energy

What are the four levels of protein structure?

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

what is RNA

ribonucleic acid

what is ATP composed of?

ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

two kinds of fatty acids

saturated and unsaturated fats

What's a monosaccharide? and list the three main kinds

simple sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose) that form a chain or a ring

function of phopholipids

structural foundation of cell membranes

What is cellulose?

structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants

function of proteins

structural, transport, chemical messengers, movement, defense, catalysts for chemical reactions (enzymes)

What does glucose do?

the "blood sugar" that provides energy to our cells

what is a monomer?

the basic unit of a polymer

What is dehydration synthesis?

the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water. (LOSE WATER, RESULTING IN MAKING SOMETHING)

What base changes in RNA?

thymine to uracil thymine is in DNA, uracil in RNA

three kinds of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids