10th Theology Midterm
great wealth for some, not for all
$ in Rome
the break with judaism
- Christianity is no longer tolerated/considered a Jewish sect by the government - gradual
Eurodia and Syntyche
- Philippians - promote the gospel - feuded
Veneration of Saints
- Showing devotion and respect to Mary, the Apostles, and the martyrs, who were viewed as faithful witnesses to faith in Jesus Christ - grows in popularity
Marcellina (c. 330-c. 400)
- Sister of Ambrose: monastic, advisor & confidant: received detailed account of the Milan cathedral "sit-in" - monastic, took vow of virginity and prayer (white veil) - Ambrose wrote extant letters to he- he describes the events of Holy Week in 386 when the Empress Justina tried to seize 2 basilicas
positives of Christianity being unified with gov
- common unity and faith - whole empire was united under ideals of Christianity
Philippi
- first place Paul preached the Good News on what later became the continent of Europe - ruins of ancient market
entrusted to the Church
- given to the Church with complete trust, hoping that the ppl you entrusted to will care and be responsible for it - the whole community is involved
Fire symbol of the Holy Spirit
- then there appeared to them tongues as of fire, which parted and came to rest on each one of them - and they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in different tongues, as the spirit enabled them to proclaim
Women in the Early Church
- women were more equal than in 1st century - women were referred to as apostles, traveled widely as missionaries, held office in the Church, founders of Christian communities - this treatment did not last long bc of societal convention (Church was trying to fit into a society that didn't accept them)
Saint Monica of Africa
- written about in Confessions - was a devout Christian, married to pagan - hint in confessions that Augustine's dad was verbally abusive to Monica - parents disagreed on how to raise Augustine - patron of worried parents - reacts out to Ambrose
Luke
- wrote the Acts of the Apostles - doesn't discriminate against women
counter-cultural lifestyle then
A WAY OF LIFE CHARACTERIZED BY PRAYER AND SELF-DENIAL LIVED IN SECLUSION FROM THE WORLD UNDER FIXED RULES WITH PROFESSED VOWS: WITHDRAWALS FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD IN ORDER TO SEEK GOD THROUGH ASCETICISM (SELF-DISCIPLINE) AND SILENCE - MONKS AND NUNS - EREMITICAL
account of the earliest days of Christian community
Acts of the Apostles: What?
grace saved his life
Augustine truly believed that
Milan (387)
Augustine was baptized by Ambrose in
Phantasm
Augustine's experience of God early in the Confessions
Monotheism
Belief in one God - gift of Judaism to Christianity
1000 C.E.
Date generally given for the end of the Dark Ages
Resolutions of the Council of Jerusalem
Gentiles do not have to follow Mosaic law to become Christians (no circumcision, dietary laws)
An inexhaustible reality
Karl Rahner
AMBROSE'S FIRST CAREER CHOICE
Law & Government: He was a lawyer who became Governor of the Northern Italian Area around Milan
SACRAMENTS OF SERVICE
Matrimony & Holy Orders
Leo had secular experience in this job
Mediator
The Gentiles
Non-Jewish people
411
Pelagianism spreading in Carthage - Pelagian controversy (late 300's-431)
Hellenist
Person embracing Greek language & culture
1st STEP IN EARLY CHRISTIAN RITE OF INITIATION
Person is stripped naked - "putting off old self"
under Nero
Peter and Paul died
vertical (bridge btwn God and Earth)
Pontifex maximus was
SACRAMENTS OF HEALING
Reconciliation & Anointing of the Sick
Sacraments of Healing
Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick
tolerance
Romans offered theist religions as long as they paid taxes
SYMBOLIC THINKING
Seeing things in relationship and at many levels
3rd STEP IN EARLY CHRISTIAN INITIATION
Submerged 3x in Water, "In the name of the Father, Son & Holy Spirit": dying and rising with Christ to new life
Sanhedrin
Supreme Council of the Jews
independent and duty free
Tarsus received the position of an ________ _____ ______ _____ state
GRACE
The very life of God present with & within us
grace
The very life of God present with & within us
Eremitical
Type of Monasticism: individuals withdraw to live alone or in loosely organized groups - isolated lives (earliest form)
fundamental right and moral obligation to vote
US Bishops urged Congress to fix voting restrictions, bc it is a
Donatists statement
Validity of Sacrament dependent upon the holiness of the one administering it
Martyrdom
Witness to the saving message of Christ through the sacrifice of one's life
Sadducees
acceped only written Torah (1st 5 Books of Bible)
Jesus
also Dualistic- 2 "Christs": the Messiah, True Saviour *is equally divine the way the Father is - is one with God, both fully divine and fully human
harmony and differences/ diversity
both the heavenly and earthly city have a common life of
Zealots
called for violence when necessary
agriculture, education, preservation of western culture
contributions to monasticism in the west (in addition to spirituality)
Pharisees
criticized by Jesus for valuing letter of Law over its spirit
more divisions with groups
crumbled the Western Empire
Pleroma
fullness -- divine world of Spirit
strength of the institution model of the Church
gives the Church structure, guidance, continuity
women
had little or no status
heresy
obstinante denial
Heresy
obstinate, post-baptismal denial of fundamental truth which must be believed with divine or catholic faith
Marcus Aurelius (161-180 CE)
persecutions resume under
Shavout
recalls when Yahweh gave the Law (Torah) to his people on Mt. Sinai, Festival of Weeks, Pentecost giving the Law to Moses on Mt Sinai
James
recognized head of "the Way" within Judaism Jerusalem Community
Apostates
renounced their faith totally OR appeared (pretended) to do so in public kind of like traitors
2 ways Christians were seen to be violating Roman Law
seen as traitors and unpatriotic bc (considered pacifists) 1) they do not follow government religion, they cannot disregard identity 2) early Christian state towards war: no fighting ---> refuse to be recruited to army
weakness of the herald model of the Church
stresses verbal witness sometimes at the expense of social action
a great mystery and a divine gift
the Church
strength of the sacrament model of the Church
the Church is a sign of Christ's grace
true peace
the goal, good actions toward God and humanity
Arians and Catholics
thought Ambrose would side with both of them, Constantinople is capital at this time
Church at the time
thought that Jesus was coming back at the end of time (had to settle into society in which it found itself- took on custom)
Church decision on how to resolve issue of traditores and lapsi
to re-admit them after a LONG PERIOD of severe penance --> very public, could not get communion or anything like that
his consecration as Bishop
was controversial in light of Augustine's past
main idea of 2 cities
who, what, how you love
Adeodatus
"Given by God" Augustine's son
W.E.B. DuBois
"It is propaganda like this that has led men in the past to insist that history is 'lies agreed upon'; and to point out the danger in such misinformation. It is indeed extremely doubtful if any permanent benefit comes to the world through such action." ----> history and interpretation: there are many different sides to our history and what we learn. many significant and devastating elements of our history are overlooked or made out to seem insignificant. this doesn't allow us to see the full picture/effects of many important events
God's words to Saul in his conversion story
"Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" me is key: it is God, symbolizing that if you persecute his ppl, you persecute Him by extension
Steve Biko
"The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed." ---> realties to history and identity bc it shows how easy it is to corrupt and manipulate those whose minds are vulnerable, which can cause the oppressed to completely change their views on themselves and the world around them
gnosis
"knowledge" - root of Gnosticism -- they had secret knowledge to return to Pleroma - what makes the Gnostics special; gnostics came from great world of pure spirit, have secret knowledge to get free + go back to spirit world (elitist)
wind (Genesis 1 reference of the Holy Spirit)
"mighty wind moved over the waters" creation out of chaos ruach= pneuma= wind, breath, SPIRIT NEW CREATION
Liturgy of Eastern Church
(Eastern and Western, still together but out of sync) - curtains and decorated screens separated sanctuary from congregation: Liturgy of the Word in front of screens - Liturgy of the Eucharist behind - celebrated in Greek w/ some language exceptions
church is the only thing left
(Western Europe) - Latin part of the Empire goes down...
your talent
(continuation to Benedict) when you came into monastery, your job should be - Benedict: comes in and writes first rule
social authority to the Church
(in the west) Leo usurps role of governor and emperor, overstepping but adds more
unofficial reasons why Romans persecuted Christians
(isolated as "other" targets of popular prejudice) - secret marks and insignia - Christians love each other (in an incestuous way) - Christians have vain and senseless superstition glories in crimes - Christians adore the head of an ass, they worship the genitals of a pontiff + priest - initiation is to eat another human being (baby) Romans probably got this idea from the Eucharist -"body of Christ" - their ceremonies by reference to a man punished by extreme suffering for his wickedness
official reasons why Romans persecuted Christians
*****perceived Christians as breaking the law (religion and gov united Religious "Revival" (Emperor Diocletian and colleagues offering sacrifice to gods) - religious ritual= patriotism (pietas in mandated sacrifices) - sacrifices ordered (must be public w/ gov witness) (ex: pouring wine on an altar and eating grain with it) ***** CHRISTIANS DECLARED TRAITORS TO ROME UNPATRIOTIC
Antioch
- 1st place that ppl were called Christians - part Gentile, part Jewish, all Christians
Mary of Magdala
- 1st witness to the Resurrection - 1st to see and talk with Jesus post-resurrection - given apostolic commission: "Do not be afraid; go and tell..." - proclaimed him as Christ: she changed history forever w/ her proclamation "I have seen the Lord" - embarrassing for Church that women were first to see Jesus post-resurrection
Constantine's conversion to Christianity
- 312 AD - went into battle with Maxentius ( his people bro in law), if he lost he knew it was death for him and army, prayed and saw glowing cross with latin saying and they won battle, with this he saw how Christianity could unite the empire
John Crysostom
- 4th century: considered great theologian in early Eastern Church, misogynist (hates women), but amazing writer
Marcellina
- Ambrose's big sister - MONASTIC - took vow of virginity and prayer (white veil) - Ambrose wrote extant letters to her- he describes the events of Holy Week in 386 when the Empress Justina tried to seize 2 basilicas - Sister of Ambrose: monastic, advisor & confidant: received detailed account of the Milan cathedral "sit-in"
Carthage
- Augustine becomes Manichee (branch of gnostics) here (in 370)
my weight is my love
- Augustine says ... - your love pulls you up or pulls you down, you follow your love, love pulls you through life, and lifts you upward and outward - if your love is evil, you will be pulled down from God and Heavenly City
Predestination
- Augustine starts getting into logical conclusion that there is this - idea that God can give grace to anyone he wants, God gave us a will, we can will for our salvation if we stop being so weak
study
- Basil of Caesarea's innovation he made to Monastic life was - Basil of Caesarea stated that this can lead you to God as much as anything else
Scholastica
- Benedict's sister who adapted the rules for women or nuns - head of her own monastery, spiritual, educated, very close with Benedict, he asked for her advice
Cyril
- Bishop of Alexandria, was enthroned when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire - wrote extensively (the Didache) and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the late-4th and 5th centuries
negatives of the Edict of Milan
- But just as the church's impact on the culture grew, so too did the culture's impact on the church - With their newfound privileged status, Christians began to shift their focus from service and sacrifice to politics and power - The affluent materialism of the Roman world started to seep in among the body of believers - The necessity of new life in Christ marked by holy living faded from view. Instead, as members of the dominant cultural group, people simply assumed they were Christians by default
advantages for empire that Constantine found in Christianity
- Christianity could unify Empire under its values/ideals of discipline, obedience, and one God - one God, like one emperor
counter-cultural
- Christianity now had power and wealth (denial and pursuit of it) - many ppl saw this as a denial of the original message of Jesus - ppl wanted to focus on God, prayer, and a simple, non-materialistic life
Council of Chalcedon
- Christological disputes - Jesus has only one NATURE- council of Chalcedon reaffirms Nicene Creed (JESUS IS BOTH FULLY HUMAN AND DIVINE)
crumbling of the Roman Empire
- Church gets unsteady - more heresies- ppl still dont comprehend Jesus --> Leo takes a strong stand!! ---> Pontifex Maximus: meaning greatest bridge builder (Leo wants to bring ppl together under God)
strengths of the communion (people of God or Body of Christ) model of the Church
- Church must be guided by grace - members are united in Christ
337 CE
- Constantine dies - baptized on deathbed - accepted Christianity, officially, on deathbed (it was his shot to get into Heaven, way to cleanse himself before he dies (NO SACRAMENT OR RECONCILIATION IN EARLY DAYS) BAPTISM- CLEANSED OF SINS, BUT IF YOU MESS UP YOU BLOW IT
Cyril of Jerusalem
- Doctor of the Church - Present at the Council of Constantinople in 381 - c. 313-386 (387) becomes a bishop of Jerusalem
Eusebius
- Early-fourth-century church father known as the "Father of Church History," as his ten-volume book, History of the Christian Church, was the first to provide an extensive chronicle of Christianity's early years, from the days of Jesus down to Eusebius's own time (the early part of the reign of Constantine) - primary source of information for many of the events and writers of the first three centuries of the church - Bishop and historian of the church. Most famous for his history of the church written in the 4th century AD memorializes Constantine
similarity between RCIA and early rite of initiation
- Easter Vigil - dressed in white all at once
Eastern half of the Roman Empire
- FINE DURING WESTERN HALF'S DARK AGES - comes to be called the BYZANTINE EMPIRE, and flourishes for a 1,000 yrs - Byzantine emperors ruled from Constantinople, saw themselves as heirs in the power of Caesar
Septimus Severus (193-211 CE)
- Felicity and Perpetua died under - widespread/violent persecutions under - severe persecutions particularly in North Africa under
Judaizers
- First-century Jewish Christians who maintained that Christians were still bound by traditional Jewish laws - "you don't become Christian until you fully embrace the law of Moses (circumcision, dietary laws)"
Paul
- Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world
Ascension of Jesus
- Forty days after Easter, when Jesus went up to heaven of his own power - refers to Jesus' entrance into heaven
picture of Christian life
- God as ruler - Eucharistic worship is central
Benedict's focus
- God/prayer/Mass - simple life - "orare et labore" --> "to pray and to work" - hospitality (monastery should not cut themselves off of needs of others) - poverty, chastity, obedience ---> every monk vowed to live by (same vows you take in monasticism + western religious life in general) - everything you do comes from prayer - started infirmaries, monks would take the helpless in - Benedict believed monastery should be SELF-SUFFICIENT
focus of Benedict of Nursia
- God/prayer/mass - simple life - "orare et labore" -> "to pray and to work" - hospitality (should not cut themselves off of needs of others). ---> started infirmaries, monks would take helpless in - poverty, chastity, obedience ---> every monk vowed to live by (same vows you take in monasticism and western religious life in general)
Scholastica of Nursia
- HEAD OF HER OWN MONASTERY: founded the first monastic community of women - Benedict's sister - spiritual, educated - her and Benedict were very close, he asked her for advice
Mary, Mother of John Mark
- Head of house church (meaning she hosted the agape meal and did the breaking of the bread) in Jerusalem; trusted by Peter to communicate with James - in her house, people are gathered praying - has access to James, Peter trusts her (as he is currently on the run)
"The Way" within Judaism Jerusalem Community
- Hebrews and Hellenists - Apostles and Deacons - recognized head: James - special deference (respect) to Peter (the papal tradition)
Dark Ages summary points
- IN WEST: - barbarian rulers bring different sense of justice - some (e.g. Franks) had human sacrifice - absence of academic pursuits undermined Greco-Roman learning and culture ---> Latin deteriorated, illiteracy became the norm, most ppl could no longer read scriptures, learning confined to monasteries: long tradition of philosophy comes to a halt - once vibrant economy of Empire falls into decline: roads unsafe, ppl lived in greater fear as crime increased, commerce declines and so do cities and towns: former empire becomes rural society of isolated towns and villages
Vulgate Bible
- Jerome's contribution to monasticism - entire bible translated from its original language into Latin made Bible/scripture more directly/accessible - official Latin bible for many yrs
Karl Rahner
- Jesuit theologian; believed we come to know God through the universe; god is absolute mystery ("horizon of our being") - knowers + lovers ---> infinity
Marcus Aurelius
- Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana - stoic
Monte Cassino
- Location of the first Benedictine monastery - site of the oldest monastery in western Christianity; in Italy; monastery destroyed during WWII
Eucharistic worship is central
- Mass standardized by 6th century: Mass came from the traditional Latin dismissal "ite missa est"- "we are sent" - Liturgy was similar form to today but in Latin - but at this time it was no longer understood by all the ppl
basic idea of Donatists
- North Africa suffered most violent persecutions --> Church says traditores could re-enter with sever penance, but the Donatists say that the traditores corrupted themselves, and they are not pure and church must be - Donatus= man. who was a Traditore and ordained a bishop, group of Bishops rebelled and ordained Donatus - anyone who is ORDAINED by traditores are not really in the Church - schism occurred: Donatist Church and everyone else, Donatists say they are true church bc they are pure and are only ones that will be saved, required re-baptism, pure minister--> pure sacrament
2 anti Arian lines in Ambrosian Chant
- O equal to the father thou - begotten of no human will but of the Spirit - all praise eternal Son
The Battle of Milvan Bridge
- October 28 312 CE (according to Eusebius, a Christian author) - earlier accounts of the battle from 313 and 315 refer to no vision - the 315 accounts mentions a dream
Emperor Theodosius
- Ordered by Ambrose to perform severe penance for having massacred a village (bc bread and circus time, fav racer was barred from race for being assumed as "gay," riot breaks out, Theo's fav general is murdered in the riot, ppl arrive to stadium to make up for last time, but there was no show- there was an army that slaughtered all of them)
Saul/Paul
- Persecuted and killed Christians, but saw Jesus in a light on the road to Damascus; baptized by Ananias; send to preach to the Gentiles; made 3 missionary journeys - Jesus appeared to him saying "Saul! Saul! Why do you persecute me?" and the light was so bright that it blinded him for three days, and Jesus had a follower restore his sight and Saul was told he would be Jesus's witness to what he had seen and heard. He got up, and was baptized.
Arius
- Presbyter from Alexandria, taught the Son is not equal to the Father, too literal - had support from clergy and refused- obstinate
Mark Anthony
- Roman general under Julius Caesar in the Gallic wars - granted freedom and Roman citizenship to the people of Tarsus
Pietas
- Roman religion - (devout), loyalty, doing one's duty, faithful ---> mainly to gods and Rome
Pontifex Maximus
- TItle for Leo's role as "bridge" between God and earth - meaning greatest bridge builder (Leo wants to bring ppl together under God)
How the Church answers Gnostic Heresy
- The Christian Bible= Hebrew Scriptures AND New Testament - The Apostle's Creed
Stephen
- The first Christian martyr - deacon whose death marked the first wave of persecution against Christians - takes on Jewish authority
Theodosius I (379-395)
- The last ruler of a combined Eastern and Western Empire - succeeded Constantine
380 CE
- Theodosius declares Nicene Christianity official religion of empire - Christians in the army ---> now that Christianity was with gov, Pacifists were gone
stoicism
- a Greek philosophy that stressed the importance of virtue, duty, and endurance and was especially influential in ancient Rome - don't let emotions control you, stoic Emperor= Marcus Aurelius
Psidian Antioch
- a mistrusted Paul goes to this Gentile/Jewish community- Barnabas sent for him
traditional definition of monasticism
- a way of life characterized by prayer and self-denial - lived in seclusion from the world - under fixed rules w/ professed vows - monastic communities withdraw from the affairs of the world in order to seek God through asceticism and silence
traditional definition of Monasticism
- a way of life characterized by prayers and self-denial - lived in seclusion from the world - under fixed rules 2/ professed vows: withdrawal from the affairs of the world in order to seek God through asceticism and silence (self-denial- have necessities)
"Ordinary" Christian believers
- accept "Jewish God" - like foolish God + will end up with him, 2nd class eternity/salvation
Junia
- acknowledged as an Apostle by Paul, name changed to masculine form in later centuries and restored in our own
roads
- administration helped by - goods services, messages: internet of its day
The Roman/Gentile World
- administration helped by roads (goods services, messages: internet of its day) - sea travel (unintentionally made it easier for Christian missionaries to spread message throughout empire) - efficient building - Roman religion: Pietas (devout), loyalty, doing one's duty, faithful ---> mainly to gods and Rome
how and when (monasticism)
- after edict of Milan (313), when Christianity gradually became more and more the established religion and then the official reason (380 CE)
how Monasticism developed
- after the edict, Christianity gradually became more and more the official religion (380 CE) - ppl chose it as a reaction to predominant culture
mission of the state
- allow the "building" of the City of God to unfold- have just rules, make peace, etc - reflects Dorothy Day- share message that we need to make it easier for ppl to do good things--> Augustine agrees with this message
Tertullian (c. 155-225 CE)
- apologist (approaches it more from citizenship than philosophy) - from North Africa - a source for the martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicity - lawyer - adult convert - fiery preacher - Christians are good citizens of the Roman Empire because...
Effects of Monasticism
- attracted many - rules began to come into mainstream Christian lives - asceticism, celibacy, etc became more honored and ppl who lived this way were admired and honored as "true" Christians with heroic virtues
effects of monasticism
- attracted many - rules began to come into mainstream christian lives - asceticism, celibacy, etc became more and more honored - ppl who lived this way were admired and honored as "true" Christians w/ heroic virtues
Macrina
- big sister of Basil and Gregory - became a nun and converted the family's estate into a monastic community - fostered the education and development of the three Cappadocian fathers, was held in high regard as a source of leadership and wisdom - HEAD OF MONASTIC COMMUNITY OF WOMEN IN HER OWN RIGHT - WISE, PRAYERFUL - BASIL ESPECIALLY GOES TO SEE HER A LOT FOR ADVICE
Macrina (c. 327-379)
- big sister of Basil and Gregory - head of monastic community of women in her own right - wise, prayerful - especially Basil goes to see her a lot for advice
traditores
- bishops (pastors) who handed over/surrendered holy books such as Scriptures to Romans who burned them - thought they never left Church - considered just as guilty as lapsi
traditores
- bishops (pastors)/church officials who handed over/surrendered sacred books such as Scriptures to be burned by Romans - CONSIDERED JUST AS GUILTY AS LAPSI - THOUGHT THATT THEY NEVER LEFT THE COMMUNITY
Post Revolution and Constitution
- black ppl were allowed to vote in some states - those entitled to vote for the "most numerous branch of the state legislature" could vote for members of H.O.R. --> only direct vote
Aurelius Augustis (Augustine)
- born at Thagaste, North Africa (modern-day Souk Ahras, Algeria) on November 13th 354 CE - pagan father, Patricius Aurelius and Christian mother =, Monica (mother is saint) - baptized by Ambrose, conversion in Milan
mission of the Church
- build city of God: purpose for good - this remains the goal even when the world is falling apart
weakness of the servant model of the Church
- can lead to excessive involvement in secular processes, values - salvation becomes of this world
Jerome
- can read Bible in its original languages- fluent in Hebrew and Greek - 1st to translate Bible into other languages - cranky, somewhat of a grouch - significant: he wanted to be a monk, very educated - worked as a papal ambassador (bc the Pope wanted him to, assists Pope) then the Church let him be a monastic - After serving the Pope in Rome, established monastic community in Bethlehem - started monasteries- one for men, one for women in Bethlehem - VULGATE BIBLE
Jerome (340/347-420)
- can read Bible in its original languages/text: fluent in Hebrew and Greek--> first to translate for others - cranky, somewhat of a grouch - significant: wanted to be a monk, very educated, worked as a papal ambassador (assists Pope), then they let him be a monastic - vulgate bible
Dorcas/Tabitha
- charitable, greatly loved in community - Peter (next to James, biggest guy in Church at the time) is called (A very important figure, means she had status bc he came right away) - Peter raises her from the dead (only person raised by an apostle)
advantages Constantine found for his rule in Christianity
- christianity could unify empire under its values/ideals of disciple, obedience, and one God (like one Emperor)
Tryphena & Tryphosa
- co-workers of Paul -- he uses the same term meaning "work very hard" (kopiao) to describe both his and the women's work/mission - indicated relatives of Paul
why ppl were drawn to monasticism
- consider their times and society - Roman Empire continues in slow but steady decline - ostentatious (showy, pretentious) wealth of a few, moral decline, chaos 1) persecutions cease- no chance for martyrdom 2) Christianity becomes more mainstream- more participate in gov and politics
why ppl were drawn to monasticism
- consider their times and society - Roman Empire continues in slow but steady decline - ostentatious wealth of a few, moral decline, chaos 1) persecutions cease- no chance for martyrdom 2) christianity becomes more mainstream- more participate in gov and politics
Phoebe
- deaconess from Cenchraea, highly commended by Paul - shows that she's a powerhouse since in the 4th century women were starting to lose their powers
Gnositicism
- denial of Christ's humanity - rooted in a particular perception of the world/body which entered into the thinking of Christianity
lapsi
- denied faith to avoid persecution - wanted to return to Christian community
Exceptions to Resolutions of the Council of Jerusalem
- do not eat meat offered to idols bc it implicates you of being disloyal to God - abide by Jewish marriage laws (only one wife or spouse) ---> pagans were polygamous
sacraments
- efficacious signs of grace - instituted by Christ - entrusted to the Church - by which divine life is dispensed to us
specific details on sacraments
- efficacious signs of grace (has an effect on the person receiving, makes real whats it points to, very gift of God's love) - instituted by Christ - entrusted to the Church (giving something too someone with complete trust, hoping that person you entrusted to will care + be responsible for it, the whole community) - by which divine life is dispensed to us- freely given
Sacrament (upper-case "S")
- efficacious signs of grace instituted by Christ (makes real what it points to, has an effect on the person receiving, very gift of God's love) - entrusted to the Church by which divine life is dispensed to us (giving something to the whole Church community w/ complete trust, hoping that the community you entrusted to will care and be responsible)
political/military causes of the Dark Ages
- empire was too big to govern effectively - army: not what it used to be- corruption- dishonest generals and non-Roman soldiers (mercenaries) - civil wars broke out between different political groups - emperor: often selected by violence, or by birth, not always a capable leader (others were just plain insane)
Vulgate Bible of St. Jerome
- entire bible translated from its og language into Latin-> made bible/scripture more direct/accesible - official latin Bible for many yrs
basic position of Pelegians
- escaped to North Africa where it was safer "Grace is not necessary for our salvation" <--- Augustine agrees that we have free will, nut we need the strength that God gives us through grace to help us (help guides us in a loving direction)
qualifications for Bishop of Rome
- experienced mediator - statesman - spiritual leader - administrator (very organized) - scholar (learning, reading, writing) - person of prayer (MOST IMPORTANT QUALITY FOR CHURCH LEADERSHIP)
Basil of Caesarea (330-379)
- father of Eastern Monasticism - gathered community - innovation he made to monastic life: study: can lead you to god as much as anything else
Benedict of Nursia
- father of Western Monasticism - simple life, holy guy - monastery was not too far from where he was ---> lost focus, got lazy, did not live up to commitments (which caused concern with sincere monks) - sincere monks asked Benedict to straighten them out - Italian monk who created a set of rules for Western monasteries in the 6th century - established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire
Benedict of Nursia (c. 480-547)
- father of western Monasticism (Western religious life in general) - simple life, holy guy - monastery not too far from where he was ---> lost focus, got lazy, did not live up to commitments (this caused concern w/ sincere monks) - sincere monks asked Benedict to straighten them out
Ambrose of Milan
- first Latin speaking (Western) - Church father born of Christian parents - powerful Roman family - before age 30, governor of Northern Italian Province surrounding Milan - wealthy and well-respected - disappoints Arians bc he fully accepts Nicene Creed (which accepts Jesus's divinity) - asserts Church over state - first records who reads silently w/o moving lips
Ambrose of Milan
- first Latin speaking (western) Church father born of Christian parents - powerful Roman family - before age 30, governor of Northern Italian Province surrounding Milan - wealthy and well-respected
Mary of Magdala
- first witness to the Resurrection of Jesus - "Apostle to the Apostles" (also the first to see and talk with Him) - given apostolic commission: "Do not be afraid; go and tell..." - proclaimed him as Christ: she changed history forever w/ her proclamation "I have seen the Lord." - Christianity bases its whole foundation on her accounts
why Emperor Theodosius was ordered to perform public penance
- for a massacre of a village - bc it was the time of bread and circuses, and his favorite racer was barred from race for being assumed as gay, a riot breaks out, Theodosius's favorite general is murdered in the riot - ppl arrive at the stadium to make up for last time's events, but there was no show- instead there was an army that slaughtered everyone
basic idea of Manichaeism
- forces of light v. darkness - flesh is part of sinful, evil entity - Satan steal particles of light in human brains, which explains why ppl are intellectual and evil - elitest
Mani (c. 216-276)
- founder of Manichaeism - born in Persia - Despite being condemned to death by Persia emperor in 276, by 4th C. had spread to Rome and was entrenched in N. Africa.
Ambrosian Chant
- from a strictly pragmatic pov, music blossoms at that moment in the 4th century when Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, decided to regulate the singing for the devices in his diocese - the first thoroughly recognizable ancestor of music as we know it today- is the leanest and most solemn adaptation of the Greek modes, the ancestors of our modern scales. this somber singing can still be heard in certain Milanese churches, but today we are more familiar w/ the system called the Gregorian chant
Ambrosian Chant
- from a strictly pragmatic poverties, music blossoms at that moment in the 4th century when Ambrose, bishop of Milan, decided to regulate the singing for the services in his diocese - the 1st thoroughly recognizable ancestor of music as we know it today
John Crysostum (4th Century)
- great preacher, this man was known as the "Golden Mouth" - considered great theologian in early Eastern Church, misogynist (hates women) but amazing writer - in his bible: Junia is still Junia, manuscripts start making Junia---> Junius for a few centuries, bibles go back (handwritten, changed bc women are thought less of)
Priscilla/Prisca
- greeted before husband - unusual, indicated that she has status
Mary the Mother of John Mark
- had her own house: ppl are gathered praying (as head of house Church, she hosted agape meals and did the bread and wine) - had access to James, Peter trusts her
efficacious signs of grace
- has an effect on the person receiving, makes real what it points to - very gift of God's love - something happens that has an effect within you
identity of the disciples
- healing of lame man - disciples as "other Christs"- have the spirit of Christ - Acts 4: troubles w/authorities- upset Sadducees- disciples taken before Sanhedrin (court of Jewish ppl) - Acts 5: wise council from Gamaliel (pharisee and teacher of Paul): ---> "Let them alone" - idealistic portrait of community
Sanhedrin
- high ruling council of Jewish nation at the time (under Romans in civil affairs, highest power of religious affairs)
identity
- history develops our thoughts of ourselves - history is a mystery but not a problem to be solved- personal/communal - it is an inexhaustible reality and makes us "knowers to lovers to infinity"- we constantly ask questions and have the greatest human quality of love- Karl Rahner - memories become a part of who we are and influences how we carry ourselves
Priscilla/Prisca
- in team ministry with her husband Aquila - help to found and lead communities such as Corinth. Paul greets her before her husband
Genesis 1
- in the beginning, when God created the heavens and the earth - and the earth was w/o form or shape, w/ darkness over the abyss and a mighty wind sweeping over the waters- then God said let there be light- and there was light
social/economic causes of the Dark Ages
- increased use of slaves (taken prisoner after battles) put many Romans out of work (slavery started to overcome jobs) - the rich became lazy: showed little interest in trying to solve Rome's problems - the poor: overtaxed and overworked - prices increased, trade decreased - the population: shrinking due to starvation and disease: difficult to manage farms and govern effectively - empire shrinking: Huns, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons, and other Barbarian tribes overran the Empire - Romans tried to solve some problems by splitting the Roman Empire in half (East and West) - emperors of the WESTERN half in trouble, included city of Rome
Junia
- indicated relative of Paul - referred to as an apostle
Eusebius
- isn't writing until 340s - writes after Constantine in 337 CE (memorializing him)
why Rome had fallen
- its was charged against Christians: ppl of empire say they were better protected under the pagan gods ---> if we had not converted to Christianity, this wouldn't have happened - everyone= where is God in all this devastation?
symbols
- language of faith - conveyors of meaning - only way to describe our experience of God - need for any sense of sacramental awareness
symbols
- language of faith - conveyors of meaning - only way to describe our experience of God - need for any sense of sacramental awareness
symbols
- language of faith - conveyors of meaning - (only way to) describe our experience of God - (need for any sense of) sacramental awareness
Euodia & Syntyche
- leaders in Corinthian church; Paul calls for a mediator to settle their dispute - coworkers, promote the gospel together
Fleshly
- lowest class of persons (mainly pagans) - all considered with material world, final place for them is ultimate destruction
Defense of the Cathedral vs Arian Emperor (Church/State Relations)
- made Ambrose Bishop by popular acclamation while still a catechumen ppl were allowed to choose Bishop at their claim, adults are the main ppl being baptized - in 2 weeks: baptized, ordained, consecrated Bishop of Milan! (Ambrose disappoints Arians bc he fully accepts Nicene Creed (which accepts Jesus's divinity) - Valentinian II and his mother Justina (the emperor at the time and his mother embraced Arianism- denial of Jesus's divinity), Arians send army against Ambrose - asserted Church over state
literacy tests
- made to discriminate against Irish-Catholic immigrants - taken pup by south after civil war towards black ppl
Augustin of Hippo (WESTERN CHURCH)
- major influence for better and worse - influenced John Calvin and Germanic ppl
Augustine of Hippo- Western Church
- major influenced on the Western Church for better or for worse - influenced John Calvin + Germanic ppl Protestant Reformation= Calvin + interpretation of Augustine
intellectual contribution
- monasteries became chief learning centers until 13th century and rise of universities - barbarian invasions had destroyed cultural learning centers of empire - western intellectual development and classical culture - owe their survival to monasteries WESTERN CIVILIZATION
evangelization of tribes
- monks and nuns inspired them and they sought to learn from them - taught Barbarians- in imitation of Christ who worked w/ dignity in their work
(5th and 7th centuries) minimum requirements for priesthood
- never had to do public penance; no army service since baptism; never a pagan priest, never paid for pagan games - if priest was married, his wife must be a virgin, not a widow, or married 2x
new martyrdom
- no more persecutions - ppl looked for a new way to give their lives entirely for Christ
new martyrdom
- no more persecutions - ppl looked for a news way to give their lives entirely for Christ
Monasticism
- not a big thing in Judaism - Christianity did not have big monastic tradition (since it came from Judaism)
anti-arian lines in ambrosian chant
- o equal to the father thou - begotten of no human will but of the Spirit
ingredients of heresy
- obstinate (stubborn) - posts baptismal (after you become a Catholic) - denial (not merely uncertainty or questioning- heretics claim to be sure about their denial - truth (which MUST be believed- or wouldn't be a Catholic Christian)
why ppl chose Monasticism
- offers a way to focus on one's relationship with God w/o the pull of a materialistic culture, making a freely-given gift of one's life for Christ - Antony
Justin Martyr (c. 100-165)
- pagan philosopher - converted bc he fell in love w/ prophets who loved Christ - never took off his philosopher's robe - opened a school of philosophy - martyred with students - apologist - did not stop being a philosopher/ thinker after he embraced Christianity
memory
- personal/collective - individual memories and group memories
Pelagius statement
- ppl can find salvation w/o grace, denied statement - sees sin just as a bad habit from seeing poor examples --> human effort alone brings you to redemption/salvation - Church and sacraments are fine, but won't do anything
why ppl chose monasticism
- ppl chose it as a reaction to predominant culture - offers a way to focus on God and one's relationship with God w/o the pull of a materialistic culture, making a freely-given gift of one's life for Christ
why it changed for women
- probable that men were scared of uprising of women: Church gradually changed societal reason - Church "can't control women" ---> thought Jesus was coming back at the end of time (had to settle into society which it found itself- took on custom) SOCIETAL CONVENTION
positives of the Edict of Milan
- proclaimed religious toleration, put an end to persecutions, church was able to influence society more openly; it could promote justice and public morality, and care for the poor and disenfranchised - The Christian view of humanity as created in God's image led to social reforms, the abolition of slavery, modern democracies and the recognition of universal human rights
the Messiah
- promised by the demiurge- ordinary beliefs receive his message + work - came from the Fullness + descended on "The Messiah" at his baptism- only Gnostics can "see through" the Messiah to receive the secret message from the True Saviour
Bread and Circuses
- public entertainment that roman elites used to keep the plebeians happy and distracted from problems in the empire - Roman bribery method of coping with class difference - Entertainment and food was offered
Heavenly citizens
- realize they are pilgrims: can make use of Earthly peace, just rules- servant leadership is the "governing style" of the Heavenly city
recovery and evangelization of rural society
- recall many moved to city to escape poverty - monks and nuns came to rural areas, evangelized and also helped ppl produce new farmlands from abandoned land which had reverted back to wilderness REVIVED AGRICULTURE
Romulus Augustus (475-476 CE)
- reigns from 475-476 CE - 14 yr old emperor ousted by Germany by German forces
Diocletian (284-305 CE)
- restored order to Rome AND oversaw widespread persecutions (either in spite or because of Christian relatives) under - held bloody persecutions
Pre-Revolution
- rights for those with "Stake in society" - democracy= disorder and mob rule - "religious tests" imposed in many colonies; Catholics and Jewish banned from voting
Leo I (aka Leo the Great)
- rising influence of his papacy: first among equals - decisions of Church were made in a more collegial way
background of Gnosticism
- rooted in some particular 1st century interpretations of Greek philosophy, especially Plato - world view= world rejection
lapsi
- sacrificed to gods under threat of persecution and WANTED to return to the Christian community
Donatists
- said all sacraments rested on purity of minister - stems from issue of traitors --> ppl who gave Roman officers holy books to be burned, excommunicated but could re-enter w/ severe penance - PURITY
asceticism
- severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons - have necessities
Dorcas/Tabitha
- significant in her community for her charity & ONLY person raised from the dead by an apostle - charitable, greatly loved in community - Peter is called (a very important figure, next to James, means she had status bc he came right away) , he raises her from the dead
why treatment changed for women
- societal convention --> probable that men were scared of uprising of women - Church gradually changed (for society's reasons) - Church "can't control women"
Ambrose's 2 significant actions regarding Church and state
- standing up to emperor - pushing nation of Church over state (west holds on to that)
Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)
- stands longer but will gradually get less strong - Emperors were very controlling of Church - Arian missionaries converted majority of Barbarians, so the help was needed to combat the spread of Arianism
Ambrose boldly
- stands up to emperor, pushes nation of Church/state - west holds on to it
Theodosius I (379-395 CE)
- succeeded Constantine - the last ruler of a combined Eastern and Western Empire - 380 CE: Christianity becomes official religion of the Empire and is now legal
Lydia
- successful businesswoman (who dealt in purple cloth) - established her home as a center of the church in Philippi - purple was the color of nobility (bc of expensive dye)
Lydia
- successful businesswoman ---> sells purple cloth (purple was the color of nobility bc of its expensive dye) - center of Philippi community
pastor
- tending too ppl living Christian, personal spiritual lives - powerful: as Bishop he feels he has am authority that he can use to be authoritative
Augustine developed the Catholic position against Donatists
- that Christ is the true minister of every sacrament no matter who is the minister of it. 411 suppressed by the state - we hold Christ's inheritance They do not for they will not have communion with the world - And there are people who set the boundary of charity in Africa! If you would love Christ, stretch out your love over all the world: for Christ's members are spread the world over - sacraments rest on Christ and are a sign of Christ given by CHRIST, the true sacrament minister --> once someone is baptized, they are forever a part of the Church, re-baptism is dumb - Augustine says that Donatist Church is denying love, love=God, sp they are really denying God
how the Church could adapt to the impacts of the Dark Ages
- the Church was the only central institution and authority remaining in the west - its organization had reflected customs and ways of Empire- now had to realize it was not together/intertwined
external problems of Rome
- the empire was in trouble--> plowed fertile fields - threat of social unrest - fear of invasions - empire begins to crumble bc ppl outside conquered frontiers further in invasion
Judaism
- the monotheistic religion of the Jewish - Christianity began as a movement within this, roots that remain with us today
Gregory of Nyssa
- the perfection of human nature consists perhaps in its very growth in goodness - teaching is the principle that the spiritual life is not one of static perfection but of constant progress; he formulated the doctrine of the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) in response to Arians - little brother of Basil
apostasy
- the total repudiation of the Christian Faith - this is forbidden by the First Commandment and is against the theological virtue of faith
Church decision regarding the readmittance of lapsi and traditores
- they are allowed to return to Church after a long period of sever penance (which was very public, could not get communion or anything like that)
attitude of Gnostics towards their everyday life
- they are amazing and are careless about many things (or things w/ their bodies + work, mostly worshipped) - severe fasting, no bathing/grooming but DID NOT ADVOCATE SUICIDE, no marriage
Sacraments- Life
- they bear fruit in those who receive them w/ the required dispositions - both personal and ecclesial --> you cannot be a Christian in isolation, Christianity is like a family ---> anything that affects one affects all
how Rome tried to solve its internal problems
- tried to start food programs, such as giving bread - tried to distract the poor and oppressed from ideas of rebellion through entertainment ---> this became known as "bread and circuses" (execution as entertainment)
Cenobitical
- type of monasticism lived in organized community (common life) - this is the most common form of monasticism
Contributions of Monasticism For Christianity (and western religious life in general)
- vital for spread of Christianity - preservation of Greco-Roman writings - formation of a new Christian culture - monasteries: 1) were a source of spiritual strength 2) served to educate Church leaders 3) centers of evangelization for barbarian tribes
contributions of monasticism (and western religious life in general)
- vital for spread of Christianity - preservation of Greco-Roman writings - formation of a new Christian culture - monasteries
Defense of the Cathedral vs Arian Emperor (Church/State Relations)
- vs Valentinian II and his mother Justina - made Bishop by popular acclamation while still a catechumen - in 2 weeks- baptized, ordained, consecrated Bishop of Milan (he disappoints Arians bc he fully accepts Nicene Creed) - Arians and Catholics thought Ambrose would side with both of them (Constantinople is the capital at thus. time) - ppl were allowed to choose Bishop at their acclaim; adults are the main ppl being baptized
Antony of Egypt
- was a daily martyr to his conscience and contended in the conflicts of faith - Discipline was much severer (than a martyr's), was always fasting, and he had a garment of hair on the inside, while on the outside was skin, which he kept until the end - withdrew to the desert to live a contemplative life, greatly influenced Western monasticism in part due to the story of his life written by Athanasius
Antony
- was a daily martyr to his conscience and contended in the conflicts of faith - discipline was much severer (than a martyr's), was always fasting, and he had a garment of hair on the in side, while on the outside was skin, which he kept until the end
interpretation
- we all have different interpretations and relations to history - there is always more than 1 side of the story
Monasteries
- were a source of spiritual strength - served to educate Church leaders - centers of evangelization for barbarian tribes
monasteries
- were a source of spiritual strength - served to educate church leaders, priests - centers of evangelization for barbarian tribes
dilemmas that can arise when others view us differently than we view ourselves
- when others view us differently than we view ourselves, we form into that perspective's view - a single view creates stereotypes - a single story view emphasizes how ppl are different, not how they are alike - a single story view allows ppl to easily lose their identity
Coming of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost
- when the time for Pentecost was fulfilled, they were all in one place together - and suddenly there came a noise like a strong driving wind, and it filled the entire house in which they were
First Century Palestinian Judaism
- wide variety of practices, political views, many itinerant rabbis like Jesus - Christianity began as a movement within Judaism- roots that remain with us today - it was known as THE WAY
Constantine
- will start to take Christians for council as gov officials - implements Christianity into life ---> mother was Christian (St. Helena) ---> not unfamiliar w/ Christianity
Saint Monica of Africa
- written about in Confessions, a saint - was a devout Christian married to a pagan - there is a hint in Confessions that Augustine's father was verbally abusive to Monica: his parents disagreed on how to raise Augustine - patron of worried parents - reaches out to Ambrose
The Didache (The Doctrine (Teaching) of the 12 Apostles)
- written in the east (middle): Syria, Palestine, or Egypt - give us a portrait of Church @ end of 1st Century (practices, dos and donts, etc) - no mention of: creed, canon of scripture, Presbyters (only bishops and deacons, communities weren't big yet so priests hadn't developed yet), pagan persecution - connection w/ community of Matthew (Possibly) ---> because of its location + no latin/greek
The Didache: The Doctrine (Teaching) of the 12 Apostles
- written in the east (middle): Syria, Palestine, or Egypt - gives us a portrait of Church at end of 1st Century (practices, dos and dont's, etc) ***- no mention of: creed, canon of scripture, Presbyters (only Bishop and Deacons, communities weren't big yet so priests hadn't developed yet), Pagan persecution - connection with community of Matthew: possibly bc of its location + no latin/greek
later requirements added for priesthood
- you can't be illiterate, criminally or physically deformed - still often chosen by ppl or local ruler- the stricter requirements were not always enforced bc bishops had no great means of communication - celibacy encouraged all though not yet required (1000)
RCIA
1) acceptance in order of Catechumenate- the inquirer decides to go through with becoming a member of the Church- takes place during the Liturgy of the Word 2) rite of election- 1st Sunday of Lent- celebrated and presented to bishop 3) initiation- takes place on the Easter Vigil- elect receives the Sacraments of Initiation 4) mystagogy- period after Easter Vigil where Neophytes (newly initiated) participates in further instruction, prayer, reflection of Christ
Contributions of Monasticism For Western European Society (in addition to spirituality)
1) agricultural 2) education 3) preservation of western/classical culture/civilization
RCIA general intro: baptism
1) incorporates us into Christ and forms us into God's ppl 2) pardons all our sins, rescues us from the power of darkness 3) brings us to the dignity of adopted kids, makes us a new creation through water and the Holy Spirit, therefore we are called and are children of God 4) baptismal bond of unity: dignity- a holy nation, a royal priesthood- never to be repeated, never to change the fact that in Baptism this is who we are- even if we deny it
early rite of initiation
1) person stripped naked- putting off of oldself 2) anointed with oil from head to toe (purification of sin and evil) 3) submerged in water 3x in the name of the trinity (symbolic of dying and rising Christ to new life) 4) newly baptized are clothed in white two symbolize purity and new life in Christ 5) anointing with chrism to seal and strengthen Baptism 6) person receives Eucharist
3 Major effects Monasticism had on Europe
1) recovery and evangelization of rural society (recall many moved to the city to escape poverty) - monks and nuns came to rural areas, evangelized and also helped ppl produce new farmlands from abandoned land which had reverted back to wilderness - REVIVED AGRICULTURE 2) intellectual - monasteries became chief learning centers until 13th century and rise of universities - Barbarian invasions had destroyed cultural learning centers of Empire - owe their survival to monasteries 3) western civilization - evangelization of tribes: monks and nuns inspired them and they sought to learn from them - taught Barbarians: in imitation of Christ who worked with dignity in their work
reasons Monasticism increased after Edict of Milan
1. "New Martyrdom" - Persecutions cease - no chance for martyrdom - through monasticism one now can give one's life for Christ 2. Christianity becomes more mainstream. Many church leaders participating in government, politicsChurch receiving land, wealth, powerMonasticism: Counter-cultural reaction to "soft" Christianity. Desire to find God obscured by power and privilege.
acceptance in order of Catechumenate
1. the inquirer decides to go through with becoming a member of the Church- takes place during the Liturgy of the Word
476
14 yr old emperor Romulus Augustus ousted by Germany by German forces
Rite of Election
1st Sunday of Lent: catechumens formally presented to Bishop who accepts them for Initiation at Easter Vigil
love of God and love of self (in negative sense)
2 loves
people at medieval baptism for children
2 sets of grandparents, priest, and anyone else who wants to come
Dualism (Gnosticism)
2 worlds- original divine world and material world
rite of election
2. 1st Sunday of Lent- celebrated and presented to bishop
Shelby County v. Holder
2013 (5-4 decision) States and localities do not need federal approval to change voting laws - where a state has discriminated, they are monitored - US Bishops urged Congress to fix voting restrictions, bc it is a fundamental right and moral obligation
persons (Gnosticism)
3 classes: fleshly, "ordinary" christian believers, and Gnostics, elect, spiritual
initiation
3. takes place on the Easter Vigil- elect receives the Sacraments of Initiation
Constantine converts to Christianity
312 CE
Edict of Milan
313 - makes Christianity legal
mystagogy
4. period after Easter Vigil where Neophytes (newly initiated) participates in further instruction, prayer, reflection of Christ
Herald (messenger), Mystical Body/communion, institution, sacrament, servant
5 models of the Church
Gregorian Chant
A monophonic, unaccompanied style of liturgical singing that takes its name from Pope Gregory the Great
Peter
A.D. 5-67 One of the 12 apostles of Jesus; Roman Catholics consider him to be the first pope, bishop of Rome - BAPTIZED CORNELIUS
sponsor
Accompanies and supports catechumen through journey of RCIA - might also become the witness to the sacraments (Godparent)
c. 75 CE (Common Era, aka BC)
Acts of the Apostles: When?
Gentile Community (most likely a Hellenistic (Greek and Roman) city such as Antioch, Ephesus)
Acts of the Apostles: Where?
Author of Luke's Gospel ("Theophilus Clue")
Acts of the Apostles: Who?
written down to teach and preserve (ppl in Jesus's time were starting to die off)
Acts of the Apostles: Why?
Period of Election/Enlightenment
After acceptance for initiation, Catechumens are now the "elect" and enter intense period of preparation for sacraments at Easter Vigil
410
Alaric's invasion of the city of Rome, Roman refugees enter North Africa (Pelagius and Caelestius among them)
Hebrew Scriptures
Also called the Old Testament - A gift of Judaism to Christianity
Church over State
Ambrose asserts
God's laws
Ambrose excommunicates Theodosius and tells him to repent, but then Theo argues but eventually gets it and Ambrose says that he does not care if Theo is an emperor and his actions green light HIS laws, bc his (Theo's) laws VIOLATED
Ambrose of Milan's contribution to liturgical music
Ambrosian Chant
5h STEP IN EARLY CHRISTIAN INITIATION
Anointing with chrism: seal & strengthening of baptism (Confirmation was one with baptism)
sacrament (lower-case "s")
Any visible, material reality that reveals or expresses the presence of the saving reality of God
Early Heresies
Arianism and Gnosticism
Alexander of Alexandria
Arius' Bishop, who ordered him to stop denial of Son's equal divinity ruled against Arius and told to stop teaching his view
5th century
Augustine
397-418
Augustine argues against Donatists- Donatist Controversy (311-411, yet still troubled Numidia, near Hippo, until Augustine's death)
387
Augustine baptized by Ambrose in Milan
Carthage (in 370)
Augustine becomes a Manichee here
396-430
Augustine becomes bishop of Hippo Regius (modern-day Annaba, Algeria)
395
Augustine consecrated as Bishop, assistant to Valerius at Hippo
386
Augustine converts to Christianity and has conversion experience
in Milan
Augustine encounters Ambrose and other intellectual Christians
Innermost Self
Augustine finally finds God here
384
Augustine is appointed as Professor of Rhetoric at Milan
391
Augustine is seized by ppl of Hippo Regius and ordained presbyter while visiting Hippo, a port city in North Africa
c. 390
Augustine returned to Thagaste after the death of his son where he founded a monastic community
389
Augustine's son Adeodatus dies
397-400
Augustine's writing of Confessions
c. 375
Augustine: teaching rhetoric in Thagaste; moved to Rome and later Milan to advance his teaching career
Ambrose
Aurelius Augustus was baptized by
Milan
Aurelius Augustus's conversion happened in
Roman Catholic
Baptism and Confirmation are separated in order to keep the Bishop as sole minister and for geographic reasons
SACRAMENTS OF INITIATION
Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist
Sacraments of Initiation
Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist
self-sufficient
Benedict believed monastery should be
"ORARE ET LABORE"
Benedictine motto: "To pray and to work"
Pentecost
Birthday of the Church Jewish feast: Shavuot: giving the Law to Moses on Mt Sinai
Council of Nicea
Called by Constantine in 325 AD to combat the Arian heresy - condemned Arius as heretic, he was somewhat excommunicated - lives In Christian tradition as giving us the creed which defines very foundations of orthodoxy (Nicene Creed)
Salvation by faith alone
Calvin gets predestination from Augustine
Samaria
Capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, bitter enemies of the Jewish ppl
370
Carthage (Tunsia)
RCIA: first formal stage
Catechumenate: become member of church, commitment made to church and by church; period of instruction, prayer, participation in life of community
Monophysites
Christ has only 1 nature: a) Divinity absorbed humanity or b) divinity and humanity were "mixed"
100 to 500 CE (early X to fall of Rome)
Christian empire, invasions of the Roman Empire
Helena
Christian mother of Constantine
Mary Magdala's interaction with Jesus post-resurrection
Christianity bases its whole foundation on
the Way
Christianity began as a movement within Judaism- roots that remain with us today early name of Christianity
Trajan (98-117 CE)
Christianity was punishable by death but not a wide scale hunt under
not totally identified
Church is .... with the Heavenly City
6th Orange
Church officially declared that they embraced Augustine's initial statement of grace, not his logical conclusions
Hippo
City in North Africa where Augustine is made presbyter by acclaim and later serve as bishop
Hippo Regius
City that Saint Augustine became bishop of.
4th STEP IN EARLY CHRISTIAN INITIATION
Clothing of newly baptized with white garment: new life in Christ, pure
337 CE
Constantine baptized on deathbed. and dies (one shot to get into Heaven, way to cleanse himself before he dies) NO SACRAMENT OF RECONCILIATION IN EARLY DAYS
life
Constantine implements Christianity into
Byzantium (renamed Constantinople)
Constantine moved capital of Empire to ...
Constantinople
Constantine moved capital of Empire to Byzantium- renamed it this
government officials
Constantine will start to take Christians for council as
St. Helena
Constantine's Christian mother
451 CE
Council of Chalcedon: Christological disputes
49-50 CE
Council of Jerusalem
476 C.E.
Date generally set as Fall of Western Roman Empire
451 C.E.
Date of Council of Chalcedon
430
Death of Augustine at Hippo
Augustine's Early Life
Disliked school but received a good education -Led a wild youth with wild companions, hanging out, theft of pears for fun ("no inducement to evil but the evil itself" Confessions 2.8.16) -At 17 cohabitated with a woman with whom he later had a son, Adeodatus -Around age 20 - deeply involved with Manichees - a dualistic heretical group he would later debate
Augustine's title in the church
Doctor of Grace
SACRAMENT (upper-case "S")
EFFICACIOUS SIGNS OF GRACE INSTITUTED BY CHRIST ENTRUSTED TO THE CHURCH BY WHICH DIVINE LIFE IS DISPENSED TO US
Paul of Thebes
Earliest known Christian monastic (Egypt)
476-1000 CE
Early Middle Ages/Dark Ages of the WEST
Hebrews
Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism. "natives"
313 CE
Edict of Milan granting toleration to Christians in the Roman Empire, makes Christianity legal
6th Step in EARLY CHRISTIAN INITIATION
Eucharist
fire
Exodus symbol of the holy spirit
64 CE
Fire in Rome causes Nero to persecute Christians in the city the true start of the persecution of Christians starts around here
Saint Stephen
First Christian martyr; put to death by stoning
Manichaeism
Form of Gnosticism, Augustine belonged to their group for a time (250's-1000's) branch of Gnosticism
Nicene Creed
Formulated by the Council to answer Arianism
Alypius
Friend of Augustine who converted and was baptized with him
External invasions & Social unrest
General reasons for Fall of Western Roman Empire
wind (ruah/pneuma ---> breathe---> spirit)
Genesis symbol of the holy spirit
Gnostics, elect, spiritual
Gnosticism is from Greek word gnosis- knowledge
Position of Ambrose on Religion & Government
God's law over secular law -- beginnings of church over state in West
some Gnostic writings
Gospels of Peter, Mary, Q, Secret Teachings of John, Secret Book of James, Gospel of Thomas (1945:MANY OF THESE WRITINGS WERE DISCOVERED IN NAG HAMMADI, EGYPT) **none of them were written by these ppl, probably from communities that they were principal teachers of
Pelagians
Grace not necessary for salvation, we can will ourselves to it
EFFICACIOUS
Having an effect; making present the reality symbolized or signified
efficacious
Having an effect; making present the reality symbolized or signified
The Christian Bible
Hebrew Scriptures AND New Testament
ICHTUS
I --> JESUS CH --> X CHRIST T --> of God U --> son S --> "Soter" Saviour
EASTER VIGIL
In early church and present-day RCIA, the time for initiation
Easter Vigil
In early church and present-day RCIA, the time for initiation
Popular Acclaim
In the early church, an accepted means of selecting church leaders: Ambrose becomes Bishop of MiIan through this
Monphysitism
Jesus has only one NATURE- council of Chalcedon reaffirms Nicene Creed (JESUS IS BOTH FULLY HUMAN AND DIVINE)
descended into hell
Jesus really died, not a phantasm
"baptism of repentance"
Jesus's baptism by John
Hebrew Scriptures (including Torah/Commandments), Monotheism, unity of worship and morality (right worship demands right living: justice and compassion)
Judaism's gifts to Christianity
in John Crysostom's bible
Junia is still Junia --> manuscripts start making Junia Junius (for a few centuries)
Essenes
Left the Dead Sea Scrolls
the role of Bishop of Rome
Leo brings change in understanding (pastor, powerful)
centralized part of Rome
Leo starts moving office of Bishop to Rome to a more
440-461 CE
Leo was the Bishop of Rome from
sustain unity of Church, duties as supreme pastor, (451 CE) Council of Chalcedon
Leo's chief aims and accomplishments
Engineering, Literacy, Centralized authority/Law
Lost after Fall of Rome in West
Emperor Theodosius
Makes Christianity official religion of the Roman Empire in 380
Sacraments of Service
Matrimony (Matrimony is a sacrament of service bc it is a sign of God's love in the world) and Holy Orders
Sacraments of Service
Matrimony (a sign of God's love in the world) and Holy Orders
Sacraments of Service
Matrimony (bc it is a sign of God's love in the world, spreading a message) and Holy Orders
The Way
Name for earliest Christians
Mystagogia
Newly Initiated participate in further instruction, prayer and reflection on their new life in Christ: usually from Easter - Pentecost
Thagaste
North African birthplace of Augustine
Hellenistic
Of or relating to Greek history, culture, or art after Alexander the Great Greek and Roman
2nd STEP IN EARLY CHRISTIAN INITIATION
Oil of exorcism from head to toe: purification from any lingering sin, evil
Western Europe
Only place where the Dark Ages occurred
324 CE
Pagan sacrifice outlawed
Rome (c. 68 CE)
Paul has his final days of his life here and dies here
Kopiao
Paul uses word for ministry and women indicates that they are equal coworkers sharing the same message
women and men are equal coworkers sharing the same message
Paul using kopiao for both his ministry AND DESCRIBING WOMEN indicates that
Pharisee
Paul was a
Tarsus (Capital of Asia Minor, c. 2 or 5 CE)
Paul's Birthplace (today's Turkey)
Tryphena and Tryphosa
Paul's coworkers described by kopiao
Gamaliel
Paul's teach was
"FRUITS" OF SACRAMENTAL LIFE
Personal & ecclesial
"FRUITS" OF SACRAMENTAL LIFE
Personal and ecclesial---> effects the person receiving, but also the whole community in a sense of support and faith, it is an increase in charity and the Church's mission of witness (they bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions)
Gamaliel
Pharisee who advised against persecution of Christians
SACRAMENTS: "REQUIRED DISPOSITIONS"
Proper understanding & free acceptance
CONFIRMATION IN THE EASTERN (ORTHODOX OR EASTERN RITE) CHURCH
Retained as part of baptism - All initiation sacraments are administered regardless of age
Confirmation in the Eastern (Orthodox or Eastern Rite) Church
Retained as part of baptism - All initiation sacraments are administered regardless of age
unity of worship & morality
Right worship demands right living - A gift of Judaism to Christianity
Barbarian tribes (gets worse and worse)
Roman Empire crumbling by
centurion
Roman army officer (commanding a company of about 100 soldiers)
Pontius Pilate
Roman governor, roots Jesus in real time, human history
Tacitus
Roman historian who presented the facts accurately, pagan
Pharisees and Sadducees
Ruling classes of Israel; rivals of each other, though together they persecuted Jesus and his followers Who made up the Sanhedrin
Church
SIGN of Heavenly City/ God's love for the world
Roman Empire
SYMBOLIC of Earthly city
413-426
Saint Augustine writes The City of God
CONFIRMATION IN THE WESTERN (ROMAN CATHOLIC) CHURCH
Separated from baptism around 6th Century (geographical reasons): bishops wished to remain sole ministers; (RCIA maintains original unity today.)
Confirmation in the Western (Roman Catholic) Church
Separated from baptism around 6th Century (geographical reasons): bishops wished to remain sole ministers; (RCIA maintains original unity today.)
c. 413-418
Sermons on the First Letter of John
Confessions
Story of Augustine's conversion
hellenized
Tarsus was a ________ city
university, theatre, art, school, coastline and roads
Tarsus was famous for its
Earliest days of the Church
The Feast (everything revolved around Easter in Vigil)
Rhetoric
The art of speech and persuasion: Augustine taught this in Milan
Monica & Ambrose
The most influential people in Augustine's conversion
Theophilus
The name given to the audience of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles; it means "lover of God" or "God fearer."
Cappadocian Fathers
The three men (Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus) who made major contributions to the definition of the Trinity
Emperor Valentinian & mother Justina
Their order to turn Milan Cathedral over to Arians was successfully defied through a "sit-in" by Ambrose & his congregation
380 CE
Theodosius declares Nicene Christianity official religion of empire
381
Theodosius summoned Eastern Bishops to Council of Constantinople which confirmed the creed of Nicea and added info of spirit as "worshipped and glorified with the Father and the Son"
Hellenists
Those Jews who were more open to Greek and Roman influences and who were more willing to allow their faith and religious practice to be shaped to some extent by the culture around them
NEOPHYTES
Title for the newly-initiated: Cyril is addressing them in "On the Mysteries"
Neophytes
Title for the newly-initiated: Cyril is addressing them in "On the Mysteries"
410 AD
Visigoths sack Rome
Maxentius
Western Roman Emperor defeated by Constantine at the Battle of Milvian Bridge, Constantine's brother-in-law
Gamaliel
Wise Pharisee who counseled caution and tolerance toward followers of Christ Greatest of the Jewish scholars in the first century; taught St. Paul the Old Testament teacher of Paul: ---> "Let them alone"
Apologia
a forensic speech that makes a defense against an accusation TERTULLIAN WITH CHRISTIANITY AND CITIZENSHIP
prophet
a highly important office in the early Church
Pharisees
accepted both oral & written Torah
Council of Chalcedon (451)
affirmed- used in liturgy and as baptismal creed- became universal
restore the community aspect and show that it was a process to pray for/support with community
after the sense of a loss of community, the Church wanted to
Early Middle Ages
another name for the Dark Ages
People of the city
are afraid/suspicious of Paul
Gnostics
are not considered heretics bc they claim they are Christian, obstinately doubting/rejecting
Athanasius
as we can't separate the sun from its brilliance, so we can't separate God from the Word (Jesus, Son of God) Son:Father: : Brightness:Light
why Ambrose excommunicates Theodosius
because Theo slaughtered tons of ppl, tells him to rent, Theo argues but eventually gets it and Ambrose says that he doesn't care if Theo is an emperor and his actions green light HIS laws, bc his laws violated God's laws the two men eventually become friends
Pharisees
believed in resurrection, afterlife and angels
weakness of the communion (people of God or Body of Christ) model of the Church
can lead to excessive enthusiasm, lack of discipline, impossible ideals
weakness of the sacrament model of the Church
can lead to excessive self-concern on the part of the Church
deliberately cultivated doubt
can lead to spiritual blindness
study
can lead you to god as much as anything else
Sadducees
centered on temple worship
WATER
central symbol of Baptism
water
central symbol of Baptism
LAYING ON OF HANDS & ANOINTING WITH CHRISM
central symbols of Confirmation
Laying on of hands and anointing with Chrism
central symbols of Confirmation
libelli
certificates of having sacrificed to the gods (250 CE)
I believe in God, the Father Almighty
church affirms Hebrew Scriptures and Creator God/creation's goodness
Return after long period of severe penance
church decision regarding lapsi and traditores
Baptism
cleansed of sins, but if you mess up afterwards, you blow it
sustain unity of Church
combatted heresies= manichees, pelegians
in the end 2 cities
come to have spiritual bodies totally responsive to our good, free will
ideal way in which a person should be baptized
communal, Trinitarian (name of F,S, +H.S.), baptism in flowing water (preferably)
396
death of Valerius, Augustine becomes Bishop of Hippo
Arianism
denial of Christ's divinity; heresy named for Arius, a presbyter in Alexandria, Egypt began around 318
why it was Constantine who called for council
didn't want anything interfering, caused disunity among the empire (rule was based on unity of Christianity)
PhIlotheos Bryennios
discovered the complete Didache text in 1873
voluntary doubt about faith
disregards or refuses to hold as true what God has revealed and the Church proposes for belief
voluntary doubt about faith
disregards or refuses to hold as true what God has revealed and the Church proposes for relief
Luke
does not discriminate against women
Apostles Creed
early Creed answering Gnosticism
differences between RCIA and early rite of initiation
early rite: - stripped naked - little to no prep - exorcism with oil RCIA: - clothed - intense, long preparation - no exorcism
efficacious signs
effect what they signify, make present the reality, grace: the very life of God present within us
Sadducees
elite, priestly group
Essenes
emphasized a celibate, acsetic, ritually pure life
Pharisees
established Synagogue system
poverty, chastity, obedience
every monk vowed to live by
Cornelius
first "public" Gentile convert to Christian faith, first Gentile to be baptized
promote the dignity of every human individual and pursuit of the common good
foundation for christian citizenship and discipleship
Tarsus in Paul's world
free city of the Roman Empire
by which divine life is dispensed to us
freely given to us
Invasions
got deeper with time in the Roman Empire WEST
Early Church
had both doubt and heresy
why Junia's name was changed
handwritten, changed bc women are less thought less of
disciples as "other Christs"
have the spirit of Christ
what the 2 "Christs" tell us about Jesus' humanity
he was a pure spirit, not physical
"In hoc signo vinces"
heard by Constantine as part of his conversion "vision"
Hadrian (117-138 CE)
hiatus of Christian persecutions under
Supreme Pontiff
high priest: mediator btwn God and Earth
resurrection of the body
humans enter fullness of life as who they are - unit of body & spirit
THE DIDACHE'S PREFERRED MANNER FOR BAPTISM
in "living" (flowing, natural) water
extreme economic and social stratification
in Rome (economically and socially)
most monastics
in the beginning, they lived very solitary lives
in hoc signo vinces
in this sign you will conquer
in hoc signo vinces
in this sign, you will conquer
material world
inferior, the Void (kenos) ruled over by God Figure (demiurge) who is "The Jewish God" of Hebrew Scriptures (rejected OT and God the Father, bc he was inferior) who created it and foolishly thinks he is the only God --> he is NOT a member of Spirit World BAD, DISGUSTING
"Baptism is the responsibility of all the baptized"
involves the entire community, one cannot be a Christian in isolation!
incredulity
is the neglect of revealed truth or the willful refusal to assent it
increduility
is the neglect of revealed truth or the willful refusal to assent to it
schism
is the refusal or submission
Lucius and his salvation
issues emerge with view of lapsi and traditores
monasticism's impacts
its benefits given to Western civilization (including spiritual) will become vital in holding what is Western culture together
Romulus Augustus
last Western Roman emperor
original, divine world
light world of spirit, the Fullness (pleroma) PERFECT
Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335-after 384)
little brother of Basil
Augustine
many roles: wild youth, father, penitent, pastor, monk, preacher, bishop, teacher and theologian, prolific writer
history
memory, identity, and interpretation
Pharisees
modern Judaism descended from them
Sadducees
no belief in afterlife
short
no matter what model- or combination of models we choose for the Church, our models will always fall
Christians in the army
now that Christianity was w/ gov, Pacifists were GONE
Political power advantages of a Christian empire
one God-one emperor; discipline
"God from God, Light form Light, True God from True God"
one example from the Nicene Creed to emphasize the equal divinity of the Son
Basil of Caesarea
one of the Cappadocian Fathers, known as the father of Eastern monasticism Father of Eastern Monasticism: incorporated study into his rule, gathered community
The Church
only centralized institution left in the Dark Ages
issue over sacraments
originally, the sacraments of initiation were celebrated all at once and administered by the Bishop
324 CE
pagan sacrifice outlawed
Patricius Aurelius (pagan father) and Saint Monica of Africa
parents of Aurelius Augustus
Hymns & prayers
part of the legacy Ambrose left to the church (Ambrosian Chant)
Decius (249-251 CE)
persecutions return under
Gentile
person of non-Jewish origin
memory
personal/collective
internal problems of Rome
poor and oppressed were tired of unfair treatment from government, they were upset
TRADITIONAL VOWS FOR RELIGIOUS LIFE
poverty, chastity, and obedience
counter-cultural lifestyle now
ppl live their own lives but try to live a simple life based on spirituality (external) - Cenobitical
prejudice (daily distribution- food, etc to widows (no other means of support)
problem between hellenists and hebrews
Philip's 4 daughters
prophetic
Philip's 4 daughters
prophets in the early church
fire (Exodus 13 reference of the Holy Spirit)
purification- especially as a preparation for a mission UNIVERSAL MESSAGE
Doubt
questioning or confusing about beliefs
people at medieval baptism for adults
quietly meet with the priest beforehand (like a test) and go to the back of the Church to a little room and quietly baptized
Pope Francis
raised the liturgical celebration of the memorial of St. Mary Magdalene to the dignity of a feast, same as Paul
Result of Council of Chalcedon
reaffirmed Nicene Creed: Christ both full human and fully divine
Diaspora
reason of feud between Hellenists and Hebrews: the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel - jewish communities all over empire (exile, etc)- adopted Greek language and customs--- Hellenism - effect: mixed language community
he was a trader and blasphemous
reason that the Sanhedrin was named after Paul
involuntary doubt
refers to hesitation in believing, difficulty in overcoming objections connected w/ the faith or also the anxiety aroused by obscurity
involuntary doubt
refers to hesitation in believing, difficulty in overcoming objections connected with the faith or also the anxiety aroused by its obscurity
veneration
respect, honor, ask saints and Mary to pray with/for us
Plato
revival of interest in him, Gnosticism is rooted in INTERPRETATIONS of Plato's work
Zealots
revolutionaries who called for overthrow of Roman rule
Justice and compassion
right worship demands right living:
weakness of the institution model of the Church
rigid, doctrinaire, conformist- can be idolatrous
Maxentius
rival defeated by Constantine,
Theodosius's punishment
sacramental penance outside of Baptism- very public
Eastern Orthodox
sacraments (administered by PRIESTS) remain as one and are given regardless of age
personal and ecclessial
sacraments are - you cannot be a Christian in isolation, Christianity is like a family ---> anything that affects one affects all
their own reality through symbols (rituals)
sacraments each convey
reality through symbols (rituals)
sacraments each convey their own
it is no out of the person's free will
sacraments will have no effect if
not out of the person's free will
sacraments will have no effect if it is
free will
sacraments will have no effect if it is not out of the person's
selections from the Gospel of Thomas
secret sayings- elite living Jesus- living spirit, can't die, no resurrection will not taste death- spirit can't die caracass- like roadkill, dead things world is a stinky, gross thing, why would anyone want to be a part of it? some form of bragging
symbolic thinking
sees things in relationship to all other things and as having meaning at many levels, necessary for an understanding of SACRAMENTS
Domitian (81-96 CE)
severe persecutions under after Nero
asceticism
severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons
Christ as emperor
shift in Christian spirituality in Dark Ages
Monte Cassino
site of the oldest monastery in western Christianity; in Italy; monastery destroyed during WWII Benedict's monastery
Jerusalem
site of the temple
deacons- for service
solution between hellenists and hebrews
apologist
someone who gives a reasonable defense of the faith
apostate
someone who totally renounces faith (and does not wish to return)
blasphemy
speaking ill or untrue things about God
Pelagius, English monk
started the Pelegians
duties as supreme pastor
strict Church discipline: many letters calling for moral life, spiritual focus
North Africa
suffered the most from Christian persecutions
baptism
symbol- water (washing away sin) sign of the cross words: renunciation of evil and profession of faith: tuning toward God (conversion) personal commitment to Christ, water (immersion or pouring) anointing with oil (handout of explanatory rights): new life
water
symbols of Baptism
Laying on of hands and anointing with Chrism
symbols of Confirmation
Pharisees
taught that Torah was for everyone
not everywhere, not all the time
the Christian persecutions were
strength of the herald model of the Church
the Church has an ongoing call to preach the Gospel, to bring ppl to faith in Christ
strength of the servant model of the Church
the Church is called to transform the world- consistent with the modern situation of the Church
Samaritans and then Gentiles
the Church now has expanded from a sect within Judaism to include
you do not have to be Jewish to be Christian
the Council of Jerusalem decided that
under Emperor Constantine
the Edict of Milan (313) was made
Aramaic (and Hebrew for education)
the Hebrews spoke
Greek speaking jewish ppl
the Hellenists spoke
Valentinian II and his mother Justina
the emperor at the time and his mother: embraced Arianism- denial of Jesus's divinity
Council of Jerusalem
the first church council, which was called to resolve the growing controversy over whether or not gentile christians would have to observe jewish law
a lost community over the centuries (escaped from roots/origins-personal and ecclesial!!)
the medieval sacrament rituals led to
heresy
the obstinate (extremely stubborn) post-baptismal denial of some truth which must be believed with divine or catholic faith
64 CE, under Emperor Nero
the period of persecutions began in
313 CE, under Emperor Constantine
the period of persecutions ended in
phases
the persecutions came in
the emperor and the area
the time of persecutions depended on
kenoma
the void, material world
negatives of Christianity being unified with gov
their ideas clashes with each other, they became more subject to societal convention
goal of Manichaeism
to release light with the knowledge that you have ---> asceticism, strict fasting (were not allowed to have heavy foods, so you were less fleshly, lists of what you can and cannot eat)
at the Easter Virgil
to restore the community, initiation was done
Pentecost
traditionally referred to as "The Birthday of the Church"
God as ruler
uncertain fate and conditions gave ppl strong sense of God as true ruler NEW EMPEROR: CHRIST
sea travel
unintentionally made it easier for Christian missionaries to spread message throughout empire
what is indicated by Paul greeting Prisca before her husband
unusual, indicates she has status
Gamaliel
urges tolerance for the Christians
Logos
was a creature called out of nonexistence by God- as a creature just like any human being- there was a time when he did not exist
kopiao
was word for Paul's ministry + women
analogy, through models
we can only begin to understand the Church as a mystery through
most slaves
were prisoners of war (maids, servants, cooks, teachers of wealthy homes)
absolute allegiance (comes in form of conformity, Christians are now official enemies of state bc they don't follow current Roman religion)
what Rome demanded due to its problems
we are worthless
what the classes of Gnosticism tell us about our humanity
that women were first to see Jesus post-resurrection
what was embarrassing for Church at the time
nothing
what woman's word meant
after the Edict of Milan (313)
when Monasticism developed
Societal convention
when a character conforms to society
Thagaste, North Africa (modern-day Souk Ahras, Algeria, in 354 CE)
where Aurelius Augustus is born
it was heresy (or considered to be heretical)
why Gnostic writings were never accepted as part of the Christian Bible
to worship bc they were Jewish
why meetings were in temple courts
Ruach/Pneuma
wind, breath, spirit NEW CREATION
Monastic communities
withdraw from the affairs of the world in order to seek God through asceticism and silence
Essenes
withdrew from corrupt society to a monastic form of life
Mary, Persis, Tryphena, Tryphosa, Junia
women in ministry in Rome
nothing
women's word meant
Grace and Free Will
work together
adoration
worship- given only to God
adults receiving communion and confirmation
would go to the back of the lines with the kids receiving
Irenaeus
wrote against Gnosticism in his work Against All Heresies
TERTULLIAN
wrote the earliest known treatise completely dedicated to Baptism
