1.1 ARDS, Respiratory Failure, Pneumo

A 242-pound client is being mechanically ventilated. To prevent lung injury, what setting should the nurse anticipate for tidal volume? (Record your answer using a whole number.) ___ mL

ANS: 660 mL A low tidal volume of 6 mL/kg is used to prevent lung injury. 242 pounds = 110 kg. 110 kg 6 mL/kg = 660 mL. DIF:Applying/Application REF: 627

The nurse is caring for a patient in acute respiratory failure and understands that the patient should be positioned (Select all that apply.) a. high Fowler's. b. side lying with head of bed elevated. c. sitting in a chair. d. supine with the bed flat. e. Trendelenburg.

ANS: A, B, C Patients in respiratory distress are unable to tolerate a flat position. Trendelenburg would also be contraindicated as the weight of the organs on the lungs would inhibit movement. High Fowler's is appropriate. Side lying with head of bed elevated, sitting in a chair, and high Fowler's position are all appropriate ways to position the patient to facilitate gas exchange and comfort.

Which of the following are components of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's (IHI's) ventilator bundle? (Select all that apply.) a. Interrupt sedation each day to assess readiness to extubate. b. Maintain head of bed at least 30 degrees of elevation. c. Provide deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. d. Provide prophylaxis for peptic ulcer disease. e. Swab the mouth with foam swabs every 2 hours.

ANS: A, B, C, D Options A, B, C, and D are components of the IHI ventilator bundle. Oral care with chlorhexidine has recently been added to the IHI bundle. Swabbing alone provides comfort care. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply/Application REF: p. 407

The nurse caring for mechanically ventilated clients uses best practices to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. What actions are included in this practice? (Select all that apply.) a. Adherence to proper hand hygiene b. Administering anti-ulcer medication c. Elevating the head of the bed d. Providing oral care per protocol e. Suctioning the client on a regular schedule

ANS: A, B, C, D The ventilator bundle is a group of care measures to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Actions in the bundle include using proper hand hygiene, giving anti-ulcer medications, elevating the head of the bed, providing frequent oral care per policy, preventing aspiration, and providing pulmonary hygiene measures. Suctioning is done as needed. REF: 634

The nurse is caring for a mechanically ventilated patient. The nurse understands that strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Drain condensate from the ventilator tubing away from the patient. b. Elevate the head of the bed 30 to 45 degrees. c. Instill normal saline as part of the suctioning procedure. d. Perform regular oral care with chlorhexidine. e. Awaken the patient daily to determine the need for continued ventilation.

ANS: A, B, D Condensate should be drained away from the patient to avoid drainage back into the patient's airway. Prevention guidelines recommend elevating the head of bed at 30 to 45 degrees. Regular antiseptic oral care, with an agent such as chlorhexidine, reduces oropharyngeal colonization. Daily "sedation holidays" help determine the need to continue mechanical ventilation. Normal saline is not recommended as part of the suctioning procedure, and it may increase the risk for infection.

Which of the following statements is true regarding oral care for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)? (Select all that apply.) a. Tooth brushing is performed every 2 hours for the greatest effect. b. Implementing a comprehensive oral care program is an intervention for preventing VAP. c. Oral care protocols should include oral suctioning and brushing teeth. d. Protocols that include chlorhexidine gluconate have been effective in preventing VAP. e. Using oral swabs or toothettes are just as effective as brushing the teeth.

ANS: B, C, D A comprehensive oral care protocol is an intervention for preventing VAP. It includes oral suction, brushing teeth every 12 hours, and swabbing. Chlorhexidine gluconate has been effective in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. Actual toothbrushing is vital to the VAP bundle. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply/Application REF: Box 15-6

A client is on mechanical ventilation and the clients spouse wonders why ranitidine (Zantac) is needed since the client only has lung problems. What response by the nurse is best? a. It will increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. b. It will keep the gastrointestinal tract functioning normally. c. It will prepare the gastrointestinal tract for enteral feedings. d. It will prevent ulcers from the stress of mechanical ventilation.

ANS: D Stress ulcers occur in many clients who are receiving mechanical ventilation, and often prophylactic medications are used to prevent them. Frequently used medications include antacids, histamine blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. Zantac is a histamine blocking agent. REF: 634

A client is brought to the emergency department after sustaining injuries in a severe car crash. The clients chest wall does not appear to be moving normally with respirations, oxygen saturation is 82%, and the client is cyanotic. What action by the nurse is the priority? a. Administer oxygen and reassess. b. Auscultate the clients lung sounds. c. Facilitate a portable chest x-ray. d. Prepare to assist with intubation.

ANS: D This client has manifestations of flail chest and, with the other signs, needs to be intubated and mechanically ventilated immediately. The nurse does not have time to administer oxygen and wait to reassess, or to listen to lung sounds. A chest x-ray will be taken after the client is intubated. REF: 627

The nurse is caring for a patient who is being turned prone as part of treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome. The nurse understands that the priority nursing concern for this patient is which of the following? a. Management and protection of the airway b. Prevention of gastric aspiration c. Prevention of skin breakdown and nerve damage d. Psychological support to patient and family

ANS: A All are important, but protection of the airway is the most important intervention if the patient is placed in the prone position.

A client in the emergency department has several broken ribs. What care measure will best promote comfort? a. Allowing the client to choose the position in bed b. Humidifying the supplemental oxygen c. Offering frequent, small drinks of water d. Providing warmed blankets

ANS: A Allow the client with respiratory problems to assume a position of comfort if it does not interfere with care. Often the client will choose a more upright position, which also improves oxygenation. The other options are less effective comfort measures. DIF:Applying/Application REF: 625

The etiology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is related to damage to the a. alveolar-capillary membrane. b. left ventricle. c. mainstem bronchus. d. trachea.

ANS: A Damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane results in noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. None of the other responses apply.

The patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) would exhibit which of the following symptoms? a. Decreasing PaO2 levels despite increased FiO2 administration b. Elevated alveolar surfactant levels c. Increased lung compliance with increased FiO2 administration d. Respiratory acidosis associated with hyperventilation

ANS: A Patients with ARDS often have hypoxemia refractory to treatment. Surfactant levels are often diminished in ARDS. Compliance decreases in ARDS. In early ARDS, hyperventilation may occur along with respiratory alkalosis.

During rounds, the provider alerts the team that proning is being considered for a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The nurse understands that proning is a. an optional treatment to improve ventilation. b. less of a risk for skin breakdown because the patient is face down. c. possible with minimal help from coworkers. d. used to provide continuous lateral rotational turning.

ANS: A Proning is considered to improve ventilation by shifting perfusion from the posterior bases of the lung to the anterior portion. The patient is not responding to treatment, and all options should be considered. The patient remains at risk for skin breakdown due to immobility; during proning, the risk is in the dependent areas, such as the face. Proning is a labor-intensive procedure, and the nurse needs help from team members to ensure a safe turn, including protection of the airway. Continuous lateral rotation is a therapy done in the supine position with a specialized bed.

A nurse is caring for a client on mechanical ventilation and finds the client agitated and thrashing about. What action by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Assess the cause of the agitation. b. Reassure the client that he or she is safe. c. Restrain the clients hands. d. Sedate the client immediately.

ANS: A The nurse needs to determine the cause of the agitation. The inability to communicate often makes clients anxious, even to the point of panic. Pain and confusion can also cause agitation. Once the nurse determines the cause of the agitation, he or she can implement measures to relieve the underlying cause. Reassurance is also important but may not address the etiology of the agitation. Restraints and more sedation may be necessary, but not as a first step.REF: 631

Which of the following are physiological effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) used in the treatment of ARDS? (Select all that apply.) a. Increases functional residual capacity b. Prevents collapse of unstable alveoli c. Improves arterial oxygenation d. Opens collapsed alveoli e. Improves carbon dioxide retention

ANS: A, B, C, D Ventilatory support for ARDS typically includes PEEP to restore functional residual capacity, open collapsed alveoli, prevent collapse of unstable alveoli, and improve arterial oxygenation. PEEP does not improve CO2 retention. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand/Comprehension REF: p. 400

The nurse caring for mechanically ventilated clients knows that older adults are at higher risk for weaning failure. What age-related changes contribute to this? (Select all that apply.) a. Chest wall stiffness b. Decreased muscle strength c. Inability to cooperate d. Less lung elasticity e. Poor vision and hearing

ANS: A, B, D Age-related changes that increase the difficulty of weaning older adults from mechanical ventilation include increased stiffness of the chest wall, decreased muscle strength, and less elasticity of lung tissue. Not all older adults have an inability to cooperate or poor sensory acuity. REF: 635

A nurse is caring for a client who is on mechanical ventilation. What actions will promote comfort in this client? (Select all that apply.) a. Allow visitors at the clients bedside. b. Ensure the client can communicate if awake. c. Keep the television tuned to a favorite channel. d. Provide back and hand massages when turning. e. Turn the client every 2 hours or more.

ANS: A, B, D, E There are many basic care measures that can be employed for the client who is on a ventilator. Allowing visitation, providing a means of communication, massaging the clients skin, and routinely turning and repositioning the client are some of them. Keeping the TV on will interfere with sleep and rest. REF: 632

Identify diagnostic criteria for ARDS. (Select all that apply.) a. Bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray study b. Decreased cardiac output c. PaO2/ FiO2 ratio of less than 200 d. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) of more than 18 mm Hg e. PAOP less than 18 mm Hg

ANS: A, C Diagnostic criteria for ARDS include bilateral infiltrates, or "white out," on chest x-ray study and a low PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Decreased cardiac output and a high PAOP are seen in pulmonary edema associated with cardiac causes. The PAOP description was deleted from the current definition. DIF:Cognitive Level: Remember/KnowledgeREF:pp. 396-397

The nurse calculates the PaO2/FiO2 ratio for the following values: PaO2 is 78 mm Hg; FiO2 is 0.6 (60%). a. 46.8; meets criteria for ARDS b. 130; meets criteria for ARDS c. 468; normal lung function d. Not enough data to compute the ratio

ANS: B 78/0.60 = 130, which meets the criteria for ARDS. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze/Analysis REF: p. 396

The nurse is assessing a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome. An expected assessment is a. cardiac output of 10 L/min and low systemic vascular resistance. b. PAOP of 10 mm Hg and PaO2 of 55. c. PAOP of 20 mm Hg and cardiac output of 3 L/min. d. PAOP of 5 mm Hg and high systemic vascular resistance.

ANS: B A normal PAOP with hypoxemia is an expected assessment finding in ARDS although this has been deleted from the most current definition. Cardiac output of 10 L/min and low systemic vascular resistance are expected findings in sepsis. PAOP of 20 mm Hg and cardiac output of 3 L/min are expected findings in heart failure. PAOP of 5 mm Hg and high systemic vascular resistance are expected findings in hypovolemic shock.

A nurse is preparing to admit a client on mechanical ventilation from the emergency department. What action by the nurse takes priority? a. Assessing that the ventilator settings are correct b. Ensuring there is a bag-valve-mask in the room c. Obtaining personal protective equipment d. Planning to suction the client upon arrival to the room

ANS: B Having a bag-valve-mask device is critical in case the client needs manual breathing. The respiratory therapist is usually primarily responsible for setting up the ventilator, although the nurse should know and check the settings. Personal protective equipment is important, but ensuring client safety takes priority. The client may or may not need suctioning on arrival.REF: 628

The nurse is assessing a patient. Which assessment would cue the nurse to the potential of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? a. Increased oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry b. Increased peak inspiratory pressure on the ventilator c. Normal chest radiograph with enlarged cardiac structures d. PaO2/FiO2 ratio >300

ANS: B Increased peak inspiratory pressures are often early indicators of ARDS. Oxygen saturation decreases in ARDS. Chest x-ray study will show progressive infiltrates. In ARDS, a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of less than 200 is a criterion. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply/Application REF: p. 399

The basic underlying pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome results in a. a decrease in the number of white blood cells available. b. damage to the right mainstem bronchus. c. damage to the type II pneumocytes, which produce surfactant. d. decreased capillary permeability.

ANS: C Acute respiratory distress syndrome results in damage to the pneumocytes, increased capillary permeability, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand/Comprehension REF: p. 398 | Figure 15-2

A nurse is assisting the health care provider who is intubating a client. The provider has been attempting to intubate for 40 seconds. What action by the nurse takes priority? a. Ensure the client has adequate sedation. b. Find another provider to intubate. c. Interrupt the procedure to give oxygen. d. Monitor the clients oxygen saturation.

ANS: C Each intubation attempt should not exceed 30 seconds (15 is preferable) as it causes hypoxia. The nurse should interrupt the intubation attempt and give the client oxygen. The nurse should also have adequate sedation during the procedure and monitor the clients oxygen saturation, but these do not take priority. Finding another provider is not appropriate at this time. REF: 628

The nurse is caring for a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome who is hypoxemic despite mechanical ventilation. The provider prescribes a nontraditional ventilator mode as part of treatment. Despite sedation and analgesia, the patient remains restless and appears to be in discomfort. The nurse informs the provider of this assessment and anticipates an order for a. continuous lateral rotation therapy. b. guided imagery. c. neuromuscular blockade. d. prone positioning.

ANS: C Paralysis and additional sedation may be needed if the patient requires nontraditional ventilation. Guided imagery is an excellent nonpharmacological approach to manage anxiety; however, the nontraditional mode of ventilation usually requires that the patient receive neuromuscular blockade. Prone positioning is a treatment for refractory hypoxemia but not indicated to treat this patient, who is restless and appears to be in discomfort. Lateral rotation is not a mode of ventilation; it is used as part of a progressive mobility program for critically ill patients.

A client is on a ventilator and is sedated. What care may the nurse delegate to the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? a. Assess the client for sedation needs. b. Get family permission for restraints. c. Provide frequent oral care per protocol. d. Use nonverbal pain assessment tools.

ANS: C The client on mechanical ventilation needs frequent oral care, which can be delegated to the UAP. The other actions fall within the scope of practice of the nurse. REF: 632

A client has been brought to the emergency department with a life-threatening chest injury. What action by the nurse takes priority? a. Apply oxygen at 100%. b. Assess the respiratory rate. c. Ensure a patent airway. d. Start two large-bore IV lines.

ANS: C The priority for any chest trauma client is airway, breathing, circulation. The nurse first ensures the client has a patent airway. Assessing respiratory rate and applying oxygen are next, followed by inserting IVs. REF: 635

An intubated clients oxygen saturation has dropped to 88%. What action by the nurse takes priority? a. Determine if the tube is kinked. b. Ensure all connections are patent. c. Listen to the clients lung sounds. d. Suction the endotracheal tube.

ANS: C When an intubated client shows signs of hypoxia, check for DOPE: displaced tube (most common cause), obstruction (often by secretions), pneumothorax, and equipment problems. The nurse listens for equal, bilateral breath sounds first to determine if the endotracheal tube is still correctly placed. If this assessment is normal, the nurse would follow the mnemonic and assess the patency of the tube and connections and perform suction. REF: 629

A student nurse asks for an explanation of refractory hypoxemia. What answer by the nurse instructor is best? a. It is chronic hypoxemia that accompanies restrictive airway disease. b. It is hypoxemia from lung damage due to mechanical ventilation. c. It is hypoxemia that continues even after the client is weaned from oxygen. d. It is hypoxemia that persists even with 100% oxygen administration.

ANS: D Refractory hypoxemia is hypoxemia that persists even with the administration of 100% oxygen. It is a cardinal sign of acute respiratory distress syndrome. It does not accompany restrictive airway disease and is not caused by the use of mechanical ventilation or by being weaned from oxygen. DIF:Understanding/Comprehension REF: 625

A student nurse asks for an explanation of refractory hypoxemia. What answer by the nurse instructor is best? a. It is chronic hypoxemia that accompanies restrictive airway disease. b. It is hypoxemia from lung damage due to mechanical ventilation. c. It is hypoxemia that continues even after the client is weaned from oxygen. d. It is hypoxemia that persists even with 100% oxygen administration.

ANS: D Refractory hypoxemia is hypoxemia that persists even with the administration of 100% oxygen. It is a cardinal sign of acute respiratory distress syndrome. It does not accompany restrictive airway disease and is not caused by the use of mechanical ventilation or by being weaned from oxygen. REF: 625

Chpt 15 SOLE The nurse is caring for a patient with acute respiratory failure and identifies "Risk for Ineffective Airway Clearance" as a nursing diagnosis. A nursing intervention relevant to this diagnosis is to a. elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees. b. obtain an order for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. c. provide adequate sedation. d. reposition the patient every 2 hours.

ANS: D Repositioning the patient will facilitate mobilization of secretions. Elevating the head of bed is an intervention to prevent infection. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is ordered to prevent complications of immobility. Sedation is an intervention to manage anxiety, and administration of sedatives increases the risk for retained secretions. DIF:Cognitive Level: Analyze/AnalysisREF:p. 396

A nurse is caring for a client on mechanical ventilation. When double-checking the ventilator settings with the respiratory therapist, what should the nurse ensure as a priority? a. The client is able to initiate spontaneous breaths. b. The inspired oxygen has adequate humidification. c. The upper peak airway pressure limit alarm is off. d. The upper peak airway pressure limit alarm is on.

ANS: D The upper peak airway pressure limit alarm will sound when the airway pressure reaches a preset maximum. This is critical to prevent damage to the lungs. Alarms should never be turned off. Initiating spontaneous breathing is important for some modes of ventilation but not others. Adequate humidification is important but does not take priority over preventing injury. REF: 632