PSY 140 TOPHAT - CHAPTER 05

example of misattribution

flashbulb memories

semantic memories

general world knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives

chunking

grouping together and using meaningful structure

Memory schemas

highly organized sets of facts and knowledge about specific kinds of information

memory span

how many items can be kept active in mind at one time

Encoding

how our brains commit an event to memory

encoding specificity principle

how we encode information affects how we are able to retrieve it

anterograde amnesia

inability to make new memories

Factors such as location, mood, and mental state can ________.

influence your memory

amnesia

memory loss due to physical damage or problems in brain

persistence

memory system fails to prevent the recall of a memory that is unwanted

bias

our memory systems are influenced by knowledge and beliefs

Cues

pieces of information in the present that help us remember events from the past

encoding problem

problem our brains have to solve in order to encode information

elaborative rehearsal

process of actively manipulating information in immediate memory -meaningfully relating the new information to what is already stored

free recall

recall studied information without help

spacing effect

studying over multiple hours, days, weeks, or months is the key to long-term learning

sensory memory

system that keeps information translated by the senses briefly active in a relatively unaltered, unexamined form

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state

when they cannot remember a piece of information, -but have a powerful feeling that they know what they are trying to remember

blocking

whether the cues we have available are enough to help us remember a piece of information

working memory model

-immediate memory is not simply a place for the storage of information -primarily a place for the manipulation of information

transfer-appropriate processing

-memories are most easily and efficiently stored and retrieved -when the type of "processing" that the brain uses when the memory is first stored matches the processing used as the time of retrieval

adaptive memory

-study of memory systems that have evolved to help retain survival- and fitness-related information

retrieval practice/testing effect

-when we retrieve information: -relationship between the memory and the cues that help us retrieve it = enhanced

Hyperthymesia is primarily ____________. A Near perfect autobiographical memory B Near perfect semantic memory C Near perfect procedural memory D Near perfect implicit memory

A Near perfect autobiographical memory

Frank is a former alcoholic who seems to have some kind of amnesia. What kind is he more likely to have? A Retrograde amnesia B Anterograde amnesia

B Anterograde amnesia

Elizabeth Loftus implies that many "repressed memories" in therapy are which of the following. A The result of the therapist unintentionally guiding clients to true memories that had been buried. B The result of the therapist unintentionally guiding clients to imagine events that had never occurred. C The result of the therapist intentionally guiding clients to true memories that had been buried. D The Result of the therapist intentionally guiding clients to imagine events that had never occurred.

B The result of the therapist unintentionally guiding clients to imagine events that had never occurred.

What physical attributes appear to explain hyperthymesia? A An enlarged amygdala B An enlarged hippocampus C Additional connections between the amygdala and hippocampus D Fewer connections between the amygdala and hippocampus

C Additional connections between the amygdala and hippocampus

Sperling's partial report technique provides evidence for _________. A Echoic memory B Procedural memory C Iconic memory D Immediate memory E Semantic memory

C Iconic memory

How did the researchers implant the false memory of being lost in a shopping mall? A They told the participants that they had been lost repeatedly, forcing them to accept it as true. B They asked misleading questions about being lost in a shopping mall as a child to the subjects, leading to the misinformation effect. C They implanted a false "childhood memory" of being lost in a shopping mall among retellings of other, true childhood memories that the subjects read. D They used neuroscientific techniques to implant the memory directly into participants' brains.

C They implanted a false "childhood memory" of being lost in a shopping mall among retellings of other, true childhood memories that the subjects read.

A "reinforcer test," or contingency analysis, allows one to empirically determine which of the following? A If there is a contingency between a response and a consequence B If an antecedent functions as an S D or as an S C Whether the consequence stimulus is a primary or secondary reinforcer D If the consequence stimulus functions as a reinforcer for the target behavior

D If the consequence stimulus functions as a reinforcer for the target behavior

Fill in the blanks: __________ are complex knowledge structures that help us put information in context. However, they often lead to __________. A Biases; under-generalization B Schemas; under-generalization C Biases; over-generalization D Schemas; over-generalization

D Schemas; over-generalization

Retrograde amnesia

Someone hits their head and forgets everything about themselves -eventually recover

immediate memory/short-term memory

actively holds information at the front of your mind

hyperthymesia

an exceptionally rare medical condition that leads to near perfect autobiographical recall

Mnemonics

any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval (remembering) in the human memory.

Person-Action-Object (PAO) strategy

assign to each card in a deck a person, an action, and an object.

phonological loop

auditory and verbal information is temporarily stored and manipulated

inner voice

evidence that information in immediate memory can be represented verbally

Déjà vu

can't remember the source of the information

inteference

conflicting memories

Massed practice

cramming

Sheila is studying for her history test using flash cards. She goes through the flash cards one at a time, looking at the dates she needs to know and then writing down what happened on that date. When she's finished her stack of flash cards, she checks to see if her responses are correct. What kind of recall test is Sheila using?

cued recall

According to the reading, what one-word response is NOT responsible for the sin of transience?

decay

central executive

direct the flow of information not only to and from the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad also to and from long-term memory

shallow processing

encoding information based on only its surface/physical characteristics

Errors of commission

wrong or unwanted information is brought to mind

Which of the following is NOT an example of the mind being represented as a metaphorical space? >"It's no use talking to him, he's so close-minded." >"I can't remember, that's lost to the dark corners of my mind." >"Let's allow some time for that idea to sink into our minds." >"I'm having trouble grasping that idea."

"I'm having trouble grasping that idea."

misattribution

-Incorrectly recall the source of the information we are trying to remember

Task of Memory

-Manifests itself differently

method of loci

-Mind palace a person places to-be-remembered information along a well-known pathway -such as the route to school or work

Other examples of search metaphors

-Rooms in houses

Transience

-forgetting

Match each type of elaboration with its weakness. 1 Imagery A Memories using this technique tend to be more generalized. 2 Organizational Encoding D Within-group mistakes are often made. 3 Distinctive encoding C Potentially time-consuming 4 Self Referential encoding A Memories using this technique tend to be more generalized B Potentially culture-bound to individualistic cultures C Potentially time-consuming D Within-group mistakes are often made

1 Imagery A Memories using this technique tend to be more generalized. 2 Organizational Encoding D Within-group mistakes are often made. 3 Distinctive encoding C Potentially time-consuming 4 Self Referential encoding B Potentially culture-bound to individualistic cultures.

Match each type of elaboration with its example. 1 Imagery 2 Organization 3 Distinctiveness 4 Self-Reference A Thinking about the penny you picked up this morning on your way to class B Thinking about how pennies are the only kinds of common American coinage that aren't silver in colour C Thinking about the coppery smell of a penny D Thinking about how pennies, dimes, and nickels are all American coins

1 Imagery C Thinking about the coppery smell of a penny 2 Organization D Thinking about how pennies¸ dimes¸ and nickels are all American coins. 3 Distinctiveness B Thinking about how pennies are the only kinds of common American coinage that aren't silver in color. 4 Self-Reference A Thinking about the penny you picked up this morning on your way to class.

Match each type of interference with its proper label. 1 Retroactive interference 2 Proactive interference A Accidentally playing a video game system you used to play as a kid incorrectly because you're used to playing on the newer, differently configured system B Accidentally giving someone directions to your school that uses a road that no longer exists

1 Retroactive interference A Accidentally playing a video game system you used to play as a kid incorrectly because you're used to playing on the newer¸ differently configured system. -- 2 Proactive interference B Accidentally giving someone directions to your school that uses a road that no longer exists.

Match each type of study strategy with the type of exam it is most appropriate for 1 Writing two-sentence explanations of terms from memory 2 Coming up with different writing prompts for a topic 3 Discriminating among terms in a list 4 Talking through the material with a friend A An oral exam B Writing a personal essay of your choice C Multiple choice test D A short-answer format exam

1 Writing two-sentence explanations of terms from memory D A short-answer format exam -- 2 Coming up with different writing prompts for a topic B Writing a personal essay of your choice -- 3 Discriminating among terms in a list C Multiple choice test -- 4 Talking through the material with a friend A An oral exam

Concrete example of reconstruction

1,000 piece puzzle -trying to remember the completed puzzle -to get there, you have to figure out how all the pieces fit together

After roughly how many seconds does the amount of information in immediate memory begin to drop off precipitously?

3 seconds

Which effective encoding strategy is an attempt to help us encode information in ways that our brains are designed to use? A Adaptive memory strategies B Using the spacing effect C Using mnemonics D Using retrieval practice

A Adaptive memory strategies

What type of long-term memory would you most likely use to answer the question, "What is the third planet from the sun?" A Semantic memory B Immediate memory C Procedural memory D Sensory memory E Episodic memory

A Semantic memory

Because Helga studied a list of words by considering whether they rhymed with the word "train," she tests herself on the list of words by writing a rhyming poem about trains. Which of the following is Helga exemplifying? A Transfer-appropriate processing B The encoding-specificity principle C Poor use of cues D An elaborative encoding strategy

A Transfer-appropriate processing

Arya is trying to remember a list of names. She rehearses the list of names to herself, imagining the person's face as she says their name while also thinking of the last time she interacted with that person. What two types of elaboration is Arya using to remember her list of names? A Imagery and distinctiveness B Imagery and self-reference C Organization and self-reference D Distinctiveness and organization

B Imagery and self-reference

Which of these is an example of the duration of immediate memory? A John's best friend Marco moved cross-country to a new city for his mother's job. John wants to write Marco a letter and send him some candy he can't find in the new city. When John goes to address the package, however, he keeps forgetting the last two digits of Marco's new zip code. B Kira is trying to remember how to spell her doctor's last name by repeating the letters to herself until she can find a pen. When she finally does finds one, her brother interrupts her writing process by asking when their parents are coming home. Kira looks up and answers him, but when she looks back down at she sheet of paper, she can't remember how to spell the rest of the doctor's name. C Lana is imagining herself on a beach she used to visit with her family as a child, looking at all of the sand and waves around her. When she tries to imagine what a boy she met one summer looks like, however, it's impossible for her to remember.

B Kira is trying to remember how to spell her doctor's last name by repeating the letters to herself until she can find a pen. When she finally does finds one, her brother interrupts her writing process by asking when their parents are coming home. Kira looks up and answers him, but when she looks back down at she sheet of paper, she can't remember how to spell the rest of the doctor's name.

Which effective encoding strategy uses chunking? A Adaptive memory B The spacing effect C Acronyms and initializations D The peg-word method

C Acronyms and initializations

Which of the following options is good test of implicit memory? A Exposing participants to a list of words, and then asking the participants to recall them. B Showing participants a list of color-word pairs, and then asking participants to recall the words given only the colors. C Exposing participants to a list of color names, then seeing if they complete the word stem "GRE__" as "GREEN." D Asking participants to remember a time when they were happy.

C Exposing participants to a list of color names, then seeing if they complete the word stem "GRE__" as "GREEN."

Which of the following is thought to "control" the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad? A The inner eye B The inner ear C The central executive D The working memory model

C The central executive

Reconstruction

Creates useful responses based on the present situation and what you've stored

Which two types of elaboration are often seen as the most complementary to one another? A Distinctiveness and imagery B Organization and self-reference C Imagery and organization D Organization and distinctiveness E Self-Reference and imagery

D Organization and distinctiveness

Which of the following is evidence that the inner eye exists? A Responding to the question, "Does the cat have whiskers?" is faster when you imagine a cat next to a horse compared to a cat next to a mouse. B Responding to the question, "Does the cat have whiskers?" is faster when you imagine a cat next to a horse compared to a cat next to a zebra. C Responding to the question, "Does the cat have whiskers?" is faster when you imagine a cat next to a mouse compared to a cat next to a beetle. D Responding to the question, "Does the cat have whiskers?" is faster when you imagine a cat next to a mouse compared to a cat next to a horse.

D Responding to the question, "Does the cat have whiskers?" is faster when you imagine a cat next to a mouse compared to a cat next to a horse.

Ronaldo is planning on making dinner when he gets home, using his favorite ingredient: Shrimp. His favorite thing about shrimp is how their shells crack when you peel them. Currently, Ronaldo is walking along the beach, looking up at the sky to find constellations he knows, like Ursa Major. As he steps on an aluminum can, crushing it, the gentle sea breeze wafts the odor of fresh crab cakes to his nose from the boardwalk, and he can hear the crash of waves in the distance. Suddenly, he remembers that he needs to stop by the grocery store on the way home to pick up the shrimp. Which of the following is the most likely cue for this memory? A Seeing Ursa Major - the stars reminded him of the thousands of tiny shrimp in the sea. B Smelling the crab cakes - the smell of seafood reminds him of the shrimp. C Hearing the waves crash - the sound reminds him of the sizzling shrimp soup he makes. D Stepping on the can - the crushing of the can reminds him of the sound of peeling shrimp.

D Stepping on the can - the crushing of the can reminds him of the sound of peeling shrimp.

Janice made a bad decision, and lost her phone while she was drinking. According to the encoding-specificity principle, under what conditions will she most likely remember where she left her phone? A When she is a good mood B When she is in a bad mood C When she is on land D When she is drinking

D When she is drinking

Trisha is trying to remember what color the friendship bracelet that her best friend Alex gave her in second grade was. What kind of memory is Trisha using? A Semantic memory B Immediate memory C Procedural memory D Sensory memory E Episodic memory

E Episodic memory

Plato and Aristotle Wax Tablet

Experience pressed on tablet -Creating shapes and patterns of writing -When we remember: -search over wax tablet -Find correct written passage

True or false: flashbulb memories are not susceptible to errors

False: flashbulb memories are more susceptible to errors

What is the true usefulness of memory?

Help you in the present

Memory as the combination of both the information in the environment and what you have stored shows how memory does which of the following? - Helps form an adaptive - Is well-expressed as a search metaphor - Is fundamentally pre-constructive - Is like a recording device

Helps form an adaptive response

retrieval problem

How we retrieve information

echoic memory

In the auditory system, the lingering neuronal activity is called an echo

Failure of Search

Inability to remember something -couldn't find it in mental space

explicit memory

Intentionally trying to recall information

loci

Latin for places

Which of the following is not an example of a search metaphor for memory? -Looking through a forest for a particular tree -Playing a particular melody on the piano -Trying to find a particular friend in a crowded room -Locating a country on a map

Playing a particular melody on the piano

What phrase does NOT illustrate how we often talk about thoughts and memories as if they were physical objects? A "The thought escapes me." B "Put yourself in my shoes." C >"Run that idea by me one more time." D >"I'm really struggling to grasp your main point."

Put yourself in my shoes

Which metaphor is better? Search metaphor or Reconstruction? Why?

Reconstruction: -Specifically searching for information is not adaptive -Doesn't follow the true usefulness of memory

What does the penny example above illustrate? -A failure of search -Pulling out the wrong penny -Remembering something correctly -Search metaphors are insufficient

Search metaphors are insufficient

Search Metaphor

Talk about memory in day-to-day life -Talk about mind as a place that holds something physically

Match each piece of hypothetical data with the idea it is most likely to support. 1 The length of an imagined path relates to how long it takes you to imagine walking down it. 2 The letters "A" and "J" are often mistaken for one another in immediate memory. 3 Shouting random numbers at your friend while he's trying to count the number of cards in a pile causes him to mess up and start over. 4 Remembering "ROY G. BIV" is simpler than remembering "Red¸ orange¸ yellow¸ green¸ blue¸ indigo¸ violet." A The Inner Eye B Chunking C Rehersal D The Inner Voice

The length of an imagined path relates to how long it takes you to imagine walking down it = inner eye The letters "A" and "J" are often mistaken for one another in immediate memory. = inner voice Shouting random numbers at your friend while he's trying to count the number of cards in a pile causes him to mess up and start over. = Rehersal Remembering "ROY G. BIV" is simpler than remembering "Red¸ orange¸ yellow¸ green¸ blue¸ indigo¸ violet." = chunking

Imagine that you are playing a game where everyone has to go around naming members of a category. This time, the category is "four-footed animals." Your friend Amir has named a lion, while your friend Britney has named a leopard. Based on the knowledge that what we remember is based on not only information stored in our heads but also on currently available information, which answer do you think will come to you most readily? -Bear -Dog -Tiger -Moose

Tiger

True or false: Memory takes information from the environment to trigger useful memories

True

True or false: We seem to remember some events better than others?

True

True or false: When technology changes, metaphor for memory changes as well

True

What is useful function of memory?

Using information about the past in combination with information in present to make useful responses

The inner __________ is to the visuospatial sketchpad as the inner __________ is to the phonological loop. (Separate your answers with a comma.)

eye,voice

Errors of omission

information cannot be brought to mind

absent-mindedness

information is not encoded to begin with due to: attention or a failure to elaborately rehearse the information

suggestibility

information that is misremembered to have been suggested by an outside source

Duration

length of time information is retained

implicit memory

long-term memory Acquired and used unconsciously, and can affect thoughts and behaviours

Deep processing

making meaningful connections to existing knowledge

flashbulb memories

memories for events that are both surprising and particularly significant

memory decay

memories simply fade away due to the passage of time

storage

memories stored as part of its physical structure

seven sins of memory

memory errors

episodic memories

memory of autobiographical events -can be stated or conjured in great detail

misinformation effect

misremember characteristics

iconic memory

neuronal activity that loiters in our brains itself is an icon

Retroactive interference

newly learned information makes it more difficult to recall older information

Proactive interference

old information interferes with new information

Rehearsal

repeating information to yourself

visuospatial sketchpad

representation of the inner eye in the mode -represents a place where visual and spatial information is stored and manipulated

procedural memory

responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills -stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike

deep processing encodes information _________

semantically

What type of processing task is counting the number of vowels in a word?

shallow processing

long-term memory systems

used to store and recall information over lengthy periods of time

inner eye

visual coding and perception