13.1: Pathogens and Human Illness, 13.2 Immune System, 13.3 Immune Responses, 31.4 Immunity and Technology, 31.5 Overreactions of the Immune Systems, 31.6 Diseases that Weaken the Immune System

HIV

Virus infects T cells, T cells start dying, bone marrow cannot replace T cells, opportunistic diseases infect the body

Dead pathogens, weakened pathogens, pieces of dead pathogens, or bacterial toxins.

What are four different things vaccines can be made of?

metals (ex. nickel), insect venom, drugs (ex. penicillin)

What are some examples of a chemical allergen?

pollen, dandelions, grass, spores, mold, dander

What are some examples of airborne allergens?

Soap, rubbing alcohol, vinegar

What are some examples of antiseptics?

nuts, shellfish, fish, dairy, eggs, soy, wheat

What are some examples of food allergens?

- memory cells produced - T cells important - phagocytes important - produces active immunity

What are some similarities between humoral and cellular immunity?

rashes, anaphylaxis

What are some symptoms of an allergic reaction to a chemical allergen?

asthma, scratchy throat, itchy eyes, rashes

What are some symptoms of an allergic reaction to airborne allergens?

They fight infection by causing pathogens to clump, by making them ineffective, or by activating complement proteins

What are three ways that antibodies help fight infection?

1. Immune system destroys cells in the pancreas 2. Pancreas stops producing insulin, a chemical that breaks down sugars

What are two things that occur when a person has Type 1 diabetes?

- Sharing needles - Sex - From a mother to her unborn baby through the umbilical cord - Breastfeeding

What are ways HIV can be passed from person to person?

Antigens on pathogens that have invaded previously

What do memory cells remember?

Produce memory cells

What do vaccines do that allow the body to gain immunity without ever getting sick?

They produce histamines and chemicals that cause inflammation

What do white blood cells do that causes an allergic reaction?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

What does AIDS stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

What does HIV stand for?

Tissues are not allowed to be used by the immune system

What does the word rejection help you to remember what tissue rejection means?

A substance that can produce active immunity.

What is a vaccine?

Specific responses are unique for every pathogen, nonspecific responses are the same for every pathogen

What is the difference between a specific immune response and a nonspecific immune response?

An allergy is a reaction to an allergen. An allergy is an immune response that is triggered by something that is not a pathogen.

What is the difference between an allergy and an allergen?

Memory cells are the cells that respond quickly when a pathogen invades a second time

What is the role of memory cells in providing acquired immunity?

Anaphylaxis

What is the symptom of an allergic reaction to food?

airways swell and tighten, difficulty breathing, blood vessels become porous, poor circulation

What symptoms does a person have if they are experiencing anaphylaxis?

Allergens

What triggers an allergic reaction?

Memory cells don't need to be activated to fight pathogens. They work right away.

Why does a person who has memory cells for a pathogen not get sick, while a person without memory cells for a pathogen will get sick?

leukemia

a disease in which bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells that cannot mature

mutation of pathogens to resist antibiotics

antibiotic resistance

cleaning surgical tools prevents infection

antiseptic technique

releases toxic chemicals (ex. food poisoning)

bacteria

immune system

body system that consists of organs, cells, and molecules that fight infections

Joseph Lister hypothesized that:

cleaning his surgical tools would prevent infection

When a pathogen is spread physically from one person to another. (ex. touch, bites, infected needles, breast milk, kissing)

direct contact

Louis Pasteur theorized that:

disease is caused by "small animals"

What are some examples of indirect contact?

doorknobs, air, tables, sponges, vectors, food

pierce healthy cells and take their nutrients (ex. athlete's foot)

fungi

theory that states that disease is caused by "small animals"

germ theory

Robert Koch found that:

he could make a healthy animal sick by injecting it with the pathogen

inherited immunity

immunity passed from a mother to a fetus or through mother's milk

passive immunity

immunity that is transferred through DNA, the placenta, or mother's milk, passed down from person to person

active immunity

immunity that occurs when a pathogen enters the body and prevents a person from getting sick by the same pathogen

genetic immunity

immunity transferred through DNA

characteristics of fever

increased body temperature

When a pathogen is spread across a nonliving surface. (ex. doorknobs, air, tables, sponges, vectors, food)

indirect contact

antibiotics

kill pathogens found inside the body

antiseptics

kill pathogens found outside the body

antibiotic resistance

overruse of antibiotics can cause ....

grow and feed on the host and take resources from it (ex. filaria, heartworm)

parasites

something that causes disease is called a

pathogen

preys/controls on other cells (ex. malaria)

protozoa

characteristics of inflammation

redness, swelling, itching, burning

basophils (B cells)

release chemicals called histamines in response to the invasion

humoral immunity

- T cells destroy infected cell - memory T cells produced - phagocyte activates T cell

cellular immunity

- antibodies - T cells activate B cells - memory B cells produced

circulatory system

- transports white blood cells to the infection site - fights against pathogens entering the body through a cut

skin

-prevents fungus/bacteria from growing on your body -provides a physical barrier that pathogens have to get through

What were Koch's postulates?

1) Pathogen must be present in every case of disease 2) Pathogen must be isolated and grown outside the body 3) Healthy animal infected with pathogen must develop the disease 4) Pathogen must be re-isolated and must be identical pathogen to the first one

Allergen

A harmless antigen that causes an allergic reaction (ex. nuts, pollen, eggs, etc.)

A syndrome is a condition or a disease.

AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. How does the last word, syndrome, help you to remember that it is a disease and not a virus?

strengthen

An organ recipient takes drugs that ....... the immune system.

few

Donors and recipients should have .... differing antigens.

AIDS

HIV leads to

The immune system has a deficiency.

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The second word contains the root words immune and deficiency. How can these two words help you to remember the definition of HIV?

Antibiotic resistant bacteria resist antibiotics because they are mutated to do so. They oppose antibiotics and can survive in their presence.

How can the meaning of the word resistance help you remember what an antibiotic resistant bacterium is?

By weakening cell membranes

How do antibiotics kill pathogens?

By lessening effects or slowing the progression of the disease

How do medications help people with autoimmune diseases?

causes white blood cells to mature faster

How does fever help the immune system?

causes leaky blood vessels which allow white blood cells to squeeze out of the circulatory system and toward the infection site

How does inflammation help the immune system?

The immune system detects antigens.

How does the immune system know if a foreign particle has infected the body?

A pathogen that causes an opportunistic infection causes a disease whenever there is an opportunity, in this case, a weak immune system.

How does the word opportunity help you remember the definition of opportunistic infection?

reproduce HIV and start dying

In an HIV infection, T cells...

replace dying T cells

In an HIV infection, bone marrow cannot...

infect the body

In an HIV infection, opportunistic diseases...

T cells

In an HIV infection, the virus infects...

abnormal white blood cells

In leukemia, bone marrow produces...

producing other blood cells

In leukemia, bone marrow stops...

fight off pathogens

In leukemia, the immune system cannot...

cannot mature

In leukemia, white blood cells...

Interferon interferes with an infection.

Interferon is similar to the word interference. How can this clue help you remember what interferon means?

opportunistic diseases

Leukemia leads to

What are some examples of direct contact?

touch, bites, infected needles, breast milk, kissing

mucus membrane

traps pathogens so they cannot enter through the nose

something that carries a pathogen and transmits it into healthy cells (ex. insects) is called a

vector

reproduces in body cells, causing them to stop their activities (ex. influenza)

virus

Antigens destroy something that lives.

The prefix anti- means "destroying" and, the suffix "-gen" means "something that produces or lives". How can this help you remember the definition for the word antigen?

A disease that causes the immune system to attack its own body cells

The prefix auto- means "self:. How can this help you to remember what an autoimmune disease is?

Antiseptics destroy disease-causing pathogens.

The word antiseptic comes from the prefix anti-, which means "destroying", and the word septic, which means "disease causing". How can these words help you to remember what an antiseptic is?

A phagocyte is a cell that eats other cells

The word phagocyte comes from two Greek words: phago- means "to eat" and -cyte means cell. How can this help you remember the definition of the word phagocyte?