17

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

in all regions

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted Prisoners

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

The rural poor worked for low wages

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

become landless rural wage earners

By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society

came to believe that heir circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports transported on English Ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

improved water supply and sewage systems

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

the Atlantic economy

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

Which of the following describes then enclosure movement in the eighteenth century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

the British colonial empire

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research