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Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
in all regions
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
the necessity to provide for a densely populated country
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
Convicted Prisoners
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as
Creoles
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
The rural poor worked for low wages
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
become landless rural wage earners
By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
came to believe that heir circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports transported on English Ships, and they also
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
improved water supply and sewage systems
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
the Atlantic economy
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples
What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?
An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners
Which of the following describes then enclosure movement in the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
the British colonial empire
What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?
He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research