19-3: Kingdoms & Crusades
Magna Carta
"the Great Charter;" in 1215, the nobles met with King John (Henry's son) at Runnymede, where they forced John to put his seal on the document which placed limits on the king's power
Parliament
Edward I, king of England in the late 1200s, increased the authority of his council: a group of lords, church leaders, knights, and townspeople; divided into two groups—an upper house and lower house
Estates-General
France's first parliament; representatives of the three estates, or classes, of French society: the clergy were the first estate, nobles made up the second estate, and townspeople and peasants were the third estate
King Henry II
From 1154 to 1189, he ruled England as well as most of Wales, and Ireland. He was also a feudal lord in France and Scotland. Some of the French lands belonged to his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Capetian dynasty
In 987, the west Frankish nobles made Hugh Capet their king, beginning the Capetian dynasty of French kings that controlled only the area around Paris
The Slavs
In Eastern Europe, people called the Slavs established villages and towns along the rivers of that region; consisted of three important groups: the southern Slavs, the western Slavs, and the eastern Slavs
Battle of Hastings
In the fall of 1066, William and his army of Norman knights landed in England and defeated Harold and his foot soldiers
Alfred the Great
King Alfred of Wessex, united the Anglo-Saxons, halted the Viking advance; Alfred's united kingdom became known as "Angleland," (England)
trial jury
a group of citizens that decides whether an accused person is innocent or guilty
grand jury
a group of citizens that meets to decide whether people should be accused of a crime
William the Conqueror
a relative of the Anglo-Saxon kings, William, Duke of Normandy (France), said that he, not Harold, was the rightful king of England
The Crusades
a series of unsuccessful holy wars - to capture Jerusalem (a Jewish city) and free the Holy Land (where Jesus had lived) from the Muslims - which lasted over a period of more than two hundred years, causing bitter feelings between Christian Western Europe and the Islamic world
the Second Crusade
after Muslim forces retook Edessa, another crusade began, but this time, the Muslims easily defeated the Europeans
Pope Urban II
at the request for help from the Byzantine emperor, the pope asked Europe's nobles to begin a crusade against the Muslim Turks
Moscow
became a large city that prospered because it was at the crossroads of several major trade routes; Slav rulers in Moscow learned to cooperate with the Mongols: the Mongols gave them the right to collect taxes from other Slav territories, but if a territory could not provide soldiers or tax money, Moscow's rulers took control of it.
Ivan III
became the ruler of Moscow in 1462, married a niece of the Byzantine emperor, adopted the lavish style of Byzantine rulers and was referred to as czar (like Caesar in Latin, means "emperor") - the beginning of the Russian empire
the First Crusade
in 1099, the crusaders conquered several regions, setting up four states controlled by Europe: the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Holy Land, Edessa and Antioch in Asia Minor, and Tripoli in what is now Lebanon (surrounded by Muslim territory)
the Third Crusade
in 1174, led by a brilliant general named Saladin, Muslims recaptured Jerusalem, triggering the next crusade... which also failed, as did all of the crusades that followed
Kievan Rus
in the 800s, the eastern Slavs began to expand the city of Kiev into the medieval state of Kievan Rus, which grew wealthy from its river trade with Scandinavia and the Byzantine Empire
common law
law that was the same throughout the whole kingdom; helped unite England by replacing laws that differed from place to place
Domesday Book
to decide taxes, William carried out the first census since Roman times: every person and farm animal in England was counted and recorded
Mongols
warriors from Central Asia; around AD 1240, conquered Kievan Rus
