PSCG II test 2 Chapter 15
_______ is (are) the most obvious result of weathering
Fragmentation of bedrock
The most important type of mechanical weathering process is _____
a frost shattering
The primary way in which underground water shapes topography is through _______
chemical actions
Jointing is most regularly patterned in ________.
fine grained rocks
Which of the following is most effective in weathering rocks?
freeze/ thaw cycles
Granular disintegration is most closely associated with ________.
frost wedging
Frost wedging is associated with ____ in coarse-grained rocks
gradual disintegration
Chemical weathering is speeded because mechanical weathering tends to ______
greatly increase the surface area to be weathered
Salt wedging is of slight consequence in ________
humid regions
Salt wedging is of slight consequence in humid regions
humid regions
The rotting of rock by the various types of chemical weathering takes place best in ______
humid regions
Weathering may reach as far as ________ below Earth's surface.
hundreds of meters
Exfoliation is probably the result of unloading and ________.
hydration
The chemical union of water with another substance is called _______
hydrolysis
Which of the following can occur far below the surface in the tropics?
hydrolysis
Which sort of rocks are most susceptible to hydrolysis?
igneous
Denudation is NOT closely related to ________.
internal processes
Large ________ extend for considerable distances and depths through rock. Below the surface, there is minimal separation between the blocks on either side.
master joints
The location of features, such as cliffs and valleys might be strongly influenced by the position of ________.
master joints
Where is the daily temperature change the most significant in rock weathering?
mountain summits
Which of the following processes is most closely associated with "rusting"?
oxidation
When a stalactite meets a stalagmite the result is a ________.
pillar
In a cavern - as compared with its bedrock surroundings - lime readily precipitates from solution because _____
pressure is lowered and evaporation is possible
Which mineral is most resistant to chemical weathering?
quartz
Jointing systems cause many caverns to have a(n) ________ pattern.
rectangular
Oxidation of aluminum causes which of the following colors on the surfaces of rocks?
reddish brown
The most common oxidation effect in the lithosphere is _______
rusting
In dry climates, ________ is a (are) prevalent process(es).
salt wedging
A lava ____ is a small hole which develops in cooling lava when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies
vesicle
Lava ________ develop when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies.
vesicles
Which of the following is NOT closely related to jointing?
vesicles
The main chemical weathering processes all take place more or less simultaneously because they all require the presence of ________.
water
The single most important weathering agent is _____
water
Which three substances are required to interact to form calcium bicarbonate?
water, carbon dioxide, dolomite
Which three substances are required to interact to form calcium bicarbonate?
water, carbon dioxide, lime
Which process must take place FIRST during the denudation of a landscape?
weathering
Frost shattering is also called ______
wedging
Calcium bicarbonate produced in the chemical weathering process of carbonation ________.
is very soluble
Like faults, a ________ is a separation in a rock body.
joint
_____ are the most common structural features of rocks
joints
In rock, ________ is another term for pressure release.
unloading
As water freezes it expands almost ______ percent and is able to mechanically weather rock
10
which of the following landscapes is most closely associated with jointing?
Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah
_____ might happen directly as the result of the removal of an overlying weight from the landscape
Exfoliation
The term "exfoliation dome" is best applied to _____
Yosemite National Park
Underground water is a weak ______ acid
carbonic
Which of the following is an example of a speleothem?
a stalactite
Water penetrating into soil promotes chemical weathering by acting as a weak ________.
acid
Which of the following Earth materials is MOSt resistant to the solution?
aluminum
Which of the following is NOT a type of opening along which weathering ageists attack bedrock?
batholiths
Limestone caverns are closely associated with ________.
bedding and joining planes
Residual rock that has not experienced erosion is termed ________.
bedrock
Salt wedging is most closely associated with ________.
capillary action
From a chemical standpoint, the three reacting agents of greatest importance to weathering are ________.
carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water
The major end product of chemical weathering is (are) ______
clays
Calcium carbonate is most readily dissolved in ______-
cool water
The solubility of carbon dioxide ______ as water temperature _______
decreases, increases
The general term signifying the overall lowering of the rock material on the Earth's crust is _____
denudation
Weathering and mass wasting can be classified as ______ processes
denudational
_______ is a calcium magnesium carbonate rock which dissolves almost as easily as limestone
dolomite
In percolating rainwater, dissolved gases and the decay products of local vegetation increases the water's capacity to ____
drive chemical reactions
Frost wedging is NOT a significant agenda in producing ________
dust
Which of the following is LEAST important in the weathering processes? A) Earthquakes B) Faults C) Joints D) Lava vesicles E) Microscopic open spaces
earthquakes
A weathering type associated with curved and concentric sets of joints break away in successive layers is called ______
exfoliation
The peeling of thin layers of stone off a large rock is _______
exfoliation
Water is a major agent of weathering because of its property that, when it freezes, it decreases in density and ________.
expands in volume
The new substances made thru oxidation of existing minerals are ____ than the original minerals
softer
In terms of underground water, ______ is the most effective shaper of landforms.
solution
Caverns are most closely associated with ________.
solution cavities
Which openings in rocks are associated with calcareous rocks?
solution cavities
Deposition of dissolved minerals in caverns leaves deposits such as the icicle-like ________.
stalactites
Invariably, hydrolysis makes a mineral ________.
take up more volume
A joint can be distinguished from a fault in that _____
there is no movement along joints