PSCG II test 2 Chapter 15

_______ is (are) the most obvious result of weathering

Fragmentation of bedrock

The most important type of mechanical weathering process is _____

a frost shattering

The primary way in which underground water shapes topography is through _______

chemical actions

Jointing is most regularly patterned in ________.

fine grained rocks

Which of the following is most effective in weathering rocks?

freeze/ thaw cycles

Granular disintegration is most closely associated with ________.

frost wedging

Frost wedging is associated with ____ in coarse-grained rocks

gradual disintegration

Chemical weathering is speeded because mechanical weathering tends to ______

greatly increase the surface area to be weathered

Salt wedging is of slight consequence in ________

humid regions

Salt wedging is of slight consequence in humid regions

humid regions

The rotting of rock by the various types of chemical weathering takes place best in ______

humid regions

Weathering may reach as far as ________ below Earth's surface.

hundreds of meters

Exfoliation is probably the result of unloading and ________.

hydration

The chemical union of water with another substance is called _______

hydrolysis

Which of the following can occur far below the surface in the tropics?

hydrolysis

Which sort of rocks are most susceptible to hydrolysis?

igneous

Denudation is NOT closely related to ________.

internal processes

Large ________ extend for considerable distances and depths through rock. Below the surface, there is minimal separation between the blocks on either side.

master joints

The location of features, such as cliffs and valleys might be strongly influenced by the position of ________.

master joints

Where is the daily temperature change the most significant in rock weathering?

mountain summits

Which of the following processes is most closely associated with "rusting"?

oxidation

When a stalactite meets a stalagmite the result is a ________.

pillar

In a cavern - as compared with its bedrock surroundings - lime readily precipitates from solution because _____

pressure is lowered and evaporation is possible

Which mineral is most resistant to chemical weathering?

quartz

Jointing systems cause many caverns to have a(n) ________ pattern.

rectangular

Oxidation of aluminum causes which of the following colors on the surfaces of rocks?

reddish brown

The most common oxidation effect in the lithosphere is _______

rusting

In dry climates, ________ is a (are) prevalent process(es).

salt wedging

A lava ____ is a small hole which develops in cooling lava when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies

vesicle

Lava ________ develop when gas is unable to escape as the lava solidifies.

vesicles

Which of the following is NOT closely related to jointing?

vesicles

The main chemical weathering processes all take place more or less simultaneously because they all require the presence of ________.

water

The single most important weathering agent is _____

water

Which three substances are required to interact to form calcium bicarbonate?

water, carbon dioxide, dolomite

Which three substances are required to interact to form calcium bicarbonate?

water, carbon dioxide, lime

Which process must take place FIRST during the denudation of a landscape?

weathering

Frost shattering is also called ______

wedging

Calcium bicarbonate produced in the chemical weathering process of carbonation ________.

is very soluble

Like faults, a ________ is a separation in a rock body.

joint

_____ are the most common structural features of rocks

joints

In rock, ________ is another term for pressure release.

unloading

As water freezes it expands almost ______ percent and is able to mechanically weather rock

10

which of the following landscapes is most closely associated with jointing?

Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah

_____ might happen directly as the result of the removal of an overlying weight from the landscape

Exfoliation

The term "exfoliation dome" is best applied to _____

Yosemite National Park

Underground water is a weak ______ acid

carbonic

Which of the following is an example of a speleothem?

a stalactite

Water penetrating into soil promotes chemical weathering by acting as a weak ________.

acid

Which of the following Earth materials is MOSt resistant to the solution?

aluminum

Which of the following is NOT a type of opening along which weathering ageists attack bedrock?

batholiths

Limestone caverns are closely associated with ________.

bedding and joining planes

Residual rock that has not experienced erosion is termed ________.

bedrock

Salt wedging is most closely associated with ________.

capillary action

From a chemical standpoint, the three reacting agents of greatest importance to weathering are ________.

carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water

The major end product of chemical weathering is (are) ______

clays

Calcium carbonate is most readily dissolved in ______-

cool water

The solubility of carbon dioxide ______ as water temperature _______

decreases, increases

The general term signifying the overall lowering of the rock material on the Earth's crust is _____

denudation

Weathering and mass wasting can be classified as ______ processes

denudational

_______ is a calcium magnesium carbonate rock which dissolves almost as easily as limestone

dolomite

In percolating rainwater, dissolved gases and the decay products of local vegetation increases the water's capacity to ____

drive chemical reactions

Frost wedging is NOT a significant agenda in producing ________

dust

Which of the following is LEAST important in the weathering processes? A) Earthquakes B) Faults C) Joints D) Lava vesicles E) Microscopic open spaces

earthquakes

A weathering type associated with curved and concentric sets of joints break away in successive layers is called ______

exfoliation

The peeling of thin layers of stone off a large rock is _______

exfoliation

Water is a major agent of weathering because of its property that, when it freezes, it decreases in density and ________.

expands in volume

The new substances made thru oxidation of existing minerals are ____ than the original minerals

softer

In terms of underground water, ______ is the most effective shaper of landforms.

solution

Caverns are most closely associated with ________.

solution cavities

Which openings in rocks are associated with calcareous rocks?

solution cavities

Deposition of dissolved minerals in caverns leaves deposits such as the icicle-like ________.

stalactites

Invariably, hydrolysis makes a mineral ________.

take up more volume

A joint can be distinguished from a fault in that _____

there is no movement along joints