19&20 AP Euro
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?
Capital and skills in salesmanship
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
Who invented the spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves PRODUCTION INCREASE, JOBS DECRESE
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought
to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
Continental System
A blockade imposed my Napoleon to halt all trade between Europe and Britain
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
Napoleonic Code
French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that
Population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence
Grand Empire
The Empire over which napoleon and his allies ruled
What did Henry Cort develop?
The Puddling furnace which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?
Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
Usually a response to the wishes of the families
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
In the nineteenth century, Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued
as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain.
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that
the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence DIFF: Level.