1A3 Block 3
Micro-Processor
Programmable circuit that contains all or most of the functions of a CPU. CPU and MP used interchangably ANy cpu to large to fit on intergrated circuit would not be considered a micro processor
Transport Layer (Layer 3)
Same as transport layer of OSI model responsible for data flow control, segmentation, and error recovery Transmit Control Protocol, which handles reliable delivery for data
Network Segments
Seperated portion within the network can share the same default gateway and be part of the same broadcast domain
Ethernet Fast ethernet Gigabit ethernet
10 Mbps 100 Mbps 1Gbps
Loopback
127.0.0.1 testing internal network interfaces
APIPA
169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254 device that lost network connection
Memory
2 Categories
Computer Network
2 or more devices connected together to share data
IPv4
32-bit binary address divided into four 8 bit octets separated by a dot
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI/RM)
7 layer reference model that describes how info moves from one computer to another
Byte
8 bits kilobyte = 1024 bytes base themselves on binary system, data measured in powers of 2
Physical Wireless
All devices connect using radio waves or infrared waves without a physical medium
Physical Star
All devices share the same central connecting node
Dynamic Host Config Protocol Service
Automatically manages IP addresses assign these IP address to connecting hosts
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Brain of Computer. Performs basic operations of system, exhanges data with the system's memory or peripherals, and manages the system's other components. Very fast and can handle high levels of data processing Multi core processing
System Clock
Chip or circuit that provides the timing signals which syncs all operations of the mother board
Cache Memory
Closest available memory for the cpu
Motherboard
Connects all of the parts of a computer together contains integrated circuits, connected though busses, which help establish control of all peripherals of the computer
Control Unit (CU)
Directs operations of the CPU itself to include input and output Responsible for interpreting instructions and determining the sequences of data processing
Logical Ring
Every time a device transmits, the data will move from one node to the next
Bus interface
Expansion slot connects motherboard to the circuit boards. CB's add extra features or upgrades to a computer system
Fiber Optic
Extremely thin cylindrical glass core, surrounded by a concentric layer of glass called cladding, and a protective jacket to protect the cable from the elements use laser or LED technology to encode signal through core
Process data and represent it to the user as intelligible information
Goal of any computer system
Local area network (LAN)
High-speed network limited in geographical scope. no larger than building
CMSA/CD
Host or device must make sure that no other transmission is in progress if no other device is transmitting, sender can begin transmitting event of collision, all tranmissions stop as each hosts acknowledges the collision
Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
first system software a computer system runs initializes comms with all hardware devices and performs a power on self test Load operating system from secondary memory helps operating system and the CPU interact with I/O devices
Network Layer (3)
focuses on addressing, routing between networks, and fragmenting e
Application Layer (7)
focuses on apps themselves and needs each app might have
Data Link Layer (2)
focuses on controlling access to the medium and encoding the medium's signal
Transport Layer (4)
focuses on data flow control, segmentation, and error recovery
Physical layer (1)
focuses on hardware used to move bits across these medium from one point to another
Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (I-EEE)
focuses on setting standard for local area network topologies, mediums and network access methods
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
form that data takes as it progresses through the encapsulation and transmission process
Personal Computer
geared towards the average consumer for personel use
Stacked compiled and organized begins to
generate meaning
Electromagnetic Interference
generates from powered devices or radio transmissions in proximity to your medium
menu driven interface
gives user list of commands
Worm
have the capability to replicate and travel without human action.
Traceroute (TRACERT)
helps determine the path to a host while also providing hop info to the host
CSMA/CA
host or device monitors the spectrum for the presence of a data signal if signal is not present the sender first sends a notification across the medium of its intent to send data the sender transmits the data signal
Server (HOST)
host that provides services and info to other hosts on a network
Application layer (layer 4)
houses multiple protocols which operating sys, network operting sys, and appls utilize to comm with each other
Logical Topologies
id's how data flows through the physical network
IP Header
id's packet characteristics include size, sending host's ip, receiving host's IP and sequence number of the packet
Physical topologies
id's the physical connections and the shape of the network refers to how the network devices connect to each other by their mediums
Category 5 enhanced (Cat 5e)
improved for faster speeds greater number of twist per length and stricter signal quality standards for higher interference tolerance 1 GBPS
Cat 6
improving signal quality and transfer speed support 2.5 Gbps
Frame Trailer
indicates the end of the frame, and more importantly, contains an error dectection element to allow for error checking
Session Layer (5)
initializing and terminating comms while allowing id and recognition of users. resolve the bitrate they will transfer data dnd determine if they will transmit half or full duplex
Broadcast
intended for all nodes
Multicast
intended for more than one node
UNicast
intended for only one particular node
Router
inter-networking device that connects networks and separates broadcast domains can serve as default gateways
Bridge
interconnecting two or more different network segments any device that can connect, filter, and forward data traffic from one network segment to another
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
interconnects users with computer resources in geo area college or military installations
Internet Protocol Configuration (ipconfig)
internal command used to display the IP setting for all interfaces and possible connections of your host
Client
is a host that requests and obtains information form a server
Mainframe
large companies use them to preform critical tasks that invovlve bulk data processing like transactions, census information, statistical data, and banking transactions
Word Processors
level allows you to enter text into document
Domain Name System (DNS) Service
links names to IP addresses and vice versa
Broadcast Domain
logical part or division of a network where devices can reach each other by broadcasts without the need of a routing device
Volatile memory
loses it contents once power is lost or removed
Drivers
low-level program that allows an OS to control devices. translates between raw I/O data devices require, to the higher level data the OS works with
Workstationg
more powerful processors, faster memory with greater space, and intense graphics capabilities Perform specific kinds of work such as programming, game development, video or sound editing, and graphic design
Computer Case
most basic part of any computer system. Enclosure that house all computers components
Drives
most utlized type of secondary memory
Default Gateway
network device that provides access outside the LAN
Network End Devices
network devices that you as a user are most familiar with
Network Traffic Buses
network divides traffic to maximize efficieny and scalability, prevent collisions, and reduce unnecessary dupplication area
Network Interface Card
network interface that can be added to a device allow connection to a medium on a network responsible for converting data back and forth to meet the signal encoding specifications of the medium
Switch
network intermediate device utilized to connect end devices while moving and managing the dta within a network devices connected to a switch are part of same broadcast domain
Presentation Layer (6)
network secruity, file transfers, and formatting of the data at each end of comms.
Solid State Drive (SSD)
no moving mechanical components
Read Only Memory
non volatile CPU can read but not change as easily refers to manufactured memory chips typically soldered to some type of logic board
Flash memory
non volatile memory that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed
Bus width
number of bits each bus or "individual lane" can transfer regardless of wether the bus works in serial or parallel.
Collision Domain
only one device transmits at any time, especially if that device is sharing the same medium with other devices
Network Operating System (NOS)
oriented toward networking environments manages network resources and allows sharing of them across network
Media Disturbances
refers to anything that can severely affect the quality of signal encoding
wire mediA
refers to mediums composed of conductive material such as metal
Transmission Media
refers to the actual physical comm channel used for transmission in the network
Bit Rate
refers to total number of physically transferred bits in one seond over a comm link
Malicious Logic
refers to undesired effects caused by programs or parts of programs created with intent to damage
Terrestrial
relies on transmitting towers within line of sight
Network Intermediate Devices
repsonsible for switching data traffic between endpionts
Internet Layer (layer 2)
responsible for addressing, routing packets between networks and fragmenting. Includes necessary Ip, able to decipher best way to route packets
International Organization of Standardization (ISO)
responsible for creating reference standards for routing protocols
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
secondary memory storage device that uses magntism to store data. Moving arm-magnet magnetically writes the data on rapidly rotating circular platters with magnetic surfaces.
Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI)
serial interface standard design used to connect internal hardware devices to a computer's motherboard. can interface with 1, 4, 8, 16 lines mohterboard can have multiple pci's
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
serial interface standard for attaching external I/O devices to a computer. Allows peripherals to connect using a single standardized interface socket
Hub
serves as basic central connecting point extends the medium by repeating signal all nodes connected to a hub are in same collision domain and same broadcast domain
Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)
serves as logical pointer to a node on a network
Software to hardware relationships
set of insturctions that put a computer to work; tells computer what to do and when to do it b
Domain Name Lookup (NSLOOKUP)
shows who your dns server is and if it is working correctly will reslove an IP address from a domain name
Web browsers
software application for locating, retrieving, and viewing information from a remot or distant server computer
Application Software
software written for a unique and specific purpose
Host ID
specific to each device on a network obtains host ID
Address bus
specifies a a phsyical address for data
I-EEE 802.3 ethernet
stablished for use with wire media estabs Carrier Sense Multilpe Access with Collisoin Detection (CSMA/CD) allowed host in the same collision domain to monitor use of the medium and minimize collisions
I-EEE 802.11 Wireless Lan (WLAN)
standard for use with wireless media estabs Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CMSA/CA) allows host to transmit wirelessly without colliding at all
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
standard method for finding a host's MAC address when only its network layer address is available
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
takes advantage of glass media breaks down mediums into OC levels higher optical carrier level more fibers across
Resolution
term that refers to the quality of a video display device width x height
Packet Inter-Network Groper (Ping)
used to test connectivity to a particular hosto across an IP network Sending ICMP 'echo request' packets to target host and listening for 'echo response'
Command driven interface
user makes request to system by typing in commands at a prompt
Optical Disk Drive (ODD)
uses electromagnetic (EM) waves as part of its data reading and writing process
Satellite
uses linked networks with satellites orbiting the Earth
Microwave
uses much higher frequencies than that of radio, ranging between 11 GHz, and 14 GHz
Radio
utilizes modulated radio bands including HF, Vhf, and UHF
Random Access Memory
volatile primary memory serves as temporary electrical storage space for insturctions and data consists of memory chips that utilize the system clock to constantly refresh data within themselves can read from and write to these chips as a means to hold data
Network addressing
way devices find each other across a network
Inductive coupling (Crosstalk)
when one wire induces a voltage across another wire though EM induction
Reserved IPv4 Addresses
you can use to troubleshoot network malfunctions
Registers
Small areas within the CPU used to store temporary results and control data
Wide Area Network
Spans a large Geo area World Wide Web
Logic Gate
Tiny device that receives two inputs and provides only one output
Physical Mesh
all devices relay data for the network
Peer-to-Peer (Workgroup)
all devices share the same abilities to use resources available on the network
allow user to transmit and receive messages over comm networks
File server Service
allows a server to act as a remote disk drive, functs as a high speed central computer that will store programs and data files for its intended users
Segment Header
amount of data each host can handle, the destination port for each packet sequence in which each sement should arrive
Proxy Server Service
application layer gateway breaks connection between sender and receiver and acts as intermediary between the two
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
assigns policies for the responsible coordination of IP addresses, allocation, domain names management and application of protocols
Network ID
binary portion of IPv4 address that id's a unique ipv4 network where host resides
Computer Security Threats
can be intentional or non intentional and the truth is that they can be everywhere
Host
can connect to a network and can offer users services and applications that help share and obtain resources from the network
Control Bus
carries commands to and from the CPU to all devices connected to motherboard
Wireless Media
carries electromagnetic signals that represent binary digits of data using radio or microwave frequencies
Coaxial cable
central conductive core to encode the signal, initial layer of insulation to protect the core, a mesh of conductive woven braid to absorb EMI, outer protective jacket for enviormental protectoin
Integrated Circuits (IC)
chips or microchips Solid State devices capable of processing and storing data
Computer Data
collection of unorganized facts data is composed of raw unorganized bits
Computer Buses
collection of wires though which the data transmit from one part of a computer to another backbone component of (I/O)
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
complication of protocols that allow comms between devices and different networks standard protocol for internetwork connectivity
Glass media
composed of glass or plastic material which carry data in the form of modulated light beams
Flip-Flop
composed of many logic gates, are circuits that can store data Backbone to "sequential logic and electronic memory"
Network interface
connection point that interconnects a network node with the actual medium
Node
connection point, redistribution point, or communication endpoint that can receive an address within a network
Twisted pair
consists of pairs of insulated wires twisted together Each pair intertwines together to enhance signal quality and minimize cross talk
Payload
contains all the encapsulated data from the upper layers
Frame Header
contains info about the type of media used and the encoding for the media
MOdem
converts analog signals into digital signals and vice versa though the process of modulation and demodulation
Network Access Layer (Layer 1)
corresponds to the physical and data link layers of OSI includes specific protocols to handle all the hardware etails of interfacing with the media and connecting devices to the network
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)
defines the connection of storage devices such as drives Chip that controls the drive in on the drive itself. allows flexibility for the drive to work with virtually any type of CPU
Network topologies
describes network layout
Trojan Horse
disguises itself as one type of app but carries out another set of instructions
Attenuation
distortion and or weakening of a signal as it traverses the media longer the media the more attenuation
Non-volatile memory
doesn't lose its contnents; permanent until removed
Computer interface
electrical circuit that links one device to another. shared boundary across which 2 seperate components of a computer system exchange data
Computer
electronic or mechanical device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. Computers accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use
Logical bus
every time a device transmits, data will go to all nodes on the network
Virus
executed by a user or another program and attaches itself to a file's internal code, altering it to achieve a desired affect
Bit
expressed in a binary code (0 and 1) present themselves as on-off pulsed voltages, "Positive-negative" magnetic fields, high-low radio frequencies. Works in octal and hexadecimal groupings. Binary Digit
Video output ports and resolutions
external interface that helps provide video output through a display device
Audio Ports
external interfaces that connect speakers or headsets to output sound
The Internet Society (ISOC) Task Forces
facilitates open development and Internet use around the world Isoc is the IETF, develops, describes, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP
Primary and secondary Memory
Primary - Preferred memory of computer systems because of its speed fast enough to keep up with the speed demands of microproccesors and cpus Secondary- non volatile memory that serves as perm storage for a computer system not fast enough to keep up with cpu.... copy data from secondary memory to primary memory so thy can work witb it more effiecently
Data Encapsulation
Process of packaging one message format inside another message format in a sequence
3 types of I/O buses
Addres, Data, Control (ADC)
CPU composed of
Control unit, Arithmetic logic unit, Registers, and Cache memory
Power Supply
Converts AC into DC to supply the power needed to run all electronic components of a computer system.
Parallel Bus
Data flows as several bits traveling together, or as a simultaneously traveling group
Serial Bus
Data flows one bit at a time
Information processing cycle
Input, Process, Output, Storage, serves as a basic representation of how copmuters manipulate different types of data, process it, and produce an output result
Database Management Program
Organizes data so it can be easily accessed, managed and updated
Desktop
PC designed to stay on a desk and not designed for portability
Asynchronous Transfer "Mode (ATM)
Provides multiples service types encapsulating data link layer frames into fixed-sized cells bit rates between 1.5 Mbps and 2488 Mbps
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
performs all arithmetic and logical operations
Client-server
places control of network resources on a dedicated server mostly dependent upon the server in order to access resources
Flash Drive
portable device that plugs into a specific port and stores dating using ROM technology
Laptop
portable suitable for traveling
Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
prevent attack agaisnt us
Segmentation
process of dividing data into smaller pieces in a sequence
Supercomputer
processing capability and helps scientist by processing immense calculations
Operating systems
program that manages a computer's hardware and software. manages and controls flow of data and information in and out of the computer
Print Service
provides access to print devices and manages information sent by users to a networked printer
Cloud Server Service
provides computing resources over networks aka interwebs allow users to use or rent data storage
Graphical User interface
provides pictures rather than just character
Server
provides services and information to other hosts on a network
Spreadsheet programs
provides tables for holding information accounting ledger
IPv4 Subnet Mask
reference number very similar to IPv4 address helps devices determine the network ID and host ID prefixes of their IPv4 address
Media Access Control (MAC) address
referred to as a physical hardware address hexadecimal coded address that uniquely id's specific nodes within a network
Physical Hybrid
the network composes itself of different physical topologies to achieve full network connectivity
Data Bus
transfers or carries the actual data back and forth from the CPU to primary memory, peripheral devices, and secondary memory
