2 - POLI 211 Finals Quizlet

Why the clash of civilizations

1. Cultural differences are real and basic 2. World is becoming a smaller place 3. Economic modernization and social change: separating people from long-standing local identities (moving to the city) 4. Civilization consciousness enhanced by dual role of the west (was raised thinking the West is the best and now rejecting that) 5. Cultural characteristics and differences not easily mutable or subject to compromise 6. Increase in economic regionalism

Democratic government and economic growth

1. No direct effect of democracy on growth 2. Fairly strong indirect effects of democracy on (indirectly, there are strong links with democracy and economic growth because the following points lead to growth) • More like to have economic freedom • More like to have human capital • Less like to have inflation • More like to have political stability 3. Some additional smaller or possible effects 4. Regional differences Stronger effects in latin america Weaker effects in asia

Delors Plan

3 stage process Begin with establishing European system of central banks • Governed with little political interference • Network will be how European Commision and COUncil of Ministers set monetary and currency policy such as • gradual harmonization of fiscal policy (government spending and taxation), currency valuation (Exchange rates), monetary policy (interest rates, money supply), and bank powers (political independence of central bank leaders) After completed transition phase and satisfy requirements of monetary policy • members pledged to abandon own currencies and central bank control • Hand over monetary policy to single european entity

Enforcement of international law

Almost entirely left to states to sort out among themselves States rarely establish courts with authority to dictate law because tribunals threaten state sovereignty

Limited import substitution

Alternative to EOI For larger countries like Brazil, India, and Nigeria Government have requirements for indigenization by MNCs Ex: finished products must consist of locally manufactured components. Subsidiaries must be owned/managed by national of host country

Hague conventions

Clarified and extended the basic rules of warfare, including treatment of civilians and prisoners and issues relating to neutrality and military occupation Violations lead to geneva convention, and internal warfare and foreign military intervention that accompanied decolonization prompted states to revisit rules of warfare

Nationalism

Complex set of physiological, cultural and social forces that drive the formation of a nation

Compliance with the measures from the crisis

Compliance is high, even though they are all voluntary Government try to avoid standing out "Naming and shaming" mechanisms used to identify and embarrass offenders Compliance will bring tangible economic benefits and the offs that states stick to promise increases Compliance does not mean agreement on best strategies • Some want currency destabilization while others accept volatility of current system • Debate over which banks are deserving of loans and terms of lending • Disagreement over process and procedures following the decision

Embedded liberalism

Compromise of benefits and cost of integration to global economy Methods that states adopt to soften blow of global capitalism If states were to adopt liberal international economic policies, they need the power to intervene in order to cushion economic/social problems their citizens experience once national economy is exposed to international market forces Economic liberalism is "embedded" within shared understanding that is the basis of relations between states and their civil societies Ex: american defense-industrial policy

World problematique

Concept created by The Club of Rome, a Hamburg-based NGO Interconnected set of contemporary global problems that constitute the "predicament of mankind" Ex: environmental threats like acid rain, ozone holes, global warming, etc

Democratic deficit

Concerns about international regional bodies Organizations adopting policies that ignore public preferences

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Created to prosecute those guilty of similar crimes in Rwanda Remarkably similar with International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia - panel of several judges from many countries, appellate court, prosecutor, limited mandate Slow start and many failures - unable to find and arrest suspects - but carried our prosecutions

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

Created with signing of Treaty of Paris Created High Authority- international panel with powers to organize production levels, map out distribution and promote equity across member states Had parliament made up of delegation from member countries based on population, council with advisory powers, and court to review state actions

2 obstacles of ICC

Legal - UN Security COuncil • Security council can force ICC not to proceed with a case • Suspension can last up to a year • Might act on cases too politically sensitive • Ex: deferring warrants if it disrupts peace talks Practical- budget • Comes from member states • Court can only carry out handful of cases at a time • Budget only lasts for a year so court;s states has power to impose restriction on activities ICC is unlikely to act on its treaty authority

UN Framework Convention of Climate Change (FCCC)

Sponsoring states to keep emissions of global warming gases low Prevent acceleration of temperature increases Signatories agreed to meet again to decide on details for a "protocol" of legally binding measures Split into 4 groups

proportionality

Legitimate aims sought by a state resorting to war outweighs the harm that will result from prosecution of war Recognizes that all wars impose costs on societies involved If state is in self-defense and the stakes are high that likely the cost of war are worth paying This principle is expected ot guide military actions once states are already at war • Military should not impose costs not justified by legitimate aims of operation

Nontariff barriers to trade (NTB)

State intervention in the market Quotas • Control imports through amount of goods allowed to entire from specific place for a specific time period Subsidies and loans • Given to domestic industries, reducing costs of domestic production Boycott • For punishment, cease to buy goods, resources or services of another state • Cut target state off market Embargo • Stops sale of economic items to another state • Cutting state;s supply of resources and products from outside

Hegemonic stability theory

State's greatness in power rests in disproportionate share of military/economic capability, allows it to establish and enforce international "rules of the game" Stable global environment

Soft law

Statement of hopes and aspirations Ex: Universal Declaration of human rights doesn't bind states to respect declaration or commit to enact domestic legislation to protect those rights

Passive nationality principle

States can try non citizens who have committed serious crimes against their citizens beyond their borders

Dependency theorists

Studies the limits of developing countries (ie problems with ISI) Some see LDC as doom to stagnation while other see possibilities of dependent development Would qualify as radical theorists all agree that economic, social, political conditions in peripheral societies are linked Realists ignore foreign penetration and the liberals neglects exploitative outcomes

IMF

Supervises global currencies and national debt so exchange rates wont fluctuate too much Keeping debt level and currencies stable - increased predictability for trade and business = long term investment and borrowing Discouraged government from running budget deficits, borrowing from abroad to deal with economic downturns But policies have changed in the recent decades Weighted voting that favors the wealthy Not used generally except after states gathered informally through loosely structured diplomatic bodies

Why states develop nuclear weapons

Technological imperative- you do it because you can. Once you have the technology to build a nuclear weapon, you do it as soon as you can International political power and /or prestige - makes you seem like a huge political player Military security issues - if you're a "pariah" state and nobody likes you then you need to protect yourself or you're a small country without enough resources to protect yourself Domestic political

Foreign debt

Foreign investment and foreign aid stimulates growth but growth will always lag behind if • states send much of profits back to countries where parent corporations are headquartered • Most of profits are used to repay foreign governments / banks IMF insists on "structural adjustment" when giving out loans • Curb social spending, adopt measures to control inflation • Should spend money on economically inefficient public projects

Steps in the process of dependency

Foreign penetration • Political, cultural, military • Direct foreign investment and trade • Indirect cultural and political (ex: losing superbowl t shirts sold abroad) Trade sector distortions • Developing world has typically 1 or 2 goods (agricultural, minerals, etc) • Trading patterns show that they have 1,2 major trading partners (one of the partners are usually former-colonisers) Internal economic distortions Social and political distortions • Only some people benefit from links to the west Internal conflict • Small sector that benefits from the west vs. everyone else

Arrangements for regimes

Formal, informal, national, transnational, international components Governing arrangements: • National rules (domestic law of state), international rules (international law, charter of IGO, regulations/resolutions of IGO) and private rules (charters of MNCs and other NGOs) Norms, principles, customs include how decision SHOULD act in a way from expectations Applies to resources, monetary/trade issues, seabed, outer space, etc Can be geographically bound

Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

Founded to give europeans role in distributing resources from US OEEC had not authority for nations to coordinate plans but they ended up cooperating

Why we shouldn't assume ethnic conflict in "Inevitable":

Given the number of ethnic groups, the amount of ethnic violence is low The core elements of an ethnic identity are not necessarily constant Do not begin by assuming that individuals have no responsibility for the outbreak of ethnic conflict

Strategic trade

In Asian countries and continental Western Europe STate promotes certain export industries by providing government subsidies or other forms of assistance Current trend goes in direction of openness, it's not clear whether international free trade can remain or barriers come up again during global economic difficulty

Abu Ghraib detention center

Iraq War Prisoners were bettered, beaten, sexually humiliated, terrorised by dogs, subjected to physical and psychological duress and tortured Low ranking military police personnel were convicted in US courts martial and got prison time Commanders were demoted or reprimanded by not prosecuted for crimes

Territoriality principle

National courts have jurisdiction within their territories

Property rights to common property

Natural resources are "owned" by those with title to territory encompassing it So conflict over common-pool resources are resolved by assigning limited property rights

Distributive justice

Nature of a social justice allocation of goods

Natural Resource reserves and growing population

Reserve = resources ready for extraction, given state of technology Many resource deposits aren't tapped because it's not profitable to do so, or not able to be extracted by current technology Rate of energy consumption is growing faster than population is Resource reserves will not last, but it will become too expensive to use (but price hike = dubious bargain) Industrial countries use up disproportionately more resource based on population

Doctrine of double effect

Requirements of discrimination and proportionality coming together Supposed to guide military planning Good effect must outweigh bad Requires noncombatant immunity (and bad effect by unintended) and also that the unintended bad effect is proportional to the legitimate objective of the military action Ex: US violated double effect by using agent orange

Jus cogens

Latin for constraining law Rules binding on all states and representatives under all circumstances No exemptions Most common: genocide, torture, slavery Peremptory - legally not allowed to challenge

International law

Least authoritative and least effective forms of law Not solely out of self-interest though Once known as law of nations Mechanism for Maintaining and expanding, regularised, smooth interactions among states and must be understood in a political context Primitive law Decentralised and under-institutionalised 2 main perspectives of international law 1. Natural law 2. Legal positivism Uses precedence

Regional organization

Least controversial step: Standardization of industrial or technical design (ex: agreeing on railroads) Makes it easier to market goods difficult/controversial step (more difficult in the bottom): Establishing free trade zone • Increase regional trade through mutual reduction in tariff and quotes Customs union • Establishing common regional tariff on imports from outside the region Removal of nontariff barriers that interfere with flow of goods • Makes sure everything is harmonizes to avoid business and consumers being penalised • Uniform tax rates, banking interest rates, retirement benefits, teaching certification requirements, etc Federalization of a region • Entire area brought under single political authority • Major national policies under single jurisdiction - economic, social, legal and security policies

Under what circumstances are nation building successful

State has prior experience with successful democracy Higher levels of economic development National homogeneity (what they have in common: they all must have existed before the war and after the war, you can't do anything to change it) Level of effort • How long you stay, how much money, how many troops, etc Multilateral effort • Different countries and organizations High ratio of security forces to population • Military + police and other local forces Neighboring states • If neighboring states don't want the country to be successful, it will take longer Accountability for past injustices (but it takes time- no US effort after WW2 was less than 5 years)

Sovereign immunity

Sovereign states are immune from jurisdiction of other state;s courts State is a legal concept and doesn't act, so it has covered the action of the head of state Until recently, anything head of state did was considered "act of state" and out of jurisdiction in foreign courts Contemporary law doesn't recognise the notion of public act of states

International Criminal Court

Try cases involving war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide Ratified in 2002 after 60 states ratified ROme Statute of the Court's jurisdiction and procedures

Labor repression for development

Wages of workers are held down because the workers don't invest their money The owner of the factories will gain more money, and the owners will invest money Called "asian tigers" Among southeast asian developing countries, there is a correlation between labor repression and growth in GDP Workers can't benefit early on, but necessary in the process But doesn't apply to all countries - so holding down wages of workers doesn't mean that all countries develop

Human security

approach to national and international security gives primacy to human beings and their complex social and economic interactions Challenges traditional national security by saying security should be for people and not state

comparative advantage

based on opportunity cost - the benefit one forfeits by choosing an alternative option. If one nation has a lower opportunity cost than another to produce a good, Ex: countries A and B where A can produce pizza and beer more efficiently than state B A relocates brewers to produce pizzas and B allocates pizza makers to brewery, while the remaining workers make the same amount that would have been produced if no one left Now extra pizza produced by A's reallocated workers can be traded for extra beers produced by B's reallocated workers Both states benefit • A gets more beer than it can produce on its own, B gets more pizza

Non-excludable good

individuals cannot be excluded from use difficult to restrict access to the good based on price Ex: pollution is a non-excludable good because people can't avoid it unless they move

National security

security of a nation state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions duty of government Includes decision for war, nuclear deterrence, etc

Nation

textbook: • People who feel themselves part of some large identity group scoll: • a group of people who feel that they share something in common

Nation state

textbook: • peoples who identified themselves as nations south their own states, resulting in what we call nation-states • nation, state, nation-state are interchangeably scoll: • A government exercising authority over territory containing a group of people who feel they have something in common

Self-determination

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.

Divine law

timeless principles and rules handed down by God and revealed through Church teaching and edicts

Leslie Groves

"Godfather" of nonproliferation project Army engineer of the manhattan project Got the job because he built the pentagon Had his people to buy all the uranium so no one else could build nuclear weapons Had people go in to soviet cities and investigate if there is uranium there- came to wrong conclusion that they don't have uranium

Budgets in the UN

"Regular budget" • Funding for General assembly, international court of justice, secretariat, etc • Nations don't really have to pay, but UN takes into account the size of economy to pay for equivalent, but US is capped at 22% of the budget (4 billion) Peacekeeping budget • For peacekeeping operations • Separate budget • No one is assessed to have to pay X% • US pays 28% Voluntary funding • For development/humanitarian things along with others • US pays various amounts (6 billion)

Causes of conflict over time

1. 1648-late 1700s conflict among princes 2. 1789-1918 wars of people 3. 1917-1990 conflict of ideologies (russian civil war - cold war) Now: conflict of civilization (huntington's argument)

reasons allowed to intervene according to UN Charter

1. Act of aggression 2. Threat to peace 3. (this one is from UN General Assembly) Just war theorists think countries that turn on own people can be attacked, so Assembly condemns genocide but for punishment purpose and not for prevention via military intervention

Why people are against seeking alternatives to fossil fuels

1. Coal burning power plants 2. Internal combustion engine Changes would require • Auto manufacturers, utility companies, highway contractors, mining companies to reduce production or conduct research to develop new products

Views on the rights of individuals in world politics

1. Communitarianism • International law is biased in this direction • Tendency to reward moral/legal status to political communities • Respect for state sovereignty and independence reflects willingness of states to look back on circumstances within a state • Individual rights and entitlements are from membership in political community, product of history, culture, and social interactions that define a communities • Focus on the "thickness" of shared experiences of moral basis of states 2. Cosmopolitanism • States dont get moral standing just because they're the legal representatives of political communities inhabiting their territories • Humans have moral standing- not states • State's rights to autonomy and noninterference are from their willingness and capacity to respect/defend citizens • Focus on "thinner" moral principles we have in common- humanity • Less likely to use sovereignty as an interference in domestic interference of other states whose citizens are suffering • Willingness of international community to create laws about criminality- human wrongs

3 problems with population growth

1. Dwindling food supplies • Malnutrition, starvation • straints on food resources affects quality of population 2. Despondent from deprivation • Resentment who don't think they received fair share of distribution of resources • Relative deprivation drives ideological and political movements, especially ones seeking revolutionary change 3. Ecological problem • Increase in population -> increase in demand for natural resources -> greater environmental decay

Why integration outside Europe doesn't work well

1. Economies were not developed enough • Need a certain level of economic development 2. Not want to give up independence • Turning over authority for collaboration doesn't work well for countries that just became independent 3. Easier for outsiders to exploit • An outside country telling another to build factories, etc means that an outsider will get control over the other countries in the integrated system and kill local industries 4. Contrasting forms of government • All countries in western europe were similar, but areas outside europe have more variability • East african community - ended after a decade or so. 3 countries with Dictator, marxist, and one-party democracy, so decision making was not smooth 5. Unequal distribution of benefits (perceived or real) • One might benefit more • General perception that you're losing to other countries

UN Framework Convention of Climate Change (FCCC) - 4 groups

1. European bloc • led by Germany and France, • called for deepest cut in emission, driven by ideological and practical considerations • Had strong environmental movement, wanting to find alternatives to fossil fuels to prevent dependence on foreign oil 2. "Industrialised laggards" • Developed countries that weren't ready to make cuts like europe • US, Canada, Japan, Australia • Used the "wait-and-see" approach • Worried that treaties would result in economic stagnation, unemployment • Worked to minimize mandatory cuts • Promoted various emissions-trading schemes - exchanging credits with low-polluters 3. Eastern european states • Economic transition • Heavy polluters from difficult economic transition • High failure rates for heavy industry = unemployment + high pollution 4. Developing countries • Wanted special protections • Dependence on industrialization for growth had it unfair • Global warming is also the fault of western industrialization, so west needs to carry responsibility • Per capita emission of CO2 is also low • Oil-exporting countries pleaded for rules that wouldn't jeopardize export levels- avoid economical/political collapse • Only small island states felt strongly about halting global warming

Major issues of sustainable development

1. Exponential growth of population and human demands on the environment 2. Finite limits to global resources (haven't yet agreed on limits) 3. Interdependencies of population, investment, factors that affect growth (food, resources, pollution), and the possibility that working to solve one problem may create others 4. Delays between release of pollutants/creation of other ecological damage and our realization of damage

2 ways of becoming integrated (establish a common government)

1. Federalism • US: 13 semi-autonomous colonies • Bring people together to figure out how to put the government together • Happens "overnight" 2. Functionalism • European countries after WW2 • "Sneaky way", step by step process • Start by developing common solution to common problem, but all solution involve individual governments giving up a bit of sovereignty • Common solution has lead to a lot of international organisations with roles government used to have -> become more integrated • Solving problems in "non political way" • Rhine river runs through many countries and every country has rules of river navigation - so instead of individual countries having their own rules, all countries get together to decide together. The common enforcement of the rules is paid for by taxing users of rhine river • "Spill over"

3 views on globalization

1. Free market perspective • Thinks that as more countries participate in global economy, money and technology will flow from developed to undeveloped country • Leads to equalization of wealth and development around the world • 2 facets 1. Growth of global economy 2. Economic development of third world 2. Populist / nationalist perspective • Balmes globalization for most of social, economic, political ills in US and other industrial societies • Think globalization weakened independence and vitality of economies and societies of major powers 3. Communitarian perspective • Criticises globalization on the ground that it is a capitalist tyranny, imperialist exploitation, environmental degradation • Fears for a world dominated by huge multinational corporations that removes all obstacles limiting economic growth

Four freedoms

1. Free movement of goods • Dismantle nontariff barriers for treaty of rome • Establish minimum sales tax rate with exclusions 2. Free market in services • Banking, insurance, transportation, airlines, telecommunications, etc 3. Free movement of people • Unrestricted immigration within community 4. Free market in capital • Eliminate government intervention in currency exchange • Eventual establishment of common currency

How to legally settle on government land in haiti

1. Get lease, 65 bureaucratic steps, about 2 years 2. Live on land for 5 years 3. Apply to buy land. 111 bureaucratic steps. At least 12 years to complete application process Time to get legal ownership = 19 years

Non Proliferation treaty (NPT)

1. If you sign it and already have nukes, don't transfer or assist in development 2. If you don't have nukes, don't develop them 3. International Atomic Energy Association sets up safeguards, conducts inspections to see if you are doing something you're not supposed to fo 4. Nuclear states help non-nuke states develop peaceful uses (power plants, etc) 5. If you have nukes, negotiate in good-faith to reduce stockpile 6. Original: review and renew every 5 years. Now permanent

What is ethnicity

1. Membership reckoned primarily by descent 2, membership conscious of group membership 3. Members share some distinguishing culture features 4. These cultural features are considered valuable 5. Group has homeland or "remembers" one 6. Group has shared history, some basis in fact 7.Group is potentially "stand alone"

If advances in science and technology has been continuous, why did we get a burst of ecological problems?

1. Problems have always been around, but we recently started taking them seriously 2. Exponential growth • If population grows exponentially, our social, political, and economic problem will also balloon • Birthrates will only stabilize and population will stop only after a catastrophe

2 ways to address sustainable development:

1. Restrain forces of growth • Club of Rome's view • Pessimistic premise - ecosystem is fragile and difficult to control and when we try, we tend to damage it • Called the Malthusian perspective • "Inclusionist" - sees humankind as important part of global ecological system 2. Expand limit to growth • Optimistic view- thinks ecological problems are solvable through human ingenuity, technological innovation • Called cornucopians • Has faith that market mechanisms will efficiently use scarce resources and substitute for abundant resources until scarcities become too scarce • "Exclusionist" view = humans are outside the eco structure, manipulating limits through science + technology

Conditions for lawful combat

1. operate within chain of command 2. Wear distinctive insignia (like uniform) 3. Carry arms openly

Why some people think US should be more involved with the UN

1. US can send troops anywhere at a fast rate ("first responder") • Getting there fast = saving more lives • Getting there first and leaving first 2. Providing backup for peacekeepers • Presumption that peacekeepers should come from same region as the conflict • Conflict in africa = peacekeepers should be in africa • The countries supplying peacekeepers don't have the needs to move troops so the US provides logistics, intelligence information, etc to prevent US directly engaged in peacekeeping

Ways to manage commons

1. create an international organization to give jurisdiction of common-pool resource • Ex: UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) owns resources like manganese found under sea bed 2. "enclosure"/"privatization" of collective goods • Ex: to avoid free riders, UNCLOS designated zones where states have exclusive economic stake in their assigned portion of commons

2 ways to classify countries

1. west, east, north, etc (UN voting groups during the cold war) 2. first world, second war, third world, fourth world, fifth world

Trail Smelter Arbitration

1905 Fumes from plant just north of US border in British Columbia was harming US Set precedent in International law about environment Canada is responsible for compensating US for damage Supported by Principle 21 in 1972 UN Conference on Human Environment, aka Stockholm declaration Difficulties to attribute responsibility for damages because can't pick specific damage

2 dimensions of international interdependence

2 ends of a continuum More sensitive and culbranle in global system- interwoven network of communication, commerce, finance, etc 1. sensitivity • International actors are sensitive to behavior of other actors or developments in other parts of system • Degree of sensitivity depends on how quickly changes by one actor in one setting brings about changes in another and how great the effects are • Changes = shifts in foreign policy, transformation of actor (new government) and requires policy response 2. Vulnerability • Measured by cost imposed on state or non state actor by external events • Cost actor must absorb because it can't pursue alternative policies that might minimize those costs

"Wall of disease"

AIDS, Hepatitis B, tuberculosis, malaria West africa is isolated by a "Wall of disease" It's a microcosm with scarcity, crime, overpopulation, tribalism and disease is destroying

Crimes against humanity

Acts that had genocidal effects but were not necessarily intended to eliminate an ethnic group or where intent could not be proven Larger scale slaughter, starvation policies, mass deportations, relocation to concentration camps, altering community's genetic composition through forced marriages and adoption

Foreign aid in Europe

Administered through central EU through European Commission and though process of national consultation in European Community Each state also has unilateral aid policy Mix collective and multilateral institution alongside national unilateralism Aims are usually too complex, diverse and overlapping for efficient results EU members see foreign aid as extension of strategic policy and directed funds to former colonies, then to eastern/central europe after fall of berlin wall Tried to use foreign aid to liberalise economies, emphasize democracies to minimize corruption, or for poverty alleviation

Bush administration's view on the Kyoto Protocol

Administration was led by 2 former oil men- ideological and political antipathy towards Kyoto Protocol Mistrusted scientific basis for sacrifices required of US Antagonistic to enforcement mechanism that would punish noncompliance Bush as a candidate promised to shrink coal-burning power plants but backpedaled after taking office Rejected Kyoto Protocol because couldn't accommodate to the demands of european/developing countries and conservatives/industry in US But sent representatives to Bon and Marakesh where europe agreed to most of US demands Instead of Kyoto Protocol, they worked towards reducing "greenhouse gas intensity" of emissions divided by GDP

Greek membership of EEC

Admitted prematurely Industry isn't as competitive with rest of Europe Greek agriculture is too tropical and labor intensive to survive integration Greek government = few pro-EC government people would elect

Supranationalism

Advocacy for the formation of supranational organizations of governments ex: EU

Charters and statues

Agreements that create new international institutions

War crimes in WW2

Allies has military tribunals in Nuremberg and Tokyo Major powers has procedures for prosecuting own military personnel for breaches of international/domestic military law Nuremberg trial was significant: Noteworthy for crimes of war (violation of jus in bello) and crimes against humanity (jus ad bellum) 1. War crimes were defined by Hague Conventions but crimes against humanity was not firmly established • Criticism: thought international law was applied ex post facto and case of victor's justice 2. Tribunal asserted that responsibility for criminal acts is on person and not states • Defendants said they were prosecuted for acts of state but that was rejected because crimes are committed by people

radicals

Aka Marxism Karl marx wrote very little on international political economy Doesn't expect social harmony comes from individuals or different classes International capitalist class benefits from international cooperation (realists think that powerful states benefit) Thinks working class doesn't benefit while capitalists in industrialised countries and MNCs profit Class based conflicts of interests exist in international political economy

Treaty

Aka covenant, pact Formal agreement signed by states that specifies their rights and obligations in some area of international interaction States become bound by treaty once they've signed and ratified it If state signed but not yet ratified a treaty, its not obligated by its specific terms, but signatory may not actively seek to undermine the treaty's general purpose Open for signature and subsequent ratification for a finite amount of time, after which it is known as accession

Discrimination

Aka distinction Most important principle in law of war Requires that combatants respect immunity of noncombatants Forbid direct, deliberate attacks on civilians and others not engaged in or preparing for combat WW2 had a lot of violations- bombing Dresden, bombing Japanese civilians, atomic bombs in Japan (chose civilian cities) "Absolutist" principle - no consequential reasoning • Ex: saying atomic bomb in japan would have reduced casualties can't justify violations of noncombatant immunity in wartime POWs • Gives POWs rights because they can no longer do harm. So they cannot be killed while captive and must be released when war ends

Law of war

Aka law of international armed conflict / international humanitarian law About "jus in bello" Conduct on battlefield codified in international law Most important principle is discrimination/distinction

"Jus cogens" rules

Aka peremptory norms Gives rise to "erga omnes" obligations Actors can't excuse themselves from complying by arguing extraordinary circumstances required them to act in a certain way Prosecution of violation of jus cogens = universal jurisdiction, meaning every state has legal claim on offender since offense injures the international community Ex: prohibition of piracy Until 1945 (holocaust) only sporadic efforts to create jus cogens because of lack of will, evidence and legal clarity • Easy to build case against nazi - lead to nuremberg trials

Most-favored-nation status

Any country should extend trade access it gave to another member of the trade compact to all other members Agreement is meant to be global like

"Master resource"

Another name for energy because with energy, other resources can be mined, acquired, processed, substituted, or recycles Economic development + national wealth growth correlates with use of energy • Poor countries need more energy to develop and just to maintain current level of wealth • This means energy as a global commons is uneven because developing world needs energy. Industrialised countries use the most

Subsidies

Another way government interferes with market forces Direct payments to firms to allow them to lower prices while still making normal profits

Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Arab members gained control over foreign oil installation by nationalisation • Government Mandated purchase of foreign assets • Instituted politically motivated embargo on oil sales Lead to increase in world price of oil and transfer of billions from North to Middle east Made OPEC members one of the wealthiest countries very quickly The fact that developing countries were able to exert power on world economy made developed world less concerned about reforming GATT and aimed to reform entire global system instead Major commodity cartel Association of oil-producing countries Took control of world oil market Changed the terms of trade in their factor Coordinated production and distribution to acquire influence

Structural Marxist perspective on globalization

Argues that development from globalization isn't development that any country should want Should take a subordinate place in global economy- countries must surrender control over national destiny to provide the raw material of capitalist production High-tech manufacturing in advanced, industrialized nations- low-tech activities in remote, inhospitable regions High tech manufacturing in powerful countries and so is banking and corporate decision making, which leads to global structure in search of new materials, labor, and new consumer markets "World economy: makes national boundaries insignificant Consideres sweatshops as unpreventable part of capital production Thinks sweatshops are driven by pressure from brand-name companies wanting lower production costs Factory managers always need to reduce costs to maintain contracts- vulnerable position because company can change suppliers Thinks only solution is global revolution • Child labor, indentured servitude, exploitation will not end • Pessimistic prediction for contemporary debate about globalization

Relationship between interdependence and integration

As interdependence increases, integration increases but only to a point High levels of interdependence = can't pull out a problem to solve, but even if there is a common problem, the solution to that common problem might undo the solution to a previous problem

Flaw in western theory of modernization

As seen by theorists in other parts of the world Western theory is not attentive to international influence on development West wrongly thought political and economic development is essentially determined by domestic forces Political and economic structure in LDC are determined by the role their own economies play in global economy The effect of foreign penetration of underdeveloped economies and policies is great

"Greenhouse effect"

Atmosphere covers the globe and they trap solar energy as it bounces off the surface CO2, methane and other substances absorb UV rays from the sun and prevent heat from escaping into space Since Industrial Revolution, we've been burning fossil fuels at tremendous rate and earth's surface temperature has been moving higher Human activities intensify the greenhouse effect - anthropogenic emission

Where economic growth in global south will lead to

Authoritarian dictatorship • Government want to consolidate political powers • State bureaucracies deny population basic human rights Structural violence • Deprivation enforced by repressive social and political system resistant to change • Seen as a consequence of economic conditions in the periphery and linkages with industrialized core of global economy

Sustainable development

Balance of resources Earth's resources are finite and have limits of carrying capacity Economic and human development while preserving ecological system that development depends on

Legal positivism

Became predominant in 1800s and still influential today Not inclined to ground the legal principles and rules of international relations in either divine law or law of nature Instead of relying on on authority of church/enlightened thinkers to determine what the law is, they look at states International law is nothing more than positive law • what states make for themselves in agreements they sign, and customary principles they follow Skeptical of natural view that there are timeless, universal laws that apply to entire human community Looks at the manner in which states conduct their relations with other states • Most nations follow most rules almost all the time

Criticism of international crime

Being held responsible for international crimes while head of state will only persuade them to cling onto power - makes national reconciliation and democratization more difficult Some countries may pursue "criminals" for political reasons Leaving prosecution of international criminals to national courts is unsettling to social order of sovereign states

European unity

Began after thirty years war French Royal advisor made "Grand Design" after war in 1638 for european unity based on religious tolerance League of Nations Concert of Europe - arrangement among dominant European powers to keep minor conflicts in check

Benelux countries

Belgium, netherlands, luxembourg Created common market and customs union among themselves They pledged to eliminate tariff barriers, creating common market Coordinated trade policies towards rest of the world (creating customs union) Netherlands joined later, becoming a multilateral arrangement with regional institutional structures and governing authority Served as model for European Economic Community

10 years after NAFTA started

Benefits and costs of NAFTA were oversold Did not transform the US economy neither positively or negatively Increased trade with both canada (25%) and mexico (125%) and the rest of the world (2.5%) Canadian trade also doubled Didn't know if it was because of NAFTA or a global economic effect People assumed that jobs were moving from the US to other countries On average, had positive benefits on all three countries

N Korea and US talks that are coming up:

Best deal to get - not going to create more ICBM and nuclear weapons, but existing ones will stick around Should be accompanied with large scale inspections

INTEGRATION:

Breakdown of the nation state and the buildup of larger units that take over at least some of the political and economic functions of the state

Integration

Breakdown of the nation state and the buildup of larger units that take over at least some of the political and economic functions of the state

Neo Imperialism

By radical theorists Spread of consumption habits and cultural values ill-suited to the needs and traditions of these societies "Coca-colonization" Corrupting influence of western consumerism

Consequentialism

Can distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate goals in world politics If a state's goal is just, then they should pursue them in any method available

How to enforce international law

Can do it through domestic national court • Ex: supreme court on Paquete Habana case (law of prize- fishing ships) and Hamdan v. rumsfeld (geneva law- guantanamo bay) UN security council authorises the use of "any means necessary" to force compliance with its resolutions

NAFTA

Canada didn't know whether to sign the treaty because it will benefit them, but US will dominate Mexico was dependent on their oil for economy, and owed a lot of money to the US for debts, and because of that, many US banks failed Mexico then wanted to improve and reform • Develop manufacturing, stop depending too much on oil, having closer economic relationship with US for more market, etc People in US were split on the economic benefits and the downfall because of Mexico People thought more factories will be made in mexico and jobs would move to mexico Thought the GDP difference between Mexico and US/Canada was going to distort the relationship

How structural violence is a consequence of linking to global economy

Capital intensive investment reduces need for large number of workers Limiting employment leads to unemployment, lowering of wage rates, income inequalities The inequalities between business/professional classes and working classes might be accompanied by increasing government intervention Government may work to investor's interest and keep wages down to stabilize cost and maximize profits

Universal jurisdiction

Certain crimes like genocide and other crimes against humanity violate peremptory norms of international law, so national courts have sometimes asserted jurisdiction to prosecute individuals regardless of the nationality of victim, perpetrator and if it happened within border Ex: Adolf Eichmann (oversaw extermination of Jews from Europe) was abducted from argentina and taken to israel where he was convicted and hanged Israelis prosecutors saif case against eichmann was based on universal jurisdiction Ex: Slobodan Milosevic, former head of state of Yugoslavia was tried in INternational Criminal Tribunal for genocide in Bosnia, crimes against humanity in Croatia and Kosovo Ex: Issue of jurisdiction in former Chilean Dictator Augusto Pinochet. He had immunity in Chile but not in Spain, so while getting medical treatment in London, extradited to Spain for murder, torture, crimes against Spanish and other nationals

Distribution of wealth and quality of life

Child mortality is related to income • Strong relationship especially in world's poorest per capita GDP Even modest transfer of wealth between nations will greatly improve conditions of world's poor Goal: improvement in economic and social development, but it comes with ecological costs

China and N Korea

China has most control over N Korea in the world, but not as much as people think China has told N Korea for years tot not develop nuclear weapons but didnt work China told N Korea to do the same thing as China and open up economic system but with communist party and kept control of economic system- but still didnt work In 2006, China kept trains of food and fuel, and N Koreans kept the train • China needs to step up their game and display a more stronger attitude China should comply with the agreements and treaties

Rise of China as Major economic power

Chinese control on imports and foreign investment are far more restrictive than Japan 2010 US trade deficit with CHina was almost $275 billion, more than ⅓ of total trade deficit and well in excess of its deficits with Japan, NAFTA, enture EU combines China's domestic market is less accessible than most others in pacific rim Chinese firms have pirated computer software, audio recording, hightech goods copyrighted by the west • Reducing chinese demand for US imports • Allows Chinese firm to compete with original producers in Asian export market Record of chinese abuse compliance is mixed Chinese government isn't comfortable with WTO membership requirements of • Economic restructuring and economic transparency - scrutiny of trade policies and practices

Frequency of civil wars

Civil war = Intrastate Has become common in the recent years Civil war is more common than interstate wars

Treatment of prisoners in war (Detainee rights)

Codified in Geneva COnventions, known as "Geneva Law: • Most authoritative source for the law of war • Culmination of rule making in US and Europe since 1860s Specified rights of POW, the conditions of imprisonment, extent of interrogation, process for prosecuting war crime POW have better treatment than those imprisoned for criminal behavior Can only capture POW to keep them off battlefield and not to punish them Killing during combat is lawful, but Geneva Convention outlines the condition for lawful combat If lawful combat conditions are met, they must have POW rights- if not, they are treated same as common crimes and killing in battle is murder

"Benedict Arnold CEOs"

Coined by Senator John Kerry CEOs who wanted to hand jobs from Americans to Indians and Chinese A type of "Outsourcing", decision similar to what lead to sweatshops Hundreds of thousands of layoffs occured in technology and service sectors in 1990s-2000s • Indian/Chinese firms with highly trained technicians/engineers do the same work

Market mechanism doesn't work well for

Collective defense Maintenance of free trade regime Happens because members of the collective (alliance/trading community) have incentive to free-ride and benefit without contributing

Creating rules about global warming gases

Collective good = removing a collective bad Collective good requires high levels of compliance by worst offenders • US and China's compliance is crucial because they have most impact

Kyoto Protocol and the idea of collective good

Collective good was signed without the hegemon of the US Even if all signatories work hard, there will be little change in global warming trends because US is responsible for more than ⅓ of world's total global warming gas emissions Shows how economic and international law intersects • Scheme of trading emissions used markets well to achieve socially beneficial result Relationship between lack of agreements of economic sacrifices and even slightly ambiguous science • Kyoto protocol failed in part because a few scientists were unwilling to endorse majority view of global warming

Tragedy of the commons

Commons = joint supplied and nonexcludable good When there are free riders, collective good is not sustained Individuals follow logic of rational self-interest, and the result = destruction og collective good Commons is a collective good is usage remains low, but when it is increased so that good is nonexcludable but no longer jointly supplied People ignore the responsibilities to contribute and maintain it Goods appear to be indivisible/infinite, so cost distributed will be small at first but if it becomes widespread, cost increases

ICC's popularity

Confusing because it holds states accountable for violating international law Diplomats were most likely to be tried by court Enthusiasm and ideological and moral principles indicative of western europe A few states that were enthusiastic swayed countries that were economically dependent on them States with least to fear from ICC were more likely to join But dates with atrocities with government and citizens most likely to be prosecuted were among first to sign up • Some even invited ICC to prosecute their own citizens • Wanted ICC to negotiate civil war New democracies wanted to "lock in" their rule of law that any future despot would answer to the world But many refused to join our of fear that citizens will be subjected

Human Development Index (HDI)

Constructed by the UN Development Programme While wealth is important to development, does not always capture social progress Purpose of development is for people to have more choices that people have to live full and rewarding lives Takes into account life expectancy, adult literacy, school enrollment, GDP per capita Latin america and middle east have high levels of human development rest of global south have intermediate levels of human development except for sub-saharan africa

Global food regime

Cooperative activities and sustainability programs facilitated by international organizations to meet challenges of feeding the planet

Three views on international distributive justice

Cosmopolitan perspective • Premise that individuals have equal moral worth regardless of ethnic, religious, cultural or other group identities • Obligation to other people is global • Arguments based on natural war, or "veil of ignorance" Communitarian perspective • Moral obligation to others don't extend beyond border Realist perspective • Some principles of distributive justice applies internationally but only among democracies and peaceful non democratic states • As long as assistance reinforces or promotes liberal political institutions in the subset of global society "well-ordered peoples"

How complex bureaucracies can slow development

Countries have complex legal systems to do what the law says you should do • Bureaucracy is complex • So many processes to consider to get legally involved • Ex: in peru, grad students had to work for 6 hours for almost 300 days to establish a garment shop that employed one person, costing 30x the monthly minimum wage worker Another reason why developing countries aren't developing Ex: how to legally settle on government land in haiti Need to own land to establish business (even more compounded time)

Export oriented infustilation (EOI)

Countries that follows an outward-looking development strategy Has faster growth rate than inward-oriented LDCs They target certain industries for government assistance with great success As movement in exchange rates prices a country's good out of world market, Asian NICs replace them

Realist view on economic interdependence

Country has duty to control how world economy affects the state Ex: prevent goods from entering country is it damaged local production or make country dependent on import Ex: Self reliance, even at the sake of lower standard of living, to defend national interest Direct public investments in industry, training workers, promoting scientific discoveries, etc Government only purchasing domestically produced goods

Jurisdiction of ICC

Court has "complementary jurisdiction" • Shares authority with states When crime occurs in ICC member's territory and member is capable and willing to carry out a trial, ICC will play no direct role When state can't or is unwilling to carry out duties, iCC has authority to claim jurisdiction

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)

Created after fall of Berlin Wall Provide financing for private initiative to promote economic liberalisation of Eastern/Central Europe and Asia States must commit to democratization and protection of Environment for citizens and government agencies to get project assistance

Managed float

Current system of exchange Monetary authorities in states consult and coordinate policies to minimize fluctuations in exchange rates Member States of EU soon fixed values with one another when adopting Euro, Developing countries now peg their currencies to another currency or basket of currencies to maintain stability of exchange rates Some countries adopt foreign currency as official currency

Montreal protocol

Cut worldwide production of harmful chemicals by 50% by 1998 Impressive, considering the difficulties • Delays caused by economic interests • Uncertainty about scientific evidence • Reluctance of developing countries to pay for more expensive substitutes

How dead capital affects development

Dead capital = Informal or "extralegal assets" that cannot be used effectively for economic transactions, guarantees, contributions or compensation Ex: Not having a legal title of owning a house - cant use the house as collateral to establish a business to get loans ¾ of rural properties in South American Caribbean countries do not have legal property Not formally owned, so no taxes can be payed

Environmental regime

Deals with who is allowed to use resource, harvesting capacity, rate of consumption, distribution of externalities (technology for mining, pollution, etc) Allows "side-payments" (sharing profit of resources) and reduces "transaction costs" by negotiating conflict

Effect of 1973 quadrupling of oil on europe

Decade of stagflation OPEC oil exporters wanted importers to end support of Israel • Worked for france and germany but not for netherlands british pound collapsed in mid 1970s Labor unrest derailed economic growth in france and italy Germany had terrorism Trading threat from east asia EEC should have done something and the UK too as a leader but it was absent at creation so had to comply with rules it didn't agree with

Genocide

Defined in 1948 genocide convention Commission of a range of violent acts (killings, maining, forced abduction) with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group Concern was whether leaders of a government could be prosecuted for acts - decision was that genocide was so serious that no government is ever justified Every member has the obligation to refuse to order to commit genocide

International monetary regime

Designed to help states manage their exchange rates, maintain reserve currencies (Assets like gold) used as common medium of exchange and regulate movement of international capital

Choices regional institutions must make

Determining center of power for regional institution Involves if state has single vote, consistent with sovereign equality, or whether votes should be weighed May have one major power with several weaker neighbors with predominant state rejecting one-country-one -vote rule Must think if unanimity is required to approve new measure or if majority is enough Will state representative be able to override policy proposals

State centered capitalism

Different from US capitalism Alive in Pacific Rim Domestic markets, investment efforts, export policies are characterised by partnership between state bureaucracies and private corporations Leads to often stellar economic performance

"Tariff escalation"

Developed countries couldn't become more sophisticated agricultural produced- impeded by sale of processed foods Even after tariff reduction, EU placed 21.1% tariff on chocolate, even though cocoa beans entered duty free High tariff and tax rate = developed world's government spent so much on subsidies and price supports to protect domestic producers Lead to increase in food prices in late 200s • Price of food increased or was volatile Showed that poor is vulnerable to economic forces and decisions beyond their control Developing country's farms arm inefficient and can't quickly expand production Economic growth in latin america and asia contributed to food price rising- demand for food imports increased with income Reduced incentives among developed countries to bargain over agricultural trade policies • European and American production dropped but still had surplus and started subsidy war Subsidy war • Retaliate food prices with increased subsidies of its own Cairs group of fair trading nations

Basic-needs strategy

Development strategy that pays particular attention to provision of essential goods and services to population Subsidize (financially supporting) food production, health care, education, transportation Not concerned with consumer goods for immediate use - tries to build human capital with basis for economic growth Investing in ways to improve earnings • Political freedom, gender equality, land reform, health measures, access to secondary education

How to industrialised with an economy based on resources

Developmental benefits accompanying shift to manufacturing Countries want to regine and process the raw materials If resource is nonrenewable, depleting resources will leave country with nothing But shifting to processing/manufacturing, can benefit from "spin-offs" • Technical expertise, infrastructure or communications and transportation, physical plants Persistent wealth in developed countries come from industry • Processing + industrial diversification Demand for synthetic materials have replaced natural materials • Lower tariffs for technologically advanced manufactures products • But many LDC process simpler manufacture goods and get less benefits • Higher tariffs and restrictions can shut off LDC producers from global market

Why some people think national sovereignty is threatened

Developments in international law including • Binding obligations even to states that haven't signed agreements • Soldiers, senior officials of government, heads of state are being prosecuted for violating laws

"Spill over"

Direct spill over • if you make it cheaper to ship things over water, the ones on land want it to be cheaper too • Then the land shipping gets involved (involved in integration because they are directly related) • So after one problem is solved, it creates pressure for other problem to be solved and ends up with international organisations with roles that government used to have Indirect spill over • Problems are not linked (if shipping works, then united solution for immigration should work too)

North-South gap

Discrepancy in economic and human developmental level Most developing economies are in the southern hemisphere Most industrialized economies are found in northern hemisphere Called a gap because the different isn't natural or inevitable- they can do better Ex: gap in literary, life expectancy, sanitation facilities, child mortality rates, etc

Problem with hegemony

Distinguishing between leadership and domination Utility and desirability of having hegemon depends on where states are in international economic system Less developed countries (LDC) are in economic dependency and think hegemony as unjust

"Collective good"

Doesn't belong to any single player Available to all, but not free Requires sacrifice and expense Difficult for states to determine the collective good, like rules to govern environment Hegemony, who shoulders the weight, division of costs and contributions

Difference between domestic and international law

Domestic law • Set of rules in national constitution, legislative statutes, government regulations, and judicial decisions • Enforced by centralised political International law • No centralized government with supreme legislative, judicial, enforcement authority • No international constitution • But still have institutions that make, interpret, enforce international rules like IGOs, diplomatic procedures of states, etc Huge difference is the centralised political and legal structure present in states but not in international system

How individuals play a role in international law

Don't fit very well Almost all treaties deal exclusively with relationships between states Individuals lack "legal standing" and only there to represent states • Diplomats, soldiers, head of states and entities to protections and obligated to comply with regulations

Results of ICTR and ICTY

Dozens convicted of genocide Slow, relatively expensive Important model of independent justice Created model for the ICC, but not as a precedent except for the fact that crimes against humanity could take place during peacetime

What makes development difficult

Drag of population Debt and debt servicing Health care • 90% of AIDS death in developing world • 1/5 adults in Zimbabwe have had AIDS

Worker governed economic policies

Driven by desire to protect the weaker members of society and call for self-reliance Advocate limiting powers of firms to exploit workers Encourage unionization and worker management schemes Limiting monopoly and other collusive Limiting right of firms to export jobs and promoting farmer cooperatives and other empowerment policies

"al-Jazeera effect"

During Iraq war, reports of casualties were broadcast and ignited public outrage Increased pressure to end military campaign Meant US ahd to avoid targeting roads, bridges, public works (Schools, hospitals, mosques)

How Europe demonstrated democratic peace

EU institutions, EBRD No explicit mention of conflict prevention but expands "zone of republican peace" Promote democracy, rule of law, individual rights, economic freedom, food governance, poverty alleviation

PHARE program

EU set funds aside for Eastern European countries interested in eventual EU membership but needed to go through economic and political reforms Targeted 10 eastern european countries Helpful in drafting new legislation in justice and home affairs - nurturing civil rights For countries that can't carry out projects due to lack of money and experience

Modernization theory of development

Early western view of development LDC would progress economically and through industrialisation if their societies shed traditional way and became more modern Urbanization, secularization and cultural tolerance encourages entrepreneurial spirit missing in traditional society This was the transformation experienced by West Did not anticipate the economic stagnation and political repression in developing world

Development outside dependency theory

East Asian NIC like SOuth Korea and Taiwan Land-reform programs after WW2 No resistance to economic reform and equity - all broken down during war and foreign occupation Agrarian reform and redistribution created incentive and domestic market Reducing power of agricultural interest established independent labor movements and legitimate political challenge

Growth in different regions

East asia and pacific rim • Before asian financial crisis, GDP per capita annual growth was 10% • Some countries grew rapidly through the crisis too • Growing wealth + development in oil-rich states of pacific rim Latin america and caribbean • Gradual growth, emerging from foreign debt and attracting foreign investment Sub Saharan africa • Very slow, sometimes negative growth • Failure to attract foreign investment • Crumbling economic and social infrastructure • Significant health problem (especially AIDS) • Breakdown in civil order in East, WEst, Central Africa

Nuremberg trials

Easy to build case - written plans to eliminate jews, no jurisdictional issues, all 4 powers (UK, US, France, Soviet Union) agreed to prosecute Didn't prosecute nazis for genocide necaise it wasn't defined, but for murder, abduction, targeting civilians, dispossession

Autarchic democracy

Economically isolated democracies

Similarities between interdependence and dependent development

Economics > politics Have domestic and international spheres that interact together • Have to understand what is going within a state Non-state actors are important • Government isn't the supreme actor Interaction of states important

Relationship between industrializing countries, developing countries and markets

Economists say that one essential requirement for prosperity in the developing world is prosperity in industrialised country that acts as their market Industrialised countries import a lot from low/middle income countries

Marshall Plan

European Recovery Program Measure for US to provide capital and materials for European construction World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) was inadequate

Developing countries

Emits large share of global warming gases Removes planet's forests as well Deforestation to provide farmland Growing population = increase demand for fossil fuels

Realist perspective

Emphasizes role of state in global affairs Often Neglect economic dimensions of world politics (neorealism) Intellectual descendants of mercantilists (both want to put national interest first in market) often called neomercantilism Skeptical that nonstate actors can have independent impact on global political economic relations • In actuality, NGO, IGO and MNCs (multinational corporations) have been most effective in promoting national interest of most powerful states

London agreement

End all production of chemicals that destroy ozone layer Amended date to 2010 for developing countries Compromises were needed, like setting up a fund to help developing countries pay for substitutes for CFC CFC = chlorofluorocarbons, thins the ozone layer, used in spray cans, plastic, refrigeration

Prerequisite in establishing stable democracies

Enough income and wealth to create literate population Mass media that informs the population Economy healthy enough for life to be attained through industry, commerce, agriculture, intellectual activity- means other than political power + corruption Private sources checks authoritarian government and provide employment to defeated politicians to accept electoral defeat Shows that economic development = promotion of political liberties Supporting evidence: • industrialised countries of OECD are all political democracies • In OECD, those without democracies have mediocre human development

second task of EEC

Establish common agricultural program (CAP) Common market and customs union in all foodstuff, price guarantees, structural reforms Ensure fair standard of living for agricultural workers Essential for national security because Europe was a net food importer Key element: price guarantees which calmed down the farm lobbies EECX-Sex proceeded with price support mechanism involving purchase of surplus production stored until it could be sold without lowering price Price level was high, heavily subsidised German prices to appease German farmers Council wanted this high price to be temporary and force inefficient producers out of business- but not the case CAP is neither capitalist or effective but reforming risks consequences that outweigh benefits Revision of Treaty of Rome included downsizing CAP and experimented with alternatives to maintain prices

Emissions baseline

Establishing emissions baseline for future rules was first steps taken in Kyoto Protocol Very easy to do and estimates total volume of global warming gases coming from each country Special attention was given to Annex I countries - responsible for majority of population, mostly industrialized West

Monetary reform in Europe

European Monetary System (EMS) discussed after Treaty of Rome but nothing happened until collapse of dollar-centered Bretton Woods system Werner report called for fixing exchange rates that would fluctuate in parallel Inflation after oil crisis hit each country differently, so currency seperated a lot EMS allowed european currency to fluctuate freely to one another within 4.5% band Governments had to accept responsibility to raise/lower value of their surrency Agreement was signed by bankers of EEC and implemented by them and not political leaders Bankers agreed to conservative monetary principles but also to consultation, coordination, and convergence of money policy Also agreed to ECU, new accounting unit and forerunner to euro

Single EUropean Act (SEA)

European Union - 1984 draft treaty by European parliament Merge foreign and defense policies (1985) Unification of economic policies across EEC (1985) After talks of unification, SEA was approved Represented major modification of treaty of Rome and called for implementation of four freedoms Changed Treaty of Rome just by changing powers of existing bodies • European Parliament has greater voice in admitting new members • Scope of operation broadened, increasing likelihood of europe wide policies

Debt

Even if countries that solved problem of trade dependence, debt can hold them back US government's trade deficits magnified problem because it attracts foreign capital that might otherwise go to indebted poor countries Many indebted countries can't repay principal on loans or keep up on interest payments Banks in developed countries that lent large sums to LDC can go bankrupt, so developed countries are interested in keeping their debtors financially successful

General Assembly

Every member of UN has one vote 2 times of votes- recorded and summary vote Recorded • Requested before voting • Keeps tally of how many said yes or no Summary • Only says how many voted and can't identify which countries did

"Positive rights"

Ex: covenant on economic, social, cultural rights Entitlements to certain economic amenities and social welfare provisions Ex: employment under favorable conditions, education and health care

Problem with AIDS and development

Example of Poor getting poorer because of the Economic and social strains Life expectancy has fallen Rising cost of health care Lost work days due to AIDS- AIDS kills adults during more productive years 12 million orphans in Africa due to AIDs "Wall of disease"

Rights of individuals when they go overseas

Expected to obey all local laws and may be arrested Embassies are to be notified and access is to be provided to embassy staff members who wish to visit them in prison and assist their legal defense Foreign prisoners have a right to "minimum standard of treatment: - should not be tortured or abused even if locals are Refugees seeking asylum are to be given fair hearings and may be deported is case is insufficient Journalists, volunteers have no special privileges

Realist ethics on warfare

Extreme view: • War is justifiable if it serves national interest • Pessimistic view of international society • International politics is anarchic that even self-preservation requires abandoning moral inhibitions Moderate view • Justice in foreign affairs depends on aims of government and not on the policy tools used to achieve them • Believes in consequentialism

Environmental justice

Fair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits among people. Irrespective of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and nationality Has procedural element: people affected by environmental policies should have opportunities for involvement in procedures

Why european countries give aid

Fear of violence, instability and poverty Peace agreements and political reforms in the region have entitled them for inclusion in european security community Other countries democratization Russia's stability for europe's security

"Market failures"

Firms unwilling to invest where payoffs are uncertain in areas that would benefit society in the long run Ex: research and development in government agencies like public health & national defense

How EU members focused their foreign aid

Focus on poverty alleviation, and political/economic liberalisation Projects conducted through oversight bodies to meet standards Funding = spread out through period of time Decisions made by "eurocrats" • Hired by European Community, rather than national representatives Communal and bilateral aid by individual member to avoid fragmentation and redundancy

International political economy (IPE)

Focusses on combines political and economic behavior taking place among state and nonstate actors in global society Equality of politics, international economics and economics of international politics 1. International trade and monetary relations between states 2. Activities of international institutions that facilitate economic cooperation, 3. Global economic development

"Negative rights"

Freedoms from arbitrary exercise of government power, unequal application of the law, and limits on political participation Ex: Covenant on Civil and POlitical Rights

Gap between North and South widening

Gap of wealth and income continue to widen LDC have higher rate of growth in GDP per capita than industrialised countries on average However • Growth rate of least-developed countries are lower than in OECD • Some sub saharan countries have negative growth • Lag in development is the biggest difference with least developing states moving slower than other developing world (infant mortality rate not dropping enough) Shows that overall, developing world is actually several world, with different problems, and records of performance

What ICC deals with

Genocide Crimes against humanity War crimes Aggression (this is still negotiated) Some wanted to add terrorism and drug trafficking but voted down Even if only one person was killed by an individual, if it was part of a :systematic or widespread" attack against civilians, can be prosecuted

Geographic determinism

Geography is a factor that conspires against economic and human development in global south We should avoid using this justification because history has affected the south, and the west bears responsibility for the current development gap

How ECSC was used

German industry consumed so much coal that other european countries had shortages Jean Monet, leader of france's industrial plan, used this as an opportunity to for integration Germany and france has joint sovereignty over joint resources and opened for further collective action Keeps germany's military capacity in check and supports french economic goal

Nondiscrimination

Global level of regional trade agreement Trade openness should be available to all states that wish to join the compact Any country should extend trade access it gave to another member of the trade compact to all other members

Principle of nondiscrimination

Global level of regional trade agreement Trade openness should be available to all states that wish to join the compact Any country should extend trade access it gave to another member of the trade compact to all other members

Common-pool resources

Goods jeopardized by collective action problems Natural resources not belonging to a state Ex: deep sea bed, ozone layer, high seas, fisheries, outer space Some argue that these are "global commons" even those in national boundaries (rainforests + species inside)

Chinese nuclear weapons

Got them in 1964, and in 1969 had a small scale war with Soviet, and 1970 fought with Vietnam A counterexample to pro-proliferation argument

Industrial policy

Government assists industries "national champions" deemed crucial to nation's economic strength Ex: Targeted government purchases, research/development subsidies, promotion of exports US against industrial policies Many think large peacetime defense budget in uS = covert industrial policy In US, government support for research.development only acceptable for non economic objective like national security

Mercantilism

Government nurture domestic military industry Only buy domestically produced weapons and commodities Not depend on foreign weapons Economic doctrine in europe before 180s Monarchs supported exports and discouraged imports to add to stock of gold and silver Surplus used to promote industrial development, build infrastructure, strengthen army/navy Wanted nation's economic activities to be self-sufficient

Managed trade

Governments negotiate among themselves a illiberal arrangement Governments manipulate the supply and demand of goods and services by bargaining and negotiating Result: government force own firm to export fewer items

Conflict across africa in mid-1990s

Great lake region around rwanda engulfed in violence, spilled over to civil war in zaire (congo) Civil in western africa (liberia, sierra leone, cote d'ivoire) Government forces, rebel armies, loosely organized militias carried out large-scale massacres of civilians, forced children into military service and held women as sexual slaves Nearly many africans killed as jews during holocaust

Stages of demographic transition

Happens after population burst by reduction in death rates, public health improvements, many births Occurs in societies because economic development induces changes in birth rate + death rate Stage one: pre-development • Birthrate and death rates are high, medicine and health care are underdeveloped • Many births (basis of laborers for agrarian economy) compensate for death from disease Stage 2: early stage of industrialization • Birth Rates remain high for agricultural production, still central to economy • Rapid population growth from wider gap between birthrates and death rates Stage 3: industrialization • Urbanization + women entering workforce = decrease incentive for large family • Birth Rate fall, death rate flattens, basic health care is nearly universal, population growth tapers off Stage 4: • Stabilization of birthrates and death rates at low levels

How local economies are penetrated

Happens financially or technologically MNCs • involved in mining, agriculture, manufacturing and extracting/production • Taking advantage of cheap labor and lower taxes and other regulation • transfer manufacturing process from center to periphery • fosters dependence and undermines local technological.manufacturing capacity Social and cultural penetration • TV, magazines, movies, internet, etc • People become "carriers" of foreign culture by sending them to western educational institutions • Tourist traveling to developing countries expose their culture, altering local cultural preference Indigenous manufacturing in LDC then caters to privileged westernized consumers, producing the expensive western items that working class can't consume

Peacekeeping

Happens when fighting happens between countries or a fighting within a country (civil war) Used to end conflict (when leaders want to end the war but the bottom level are still fighting) or to talk to one another UN doesn't have its own military, so the process is long (resolution in General Council, Secretary General asks each country to send military) Typically US doesn't get involved by sending troops (during cold war- prevent proxy war) just sends money Happens more frequently post cold war era

World system theory

Historical perspective going back to 16th century Spain, Portugal, and later Britain, Holland and France created world division of labor between themselves Viewed themselves as "center" of world system and colonial territories as "periphery" Commerce and manufacturing in center, food and raw materials from periphery

"Spaceship earth", "shrinking planet", "global village"

Idea of interdependence and connectivity Changes by one actor will have intentional/unintentional consequences for other actors

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

Identifies major sources of international law • 1. International treaties • 2. Customs • 3. General principles of law recognised by nations Means of determining content or rules of laws • 1. Judicial decision by national courts and international tribunals like ICJ (precedent) • Writings of highly qualified publicist or legal scholars

Has ICC made a difference?

Important in the legal sense, potential to change international community's way of thinking about international law But will likely take 10 years to issue first verdict Prosecutor's office moved too cautiously and mishandled its first case But international community didn't provide the support needed But it's a watershed for child's rights • Prosecuting Lubanga on basis of child soldiers • Shows international condemnation for crimes if other cases end in conviction

Trade deficit

Importing more than exporting

Potential pitfalls from trading with comparative/absolute advantage

If worldwide demand increases, states can increase price and the other state will get less per production of an item Economies producing only a few items id more sensitive to uncertainties of international market • Can lead to declining wages, unemployment, etc Mass production and automation - technological advances- affects industrial advancement • Affects trade if the other state sticks to traditional process

Why democracies are less likely to go to war (democratic peace)

Immanuel Kant was one of the first to argue this Lives are turned upside down • People decide to go to war, Increased tax to fund war, Sacrifice lives Difficult for surprise attack • public needs to talk about expenditure, troop deployment, war planning More peaceful ways of dealing with war than autocratic regime • Courts, mediators, legislature Pair of liberal states develop closer ties • Based on trust and peaceful dispute settlement • Leads to creation of loose federation (EU)

Development

Important for international politics because its a Source of power for countries Assumes economics is more important than politics

International customary law

In ICJ statute Evidence of a general practice accepted as law Its international custom because states feel obligation to conform- a sense of duty called opinio juris

Iran deal

Iran has to: • Reduce uranium enrichment levels • Reduce uranium stockpile under 300 kilograms (98% reduction) • Reduce centrifuges by about ⅔ • No nuclear material at Fordow (fuel enrichment plant) for at least 15 years, convert site • Rebuild reactor at Arak for research • Ship spent-fuel outside borders so it won't be used for nuclear weapons

How permanent is the IAEA?

Iran's desire to want nuclear weapons won't change unless the Iranian government change After IAEA is over, nothing is going to hold back Iran from developing nuclear weapons

The Hague

In the netherlands European Movement was founded to lobby group for more integration and unity Churchill was president of Hague conference Division between federalists (French and German wanted powerful european federal government) and unionist ( just wanted agreements and to deal with particular problems) After economic and social crisis from disastrous harvest of 1948, conflict • Soviet expansion in eastern europe was foreboding • Rise of communist parties in france, italy and western europe • US needed to rescue Europe from WW3 to protect the prized German industry

Nuclear Program

Inspections to check the nuclear facilities aren't for weapons Look at their motivation to prevent them/stop them from making nuclear weapons • Harder to look at motivation, but only way to permanently stop country from making nuclear facilities

Exchange Rate Mechanism

Included in EMS Warning to be issued to banks of currencies whose currencies fell outside 3.5% band around deutsche mark Strong currencies in european banking system were tolerated for wider range

Spaceship earth

Inclusionist perspective of malthusian metaphor for environmental studies Earth is a spaceship without unlimited reservoirs for anything so man must find a cyclical ecological system that can sustain reproduction

Hardin's lifeboat ethics

Instead of comparing earth to a spaceship, compare it to a lifeboat Rich countries are in the lifeboat, and the ocean has the poor of the world to get into the lifeboat (and share the wealth) However, boat has capacity and even with its extra space that can be made, extra space is a "safety factor" Hardin thinks that • foreign aid undermines incentives to bring about change if world's resources are supposed to be preserved for prosterity - tragedy of the commons • Population growth is the biggest problem, with solution being population control through famine

Human Rights

Individuals have rights under international; law regardless of their citizenship Opportunities for individuals to sue is limited Rights possessed by individuals because they are human not because they are citizen of a state International laws/treaties aim to deny states from withholding rights of their own people Individuals = legal subject separate form state of national origin How IGOs and NGOs get into domestic affairs of states

Euro

Introduced euro in 1998 through maastricht treaty Appeared in government-to-government transactions and prices of ordinary products Siffered initial dip in international exchange markets, but stabilized slightly higher than US dollar 2002, national currencies were eliminated and eirp was used europe-wide

G20

Informal forum like G7 Mechanism for regular consultation between finance ministers and central bank presidents from richest countries in terms of GDP G7 + Argentina, Australia, brazil, China, India, Indonesia. Mexico, RUssia. Saudi Arabia. South Korea, South Korea, Turkey + EU Met first to address global financial crisis of 1999 because it affected advanced developing nations Created "working groups" to address ongoing issues and present proposals for action Informal and voluntary Doesn't come close to forming government with real authority/power

UN Conference on the Environment and Development

Intended to be a daramtic, high-level event where world's leaders would address and develop answers for environmental issues Meeting lead to series of agreements, principles, and list of policy goals Lead to UN Framework Convention of Climate Change (FCCC)

How economic interdependence can promote peace

Interdependence can limit war-making ability of individual european states Ex: preventing 2 countries from fighting over resource-rich area Trade = incentive to maintain peaceful relations Military conflict endangers importer's preferred supplies of goods and exporter's market More trade between countries = less likely to experience wars of militarise disputes, consistent with liberal perspective

Just war tradition

Intermediate views between realist and pacifist For those who accept use of force as legitimate instrument of state policy in some, but not all, circumstances, there are 2 sets of ethical principles to consider • 1. Justice of war "jus ad bellum" • 2. Justice in war "jus in bello" (concerns proper conduct on the battlefield) Includes principles of • last resort • just cause (Self defense) • imminent aggression justified by pre-emptive use of force • War declared by legitimate authority • War be declared publicly • discrimination/distinction • proportionality Does not allow preventative war

How much internal conflict in africa

Internal conflict in a country in a year: at least 25 deaths in combat Time period 1946-2006 397 country years of conflict

Nationality principle

International law also recognises extraterritorial jurisdiction of national courts to try own citizens that committed serious crimes outside their border

Preventative war

International law doesn't recognise right to preventative war Military action against state with growing strength that will allow it to attack in future but not an immediate threat Gets mury between preemptive and preventive war if the argument is that the would-be aggressor has capacity and intention to attack and waiting would be dangerous to deter or if deterrence were to fail

Why west developed first

Jared Diamond - Guns, Germs and Steel Spread of infectious diseases- during North American expansion, 95% of the natives were killed by smallpox and other diseases they were not immune to Europe had urban areas where disease spread and immunity grew More domesticated animals in Europe, but less in Americas Domesticated animals and agriculture will work in east-west orientation of eurasia but not in north-south orientation of americas or africa Development starts with economic development Political development was slow in other places High agricultural productivity so other people can do non-farming jobs and develop cities Ex: England was the first to industrialise because they had agricultural productivity

Pre-emptive use of force

Justified by imminent aggression Preemptive self defense if Recognised as just cause for war UN Charter reserves security council to determine threat to peace "Imminent" means that aggression is in the making and will occur soon unless it is preempted • Intent and capability on the would-be aggressor • Response if signaled by offensive military mobilization

Economic nationalism

Labor unions and industry groups encourage consumers to buy goods made locally Buying foreign, imported goods is unpatriotic

EU membership criteria

Laid out after enlargement of membership 1. Stable democracy and protection of fundamental human rights 2. Functioning market economy 3. Ability to take on obligation of membership

Liberal view on international political economy

Less confident that state occupies such important position in international political economy States share stage with other significant actors • They might not have the resources like armies, but transitional state power isn't always effective Focus on limits of state power and tendency of states to redefine national interests in context of international economic conditions

Water

Less than 1% of the world's water is usable - fresh water, not in polar ice caps Not all freshwater can be used for human consumption Quality or water is threatened by human pollution- sewage, industrial waste, chemical outputs from mining and agriculture Desalination of seawater is widespread only to countries that can afford it Most water consumption = agriculture to maintain, reclaim, open farmland Water consumption triples for every population doubling

Political freedom after decolonization, post WW2

Liberal democratic governments were the exception Authoritarian regimes rules, those that coerce and repress daily life, especially to anyone who challenges the distribution of power and wealth

Role of economics in democratic peace

Liberal scholars place emphasis on role of free trade and open communication to explain peace More 2 states are intertwined, lower the odds of going to war Ex: no state with McDonalds has gone to war with other state with McDOnalds (2007) • Products don't kill their customers Countries maintain diplomatic relations with countries their corporation imports from or sell goods to Interdependence = incentive for peaceful conflict resolution

"Governance"

Liberal view of looking at the international system Thinks that states are constrained by laws, customs, social mores and internalised values Associated with optimistic view of international relations Not government Not imposed by formal institution Mix of formal agreements, administrative bodies, informal traditions and customs that together make international life predictable and reasonable Developed with respect to economic relations • Trade agreements, bailing out indebted neighbors, stabilize global currencies Anarchy is embedded in governance in the right for states to opt out of the system • Ex: banning things even in fair trade if a state thinks its unsafe

How Governments work with one other to promote/interfere with market forces

Liberalization Reciprocity Regional trade agreement Nondiscrimination Most-favored nation status Preference Managed trade

What to do after the North Korean regime collapses

Life after autocracy, north koreans will try to go to China Would cost 3 trillion dollars to rebuild North Korea • Stop people from starving, higher standard to living • No one wants to pay for that People in N Korea would have to adapt their life • Change banking system

International bill of rights

List of human rights, product of 3 international convention Universal Declaration of Human rights (most comprehensive), Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Covenant on Economic, social, and cultural rights Soft law, so states only pledge to "strive to promote" the rights

Debt bondage in sweatshops

Loan is given to cover working free Paid off over time, but worker needs to stay on Prevalent in textile industry and agriculture New downward prices pressure were getting intense- international market forces

Outsourcing

Loss of many jobs held by advanced degrees and high salaries • Average of 200 thousand white collar jobs lost to india • But reconsidering - many consumer complaint and difficulty getting back fraction of wage differences in US and third world workers • To keep prices low, pressure to find new cheap labor Good parts of outsourcing • Lack of highly trained workers push wages up in tech sector for india • US economy gains 12-14 cents for every dollar spend on oversea outsourcing US firms hire more workers in • US with savings from outsourcing

Factors associated with outbreak of civil war since 1945

Low per capita income increases chances of civil war • May happen because: • 1. Like is miserable in poor country and blame government • 2. Government is weak in poor country so its easy to fight them More likely to occur the first few years of a state's existence More likely if high export revenues from fossil fuels • Government doesn't need to give out political positions to people

Liberalization

Lowering of barriers to trade Achieved through mutual negotiation involving reciprocity or balanced give and take Sometimes conducted by countries in a region to produce regional trade agreement

ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS:

Made a pool of foreign currency contributed by other states Make loans to states to allow them to support the value of their currency during periods of economic difficulty IMF conditionality • IMF can exercise supervision over borrow's economic policies if borrow needed a lot of support

Group of Seven, G7

Made up of finance minister for US (secretary of treasury), UK, Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Italy Meet regularly and more often during crisis No formal institutional structure Network of officials who consult to address issues Provides mechanism for states to reach agreement when coordinated action is required Meets especially during currencies are concerned • Ex: if US dollar was low and Europeans were getting trade deficits since US goods are artificially cheap, and France/Germany wanted to buy billion dollars with euro to raise dollar value- then Japan can't sell off USD just because it's cheaper -- those two will then cancel each other out

Humanitarian intervention

Main purpose to relieve human suffering Sovereignty protects defense against aggression but not intervention of the oppressed States use this as an excuse to invade • Ex: india invaded east pakistan area of bengalis to prevent bengali massacre and lead to Bangladesh, also breaking apart India's enemy

Food security

Malnourished and starving population have decreased because food production outpaces population growth Worries about the future's food security because • Most of arable land is cultivated,arable land lost to cultivation (roads + urban areas expanding, losing fertile top soil from deforestation • Questions of whether new seeds, fertilizers, pesticides can keep up with the loss of arable land Difficult to predict carrying capacity of food resources because of • debate over definition of "adequate nourishment" - how many calories? • Fluctuation of yearly harvest • Financial resources needed to produce food, process + distribute food, buy the food

Founding of World Trade Organization

Most significant liberal trade order since GATT itself GATT is a binding treaty that included a charter for the WTO and revised trade rules Founding members of WTO = 60% of GATT but remainder joined in 2 years Among IGO, only UN has more members

Maquiladoras

Manufacturing plants in MExico cheap labor, lower corporate tax, free from US health, safety, environmental regulation but still easy access to US market

Aid as strategic investment

Maybe even bribery to improve diplomatic relations Aid has gone to aggressive dictators who agree with foreign policy aim of donor Aid has also gone to relatively well-off countries But governments have rewarded democracies with more while they do not punish corrupt governments with less

Ecological footprint

Measure to design land and water area necessary to sustain population indefinitely Area that produces what population consumes and absorb its waste Ideally, footprint = carrying capacity of the area it occupies, but that's rarely the case In 2007 world population needed 18 billion hectares, but earth's biological capacity is less than 12 billion hectares - there's an ecological deficit

WTO's General Council

Mid Level representatives from all member states Meets regularly Chief decision making body for reviewing trade policy and settling trade disputes Ultimate authority of dispute settlement process Appoints experts to investigate the dispute, identify unfair trade practices and indicate how those practices need to change to fit rules Report can only be rejected by unanimous vote of general council, so binding on parties to dispute If the unfair trade practice hasn't been reversed in time, other state can impose retaliatory trade sanctions US lodged more complaints than any member Council that monitors the implementation in trade in goods, trade in service, and TRIPs report to the general council Goods Council and Services Council = composed of subsidiary committees and working groups with responsibilities in more specific issue area Different committees report to general council

Goal of almost every kyoto protocol participant

Minimizing costly reform Even the EU members wanted some to have small reduction or increases in emissions The 3 ways of reducing emissions reduction targets 1. Pleased "special circumstances" • Taken by US led bloc and many developing countries • Australia was successful and got an increase 2. Exchange emissions with lower polluting countries • Argued by americans saying that one country's increase offsets another's decrease • Wanted to convert emissions into a "budget", wanting to take advantage of Eastern EUropean deindustrialization 3. Devise offsetting mechanisms involving improvements to the environment • US wanted "carbon sinks" of carbon-absorbing forests • Should get credit for country's commitment to reforestation • Or credit for arrangements that help developing country lower its global warming gas emission • "Clean development mechanism" projects are graded by emission reductions and donor country would have its emission for the year cut by similar amount

Autarky

Minimizing trade in favor of domestic production of all goods and services required by society Not cost-effective, given principles of comparative advantage States try this by placing restriction on imports during depression to reduce unemployment

Intergovernmentalism

Missions, policies, and structures of the EU reflect the interests of its sovereign member states

"Project grant"

Most common form of aid Transfer of funds not repaid, intended to be used for specific purpose Donors heavily involved in the purpose and mechanism to ensure funds are used for purpose Usually operated through agencies of recipient government bu may hire private nonprofits to carry out project For long term development and emergency Infrastructure, service provision, institution building, combination of three Supposed to be short term intervention so local authority can carry on independently, but usually long term and produces uncertain benefits

How ICC defined crimes against humanity

Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation or forcible transfer, unlawful imprisonment, torture, rape and other acts of sexual violence, persecution based on race, ethnicity, political view or gender, recruiting children to fight, enforced disappearance, apartheid Proviso that other crimes can be considered als well

Nuclear deal: IAEA Inspections

Monitor uranium levels "from all uranium ore concentration plants for 25 years" Keep an eye on all centrifuge (including those Iran will store, per the agreement) for 20 years Maintain a "long-term presence in Iran" beyond its specific objectives The IAEA chief noted his agency and Iran have reached a "separate agreement regarding the issue of Parchin", a military site

What the WTO does

Monitors compliance with rules and procedures from uruguay round Forum for states to address issues relating to trade States redress trade-related grievances against other states in institutional setting administered by neutral parties - Ministerial Conferences + . General Council

Average annual population growth rate + Economic development

Most of 2.5 billion people added since 1975 live in developing countries Developing world has growth rate of 2%, more than twice the rate for OECD • Some areas in mIddle East, Northern Africa and sub-saharan africa is 3% More people = greater demands for • Food, housing, healthcare Rule of Thumb: • Economy must grow at least as fast as the population just to forestall degradation in economic and social well being • Improved conditions = economic growth exceeding population growth • In least developing countries, economic growth is drastically short of population growth

Self reliance

Most radical alternative to avoid worst effects of dependence Removes or limiting economic and financial connection to countries, MNCs, banks and aid-giving agencies Cutting ties with foreign penetration Build trade and technical exchange among themselves Countries that pursue this don't want to follow footsteps of west/global capitalist economy This is an extreme tactic and is a economic, political disaster • Cut off from foreign technology = backwardness • Lowered income of workers so government has surplus to invest in industry • Lack of competition from others = inefficiency

European constitution

Must be approved by member states If any state failed to ratify, then the constitution will remain a proposal Wanted to clarify structures of EU, bringin all various bodies under single government Commision, council, parliament all remain unchanged EU president and foreign minister = new position Unlike maastricht, doesn't extend powers of EU institution New charter of fundamental human rights carried out by European Court of Justice Didn't pass in all countries, so approved a weaker treaty in Lisbon Treaty of Lisbon = more majority rule with more power to European COuncil and European Parliament and less to European Commission Decisions made on majority vote, and votes based on national population • Elected officials have greater control of EU policy than cabinet members of COuncil of EUrope

How ICC can investigate

Must rely on cooperation of states • If international community is unwilling to invade state that is run y ICC suspects, nothing will happen • No army of its own, so mercy of state Invitation from government "Pre-trial Chamber" • Must approce summons or warrnats to instigate trial • Prosecutor must receive cooperation of a panel of judges to investigate • Chamber can also override prosecutor's objection to move case forward

Interdependence

Mutual dependence between countries Ex: Low levels of trade between 2 developing countries Can prevent war, but not as much as similarity of government systems can (democratic peace) Increased interdependence - create unstable economic system because disturbance in one causes economic problems in another Increased interdependence doesn't mean balance- some more vulnerable

International Criminal COurt

Necessary because • new level of commitment to law on one hand and repudiation of civilization on the other • Chaotic civil and international wars across africa Local governments were ill equipped and unwilling to hold guilty uncomfortable, feared

How states developed weapons

Necessary to test the nuclear weapon Needs to be deliverable in size Have a delivery system

International criminal law

Needs to stop ongoing abuses but also identify and punish perpetrators State behavior cannot be declared criminal by courts or other states or by international tribunals Violations of international laws happen when states fail to live up promises decision makers and individuals charged with implementing state policy internationally were representing states, so they aren't differentiated from states under the law of nations WW2 started that states and individuals who are agents of states aren't the same anymore

Private regime

Network of private actors that develop and enforce their own sets of rules for global commerce and finance Ex: credit rating agencies have a lot of power to conform to their idea of fiscal management so they don't downgrade their bonds

Foreign aid

No legal obligation to provide aid Transfer of money, goods, and services that cost less to the recipient than would in private market Recipient and provider can be government, international organisation, non profit, private individuals, etc

What factors not associated with outbreak of civil wars since 1945

No relationship between ethnic and religious fractionalisation and chances of a civil war Being democratic isn't related to the chances of a civil war If state discriminates against ethnic or religious minorities, no systematic relationship with chances of a civil war No strong relationship between income inequality in the state and chances of a civil war No relationship between percentage of population that is muslim and chances of a civil war

Why EEC accomplished task quickly

Non Diplomatic factors 1960s has extraordinary growth in Europe Easy for EEC-sic to lower trade barriers without fear of unemployment from intense competition Trade diverted from non-EEC to intra-EEC partners EEC used to import 29% of goods from other EEC-six members, by 1972, rose to 52%

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Pledged mutual assistance in event of an attack against any member Provided US military support for Europe- troops and nuclear weapons

Argument against democratic peace

Not enough evidence to reach conclusion of democratic peace Very few democracies and most are recent vintage Been on same side during WW2 and Cold War • No enough opportunity to fight with each other • Even when they haven't fought it was because of economics and not democratic norms Democracies aren't peaceful to non democracies • Going war = no internalised peaceful dispute settlement techniques Democracies have carried out surprise attacks • One of the only types of regimes to try own citizens for war crimes

Group of Five (G5)

Now G8 Shows that although US is often treated as first among equals, leadership in traditional economy is too much for ones atte and must be shared Also shows that hegemony willing to carry the load isn't going to happen even if states cooperate and don't free ride Now reaching out to other major economic players like Brazil, China, INdia, Mexico, South Africa ("Outreach five") Now those and other meet semiannually in G20 collaboration/coordination of economic policy brings stability

Population composition

Number of people in different age groups and fertility rates in categories Younger population = child, infant mortality rates fall, greater proportion of women of childbearing age With larger proportion of girls who will be of childbearing age, population growth in future will be greater Id decline in birth rate follow decline in death rates, transition can be engine of growth • Economically dependent population (children and seniors) drop relative to economically productive population in the middle • But, what's important is the implementation of good economic policies during transition • What follows: shrinking new young workers entering workforce, struggle to maintain welfare benefits for growing elderly

effects of Countries highly depended on world markets

Obstacle in developing advanced, diversified economies Economies dependent on agricultural and raw materials were especially vulnerable to market forces Can lead to suppressed wages, persistent price inflation, diminished market value of exports Political and financial institutions often lack skill to deal with deteriorating economic conditions Price of goods fluctuate sharply, affecting terms of trade

Preference

Occurs in most regional trade agreement Access to markets is given to some countries

Is foreign aid philanthropic or strategic investment

Often benefits giver more than receiver Some foreign aid is in loans with interest Foreign aid is tied to purchase of goods/services from private company in donor state Can hurt the other country: • Giving away surplus food can depress prices in receiving country, hurting local producers while raising prices artificially to donor country to help local producers at expense of consumers

Bank for International Settlements(BIS)

Oldest international financial organizations Serves as central bank for central bankers Forum for central bankers to meet 6 times a year to discuss international financial matters Provides financial services • Short term loans and help with investments • To dozens of government run banks • Produces high quality financial research Reputation for having banker's caution- warns against betting and spending In financial crisis, its role is • Information sharing and promotion of best banking practices • But criticised for having replaces bank creditworthiness standards

Why states follow international rules

Reputation, inner moral compass, hold up your end of the deal Fear, calculation or principle Result: high levels of compliance with large number of international agreements States give each other considerable latitude to interpret and apply rules

Pro-proliferation argument

Once a country has nuclear weapons, they won't fight them World becomes more peaceful with nuclear weapons However, • China did fight with Soviet/Vietnam, • India and Pakistan has fought each other, • Israel has nuclear weapons and still doesn't get along with neighbours - october war where Israeli army was struggling by arab army

Free-riders and spoilers and charged admissions in a collective good

Once collective good is in place, the maintenance will become a problem Charged admissions • Would not work on a collective good Free riders • States that do not follow the guidelines • Benefits of the program will still apply to them as the burden-carriers Spoiler • One major player refuses to go along in the collective good • Only way to jeopardize the collective good Incentive to cheat is high and if there are enough free riders, resentment will rise, so penalties for noncompliance will need to be instituted

maastricht treaty

Once treaty was signed, required ratification of each member state before it went into force In 1994, maastricht treaty went into effect 1. Strengthening EU-led integration • Didn't wait for germany to assert its own identity 2. Extend EU authority • Education, health policy, consumer protection, law enforcement, immigration, culture Council of ministers - acts on basis of majority vote • Take into account of size or country of cote and eliminate veto Commision • Only organ to authorised to propose new programs

"Diplomatic immunity"

One of world's oldest rule Not to kill or imprison officially empowered representatives of foreign governments Diplomats and heads of state must respect law of foreign countries even though they are not to be arrested

Hegemony

One state is able and willing to determine and maintain rules by which relations among states are governed Hegemonial state can repeal existing rules or prevent adoption of rules it opposes, and also construct new rules

"Best shot" collective good

Only a few states are required to deliver desired outcome Also means only few states needed to frustrate others Ex: US and CHina compliance in global warming gases

Estimates of war death

Only direct and immediate fatalities from violence Doesn't include death occured after the war from disease, malnutrition, refugees, destruction of health, water, sanitation

EEC budget

Originally based on national quota, calculated by gross national product (GNP) and renegotiated each year by member Replaced idea with "own resources" concept • EEC claim revenues on the grounds that they belonged to Europe Inequity of budget • GB was sending Brussels 3 billion more that it fot back and France was netting some 800 billion • Margaret Thatcher elected PM of UK based on anti-EEC platform • UK alienated other EEC members by aggressively focusing on the flaws UK wanted financial relief • Wanted 1.5 billion European Currency Units (ECU) paid by CAP beneficiaries (France and Italy) • Threatened to use veto to block action by community • Germany called UK's bluff • EEC gave 1 billion ECU to UK and promised more rebates, but in turn Germany was allowed to increase its share of EEC expenses and power

Common Market

Originated after WW2's devastation and threat of Soviet communism to Western European democracy Need regional approach to maximise administrative efficiency and capital utilization - resulted in US Marshall Plan and regional cooperation Europe's "never again" policy and german enthusiasm to solidify democratic regime Barriers to the free movement of labor and capital are removed Nontariff barriers to trade in goods

How the ICC can convict others for genocide

Perpetrator can't be found guilty unless acts were part of deliberate effort to eliminate in whole or in part an ethnic/national group Must find a document in which accused has drafted plan to destroy a people

Ethnic conflict

Pervasive - ethnic groups fight all the time Colonial borders in Africa disregard ethnic group territories Up to 5 thousand ethnic group in the world

Pacifism

Philosophical and moral predilection for nonviolence Rejection of the use of force as instrument of national policy Spiritually regenerative effect on passive resistance to violence Overriding concern for preservation of human life Based on deduction of first principle: • All humans are created equal Not completely passivity in face of oppression • Civil disobedience, which may break the law nonviolently for higher moral purpose

Why democracy and capitalism are always together

Political and economic freedom Both rooted in notion of individual rights by John Locke Virginia Declaration of RIght declared rights of "enjoyment of life and liberty with means of acquiring and possessing property" Democratic institutions will ensure government will use power responsibly • Ex: no famines in democracies because party is voted out

Where undernutrition and starvation primarily comes from

Political and social factors that affect distribution People distribute food to cities (concentrated consumption) and neglect rural areas Civil wars + insurgencies prevent food from going to where it's needed most Governments may punish certain regions or groups, rewarding others and manipulating the distribution systems Developing countries have terribly inadequate food distribution facilities - • rotting foods, eaten by pests • Food assistance diverted by corrupt officials Food deficit is created once farms are converted into big commercial establishments for cash crop • Laborers have to now use earning to buy food • Economic development orient towards export market for commercial crops Food production will go down and price of food will go up • People wont be able to afford for food because oil prices will skyrocket

Short term political repression for immediate economic development

Political repression is tolerated for immediate economic development Prerequisites for democracy will be established afterwards Basis of economic development for China + Asian Tigers Weak governments can't satisfy needs of people To avoid trouble from rapid social change, new groups in politics but slow development of political institutions Strong government will have capacity to repress popular demands, usually in from of mass political party resembling authoritarian structure Progress generates political disorder but further development can't happen without imposition of order

Liberal view of interdependence

Positive and optimistic Conducive to more and more cooperation among states Brought together through interaction Integration through coordination and collaboration through • Social, economic and political integration Some predict that outcomes of integration will lead to world sate

Global Free Market perspective of globalization

Potential for creative and entrepreneurial activity flourish after lowering trade barriers through World Trade Organization (WTO) Point to increase in average income worldwide as result of fewer economic barriers, lower transportation costs, new technology Globalization created new jobs0 Free Trade Agreement created 14 million new jobs in US Trade unions are against globalization for child labor, but the reason is just to keep jobs in US Wage differences • Related to productivity • If take cost of output per worker hour, wages are same worldwide • Worker in Philippines earn less, but also loss productivity • When purchasing power is factored in, developing country workers are better off -can buy more per unit of output (can buy more local goods) Sweatshops are accepted as just process of globalization Consumers benefit from wage differentials and pressures from consumer to seek lower wage rate

Realist view of interdependence

Potential source of conflict Constraint on state Lopsided interdependence generates frustration from the dependence and makes state wish for past time of more independence Mutual dependence doesn't mean mutual reward Interdependence leads to vulnerability • Actors get capacity to injure one another Resentment grows from lopsided interdependence Relative Gains is important

Goals of western governments organization of economic governance structures

Prevent great depression Free market principles with exceptions • 1. Promote free trade through coordinated and mutual reduction in tariffs (Tax on imports) • 2. Institutions to help governments maintain stable currencies and remain solvent • Institutions to help provide capital for development • Profive foverments with means to consult one another especially during crises

Terms of trade

Prices of country's exports relative to price of imports Improved terms of trade = obtain better goods in exchange for amount of exports LDC's terms of trade have been the same since 1970s, but when compared to price of goods exported by industrialised countries, they have fallen Bad weather or unanticipated disruptions reduce exports but drive up prices Producers increase acreage/mining capacity too much, creating excess supply that lowers prices and earnings

Economic liberalism

Principles of economic interaction and organization emphasize the importance of • private ownership, free markets, unhampered flow of goods, capital and labor within and between national economies

Globalization

Process by which economic, political, and cultural transactions are less and less constrained by national boundaries and the sovereign authority of national governments

"Global factory"

Production of manufactured goods and services are dispersed throughout the world Links corporate units, warehouses, middlemen, workers, and consumers across nations than ever before in history of capitalist production Corporations extend brand names and products into every corner of the world to establish new markets Degree of linkage is dense and close Arose from modern innovation- - assembly line, faster communication and transportation, opening national markets through WTO

First task of EEC

Promote free trade within EEC members Wanted to achieve this through creation of common market with dropped barriers, custom union so trade with other nation is uniform, free movement of labor and capital, harmonizing social policy Formation of common market ook less time By 1968, all internal tariffs on industrial products were eliminated

Ratification on Kyoto protocol

Protocol is essentially universal except US US is a spoiler- pledged to combat global warming but hasn't signed protocol Many ratifiers are exceeding expectations - eastern europe, UK, France, Sweden are ahead of targets Spain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand- lagging behind

Simple model of the chances of ethnic conflict in africa, 1946-2006

Rate in which they fight with each other is low, but so many that it seems a lot Within a country, any pair of ethnic group can engage in conflict in a year • If N groups, have N*(N-1)/2 pairs Total pair in each country, each year, then sum across the years. Sum is 77,275 Total of 397 country-years of conflict Probability of a pair of ethnic groups engaging in internal conflict in a given year: 0.005

Why do states obey international law

Realist view: • State behavior that accords with international law is coincidental with pursuit of national interest Legal positivists: • Self-interest has a lot to do with law abiding behavior by states • Order is an outcome they prefer than the chaos ensuing law-less system Logically speaking: • 1. Concern for safety- states dear dangers of disorderly world system without rules • 2. Possibility of punishment for breaking the law • 3. States want to be a good member of international society for the advantages - good reputation enhances state's influences

Humanitarian perspective on globalization

Reform and attempts to improve living condition of those injured by global capitalism Doesn't reject wage labor, private ownership or land, outsourcing or assembly line Just wants minimum standards of human treatment International Labour ORganization for new standards of treatment of wage labor • Banning slavery, indentured servitude, child labor • Establishing minimum worker safety standard, reasonable wage, vacation and overtime practices • But inconsistent compliance by developing countries Want to enforce international standards rather than set new ones because even the basics are not accepted by countries Because brand names care about image, they are joining Apparel Industry Partnership, endorsing codes of conduct, hiring auditors for site inspections, engage in political protest

How ICC defines war crimes

Regardless or not it happens during war or if its international or civil war Tries the same crimes categories under crimes against humanity By trying war crimes, it covers loopholes of serious crimes

Foreign economic penetration and coercive rule

Reinforces each other because local governments become more dependent on foreign military assistance Arms supply, military training, intervention to control social unrest that economic change created Today's LDC can't copy development patterns of industrialized world because european countries had stronger democratic transition Wealth was unequally distributed but most made concession to peasants and working class (to avoid losing everything like Czar Nicholas II of Russia) Economic penetration + military dependence magnify economic inequalities

Differences between interdependence and dependent development

Relative power • Interdependence = everyone is equal • Dependence: unequal Social class • Dependent: Centers reap most of the benefits • interdependent: class is unimportant Long run impact • Interdependence: positive dependence What states are powerful

Brundtland Report / Our Common Future

Report by the UN World Commision on Environment and Development Influential in placing sustainable development on international agenda Lead to Earth Summit - UN Conference on Environment and Development

Common heritage of mankind

Resources that are not subject to jurisdiction of any state Exploration and exploitation can be undertaken just for benefit of humankind as a whole

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Response to attitudes supporting cooperation in reducing trade barriers and not protectionism in post WW2 era Reflects liberal consensus Agreed to implement most-favored-nation and established rules to reduce trade barriers and mediating trade disputes Planned to establish International Trade Organization (ITO) which helps member states meet their GATT obligation Truman administration through ITO was too restrictive so GATT itself became institutionalised to handle work relating to trade negotiation Encouraged trade and gradually removed tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers Postwar prosperity lead from economic interaction Trade talks were called trade rounds

Protectionism

Restricting but not eliminating imports in an effort to maintain/nurture/protect the economic viability of domestic industries Governments want to protect industries because domestic production is crucial for national security NIC (newly industrialising countries) protect infant industries from cheap foreign imports until they can compete in international markets Developed countries use protectionism because foreign competition threatens industries with political influence

Why humans rights are embraced strongly in west than elsewhere

Right to "life, liberty, property, freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of religion Rights that are core of liberal democracy

"Zone of peace"

Same as "security community" by Karl Deutsch Also same as "democratic peace" Immanuel Kant argues for this Kant's republics can achieve peace because of democratic caution and respect of international rights of foreign republics

Basic resources needed to produce nuclear weapons

Scientific knowledge/training Industrial production facilities Material resources (uranium, plutonium) Capital

Precautionary principle

Scientific uncertainty is not a reason to postpone cost-effective action that may prevent serious or irreversible environmental damage Most environmentalists want policies to follow this Referenced in Rio Declaration and Lisbon Treaty to formulate EU environmental policy But precaution in deference to environmental preservation can come at a cost to other things of value to humanity • Controversy over GMOs that can improve human health

EU's Security cooperation

Security needs more work because EU can't agree on unified position on Bosnia and US took lead in Kosovo EU has High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy of Union to help form consensus on foreign policy but position is weak in voice EU has intelligence and policy planning unit European council signed Treaty of Amsterdam • Gives more weight and urgency to common union policies to choose to constructively abstain than block union policies More likely to continue strengthen Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, playing key role in enhancing democracy and peace in southern Europe Shows Europe doesn't need regional security arrangement to bring in European security cooperation

Spain and Portugal Membership of EEC

Serious reservation to admit them Their poverty places burdens on rest of europe They just wanted to guarantee democracy and preserve link to europe EEC worried that disparity in prices, wages, wealth between them and the rest of community They had to go through transitional provisions on industrial tariffs and budget obligation EEC administered regional development programs called European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Signed at the 1992 Earth Summit Agree to safeguard biodiversity within borders and commit themselves to share benefits of biodiversity (like profits from medicine from tropical plants) Lead to a supplementary agreement: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety • Needs to share sufficient info to allow states to assess potential impact of genetically modified organisms before they are imported • But US opposed because biotechnology and bioengineerings is important to US economy

Kyoto protocol

Signed by US, European States, 100 participants Hollow Victory for environmentalists Many contentious issues unresolved • US senate unanimously opposed Carbon emission was not successful • Increased sport-utility vehicles in US = more mission • Even with strict rules, Netherland's emissions didn't fall • Those that reduced emissions was because of reasons out of control (collapse of heavy industry in east after reunification of germany, UK's discovery of oil = using oil instead of power plants which is slightly better) • Signatories met at The Hague again to eliminate ambiguities

Realists and legal positivism

Similarity- • Laws states make for themselves are generally self serving but also serves interest of international community in stability Dissimilarity- Legal positivists • emphasises importance of consent and obligations that follow once consent is given • States do feel bound by agreements they make (pacta sunt servanda - agreements must be kept) even if they clash with own interest Realists • Deny that international law has any impact on the true motivations underlying state action- plain and simple self-interest

How delors plan worked IRL

Single regional currency needs 2 key ingredients • 1. Harmonizing, Strengthening domestic fiscal/monetary policies • 2. Establishing and accepting powerful new central organs capable of setting regional monetary policy Governments needed to give up their ideologies, way of running national economies, political strategy UK was okay after Margaret Thatcher was voted out because she opposed integration, but the collapse of pound lead to them withdrawing

Realist view of international law

Skepticism to international law and organization - only offers "false promise" of order Leads government to relax effort to prepare for attacks from actors that don't follow the law Voluntary and not obligated to comply with law because they don't need to answer to no one else

Obligation to help LDC

Some believe North has obligation to south • Aid, debt forgiveness, other concessions Residents of north get offended - need to take care of own poor citizens • LDC demands want to reduce dependency and getter better terms of trade

Signers of ICC

Some powerful and mature democracies - UK, France Some weak, unstable countries - Liberia, Uganda Some powerful democracies refused to join - US Many autocratic regimes refused to join - Sudan, North Korea By 2011 had 115 states (⅗ of all countries)

north korea

South korea better in: • Population, GDP, surface combatants (ship that can drive away) and combat aircraft North korea is better in • Tanks and submarine Do not have the capability to target US - no long range ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) that • But can target south korea, japan, and bases in pacific region US does have anti-ballistic missile but its harder to target ICBM than a bomber South korean capital - Seoul is within artillery range of south korea, so N. Korea can cause a lot of damage Will definitely lose a war against South Korea- and will end the regime

Legal personality

States re the entities that acquire rights and obligations under the law Can press their claims against each other in whatever forums may exist for that purpose Other organizations can benefit from the law but their protection is from association to particular state Trend: nonstate actors are getting limited degrees of legal personality in international law

Adam smith's principle behind international trade

States trade because some states can produce some goods more efficiently than others If each state can concentrate efforts on what it does best and producer surplus, can trade some goods for other goods that other state produces most efficiently

developmental perspective on globalization

Sweatshops keeps people working In countries with unemployment higher than 50% with low paying farm labor for most jobs, employment in factories way out of poverty Some factory workers will be upper middle class, earning $2 more a day than farm help Campaigns against sweatshops harmed development, only helping those already working in factories Developing countries are already working hard to improve climate for international business, finding it difficult to keep factories relocated there International capital always has opportunity to move elsewhere to reduce wages

Tariffs

Taxes or duties levied on imported goods to raise revenue or regulate flow of foreign goods in country stateS can use tariffs to control imports of goods and services Imported items becomes more expensive, fewer still be sold relative to similar domestically produced goods Protects domestic industries and can influence trading partners When tariffs imposed on goods imported from one state aren't higher than those imposed on same good from any other state, first state =most favoured nation status (treated the same as other trading partners) Taxes imposed by government on imports Usually to protect local industries, whether "infant" or "sunset" Infant industries • Small, inefficient compared trying out new technologies • Can't compete against more mature foreign firms and ask for government to impose tariff Sunset industries • Overwhelmed by younger, number companies in asia and seek tariff against their goods

Intertemporal law

Territorial ownership is legal if the way you acquired territory was legal at that time New laws over territorial acquisition may not be applied retroactively

Security challenges facing the US

Terrorism • Active support system of terrorism - directly engaged in helping terrorists (building bombs, etc) • Passive support system of terrorism - indirect help to to terrorists (not favor of terrorism but have intelligence of them- you don't want to target them but instead convince them to talk to you for protection) Failed states • Don't have to intervene, but have to keep an eye on it. Look after our interest • If a state fails, it can affect its neighboring state and the interests might be in the neighboring state • Failed state is a good place for terrorists WMD • Nuclear, chemical, biological weapons • Prevent this by denying other countries resources needed to build WMD • Once a country develops beyond a certain stage, they can do this on their own How to come with this - try to get them to stop on their own, state by state basis Disease • Threatens South/East Africa the most, leading to failed states • Even if it doesn't strike US, still a problem to deal with Regional Conflicts • Syria affects states around them • Solving the problem isn't simple China • 2nd largest economy • GDP may surpass US • Already powerful and may become even more powerful • One child policy - long term effects Production • Usually putting together parts from other countries • Not capable enough to build things on their own • Have most number of engineers • But those are mechanics or 2 year degrees, so difficulties down the world Russa • GDP is 20% of US • GDP per Capita is 45% of US • Life expectancy is 10 years less and has been going down • Military expenditure is almost the same as US

Regionalism

The disproportionate concentration of economic flows or the coordination of foreign economic policies among a group of countries in close geographic proximity to one another

Why it is important to take not of global warming

The global impacts: melting polar ice caps, rising sea levels, increased intensity/frequency of storms, change in ocean currents, enlarged range for tropical diseases, increased flooding Even conservatively, planet will continue warming at 3-4 degrees per century • Doesn't seem a lot until you realise the ice age was just 7 degrees colder than now • 5 degrees of warming in antarctic Temperature is moving northward • Global weather patterns are moving northward- longer growing seasons in the north and desertification in tropical areas Socioeconomic changes: • Redistributing agricultural center, increased food scarcity which leads to population movement which then would lead to shift in global power distribution and increased local conflicts

Huntington's definition of civilization

The highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes human from other species western, confucian, japanese, islamic, hindu, slavic-orthodox, latin american, african (possibly) Wanted to divide people by religion and said that big clash of civilization is between west (christian) and islamic

Dependency belief

There is a "center" that was already developed and grew into the periphery

Generalization between development and economic development

They Are strongly correlated 1. Historically, from development to democracy • Development = easy to maintain democracy • Rich countries tend to be democratic from repression followed by economic growth and greater political liberation • Exceptions: • Some rich countries aren't evry democratic (Singapore) • Rapid growth has not lead to improved human rights or political liberalisation (CHina) 2. Little evidence that authoritarian rule promotes economic development • For every authoritarian rule, there are "Kleptocracies: (government run by tiny elite interested in stealing from people) • Notion that political opposition must be repressed in the interest of development = not true for all cases 3. Vicious cycle from political instability to slow economic growth • Poor countries are often socially and politically unstable with serious conflicts and weak governments • Instability reduces incentive to save and invest, reducing capacity for economic growth • Low growth then reinforces instabilities • Transition from dictatorial regimes to democratic ones produce periods of slow economic growth, endangering fragile democracy

Why North Korea regime does what it does

They follow the footsteps of father and grandfather They developed nuclear weapons because: 1. Makes their leadership seem powerful 2. They see Japan and South Korea as a threat as well as US 3. Makes them a major player Not likely to change

Anti-capitalist views against interdependence

Thinks interdependence and free trade and investment policies is just capitalism abusing workers Radical marxist views, but also views for those against World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund Anti-globalization Workers can't rally enough political power to block efforts by global corporation to lower wages, limit benefits, injure environment Outsourcing jobs and maintaining sweatshops = natural consequence of multinational firms having freedom to do what they want with their workforce

Labor perspective of globalization

Trade union movement and populist organization - all against free trade and global investment Wealthy gets increasing share of national wealth relative to working/middle class • Salary of top 10% is way higher and keeps increasing • ⅕ of all jobs in US are too low to support family above poverty Displacement - involuntary change of workplace - has doubled • Higher anxiety about job security, contributed to low wage increases • People too scared to ask for a raise • But now wage competition is global Wage competition • Most intense for low skilled work • US workers are threatened by oversea workers who will do it for cheaper with no benefits • Ex: maquiladoras • Zero-sum relationship between relocation of jobs and higher unemployed unskilled worker in US

Free trade

Trade without interference by government Products and services and investments move according to market forces of supply and demand rather than result of government manipulation Never existed in reality but important abstract ideal

Natural law

Tradition in concept of divine law Principles accessible by human capacity to reason about the natural world Believes that a community of humankind exists and members share certain rights and responsibilities irrespective of status of citizen of state International law is more than "law of nations" People used to think this didn't apply to non-christian barbarians and it had to take philosophers to insist that international law and ethics should be applied universally

Common Market (European Economic Community - EEC)

Treaty of Rome agreement that created the COmmon Market Objective: harmonious development of economic activities, continuous and balanced expansion, increased stability, accelerated raising of standard of living and closer relations between member states Countries joined for different reasons • Germany joined to be be accepted and regain sovereignty • France wanted to use EEC to dominate european politics • Italy wanted economic and diplomatic rehabilitation • Benelux wanted to lower trade barriers

How geography affects development

Tropical zone • Hospitable to infectious disease • Parasitic worms and pathogen carrying mosquitoes won't survive well in cold areas Large families • Best survival strategy for high death rate • Also absorbs resources- female labor, can't enter workforce Difficult to farm • Major food grains (wheat, corn, rice) better in temperate climates • Tropical agriculture leads to difficulties like soil degradation, varied precipitation, pest infestation • Limits urbanization- can't feed the large urban population • Limited urbanization= bad because cities produce social and economic environment conducive to technological/industrial development

International Law Commission (ILC)

UN Body made up of international law experts - wanted to draft a constitution but stopped after lack of interest In 1989 after renewed interest, ILC went back to work after 40 years 1994- finished rough draft of treaty that would create the international Criminal Court Lead to meeting about power of prosecutor, relationship between court and UN Security Council, jurisdiction of court Iniitaly treaty had limited power, but meeting called for more powerful court even though powerful countries like US, China, Russia were skeptical • But UK agreed, so outcome was more controllable Result: • Body with power to bring up cases on own initiative, try individuals over objection of national governments, sentence them to life in prison • ROme Statute of International Criminal Court- respects national jurisdiction and sovereignty

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

UN General Assembly invited the UN Environmental Programme and World Meteorological Organization to form this 2 thousand climatologists from more than 100 countries Study the facts of global warming and reported that human induced emissions contributed to earth's gradual warming

International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY)

UN Security Council in response to the murder and rape of thousands of civilians Purpose: bring justice to individuals in international tribunals to enforce international law Focus almost entirely on crimes against humanity - sexual crimes, war crimes, genocide

How states in the security council are held accountable

UN charter wants security council to make them sign agreements to commit to providing military forces and facilities to enforce But in actuality, Collective enforcement is used by willing member states

Nuclear Deal: Lifting Sanctions

UN sanctions to be removed once "the IAEA-verified implementation of agreed nuclear-related matters by Iran" is complete • Can purchase passenger airplanes • Drop sanctions on iran's central bank and oil company • Unfreeze iranian revenues US will keep some sanctions but drop those tied to Iran's nuclear program Arms embargo: lifted or be replaced with some restrictions

Taliban and POW status

US didn't give Taliban detainees POWs with rights under Geneva LAw Denied detainees POW status • Only few states recognized them as government of Afghanistan • Regarded them as armed forces and failed to meet the geneva requirements for lawful combatancy (not wearing distinctive insignia) Legal experts disputed classification • Taliban was de facto government of afghanistan • Members are country's regular armed forces and entitled to geneva protection • But agreed that al Qaeda fighters failed to meet lawful combatancy requirement for irregular forces and doesn't need POW protection BUsh administration denied them POW rights to extract information • Interrogate them • Putting them in Guantanamo would place them out of reach of US law- which grants alien prisoners due process and right to petition court for writ of habeas corpus (right to challenge imprisonment) • But US decided detainees can challenge imprisonment in US court and it was unconstitutional to strip federal courts of jurisdiction to deal with prisoners of the war on terror

US attack on ICC

US refused to sign Rome Statute • Clinton signed it on the last possible day to be involved in negotiations but Bush reversed it US refusal = pressure to other countries not to sign as well US Congress • Passed 2 laws where it required president to impose economic/military sanction on countries that ratified ICC without saving signed "Article 98" agreement first Many countries especially EU objected to non surrender treaties Other countries still signed because of principle or pressure from EU

Proportion of US being in the winning side decreased because..

US was on the winning side for the 2/3 of the time (until 1970s) but decreased because: 1. Number of countries that used to US turned against US 2. US position is wrong and the other countries are rebelling 3. US not being the "majority party" where everything the majority party says passes this all is under the assumption that countries change their minds and the US doesn't- which is wrong The percentage of Asian and African countries went from 24% in total to 54% combined, going to majority Most votes during that time was about the cold war (admitting mainland china- or taiwan as china or south korean policies), decolonisation in Africa, Israel/Palestinian- middle east, supranationalism (what should be the authority of UN) Main reason: countries that voted against US became the majority as membership grew, and most countries just opposed us Now in recorded vote, US is in the winning side 55% of the time

Reprisals

Unlawful actions but taken in response to precious unlawful act with intent of persuading the initial lawbreaker to change its ways Ex: US Strike against Libya was to for qaddafi to stop supporting terrorism against US Form of vigilantism in international system without law enforcement authority

Nation building

Use of military force and other means to create or restore durable democratization in a country Depends on amount of damage, how many people left, etc

Armed intervention

Use of military force to affect the domestic affairs of independent state without consent of that state's government

Import substitution industrialization (ISI)

Used by countries to promote industrial development while imposing high duties on foreign imports Designed to eliminate vulnerabilities from reliance on commodity exports Limits of ISI: • Large poor population, unequal income distribution, no mass internal market • Need foreign loans and direct investment by multinational corporations

4 worlds (ways the world can evolve)

Utopia • Created after cold war • Idea that this is how the world should be - death of communism, replaced by something like democracy, making world a better place • People are happier without communism • Root source of people's misery = communist countries so elimination of communism = good thing Cold war, part two • World can go back to cold war • We've seen some elements: russia does not like being pushed around, NATO has expanded even though soviet isn't around anymore (Still afraid of russia) • We are beginning to resemble cold war Chaos • Number of countries with failed governments, have corrupt governments likely to fail • Life will become miserable in the country and affects their neighbors, and a country without government = great place for terrorist • So if a lot of governments failed, it will cause a lot of problems for the US • The effects are important Power politics returns • Act in self interest, no permanent allies or enemies • Causes problems like war • Russia, CHina, EU, US, + Japan, India, Pakistan • going back and forth, switching sides we support • Prospect of conflict

International war crime trials

Viewed skeptically because it intrudes on larger political process that makes postwar relations among states worse Ex: US refused to put Japanese emperor on trial because it makes reconstruction of Japan difficult and post-war relations difficult Raises the question of id international criminal justice can be served if politics is allowed to intrude

Bretton Woods

Wanted to create international monetary order to promote economic and political stability Previous monetary system • "Gold standard" - currencies be exchanged for gold, stabilizing currency value • always temptation to devalue national currency by raising price of gold, encouraging exports which would be cheaper for foreign customers • Happened after depression of 1930s • Britain's pound was the common medium of exchange but UK ran out of gold to exchange to cash Established fixed exchange rates- dollar as primary reserve asset, $35 per ounce of fold US government committed to convert dollars into gold People started exchanging their money for dollars because it was dependable, and the state;s dollar reserve would be depleted, making it hard to maintain fixed-dollar exchange rate of national currency Established IMF (international Monetary Fund) to help countries maintain fixed exchange rates Some states can devalue their currency to adjust process and prevent depleting international reserves of dollar (except for US) US needed to give foreign banks gold in return of dollar and didn't have to maintain dollar exchange rate because every other currency was pegged to the dollar Banks in Europe began lending dollar deposits beyond US regulators because they wanted to accumulate dollars

How economic interdependence increases likelihood of war

Wars are mostly over natural resources Oil • Japanese attack on US over decision to embargo oil sales to Tokyo • Iraqi invasion of Kuwait • Tension between CHina and USSR during cold war Marxist explanation of imperialism = conquering to secure access to raw materials

Iran

We cannot deny them the things they need to build nuclear weapons Sanctions have slowed their programs, but they already reached level of development to build their nuclear weapons, no matter how slow Iran deal- the nuclear things are so important that it doesn't touch on any other issue that iran and US disagrees on Historically,Iran has had a lot of Sanctions and many are lifted on iran deal Iran has: • publically known nuclear facili5 nuclear sites, 3 uranium mine, 3 research reactors • There could be more sites that we don't know about

Westphalian Trade-off

Westphalia - clear tradeoffs made between autonomy and self-control, and anarchic system Princes wanting interdependence from control of religious/imperial authority created system of no formal authority Peace of westphalia Stressed independence and autonomy, and how interdependence generates complex problems that require solutions involving collective action

Region

Whatever someone chooses Typically contiguous territory, common culture, interdependent economies and societies Regional organizations usually fall flat (but EU has reduces obstacles and improves living conditions)

Unjust wars

When a state resorts to unjust war, Soldiers not considered complicit of aggression, and its citizens not considered to be innocent Those who can do harm (soldiers) may be targeted

Realist vs liberal view

Where realist sees potential conflict, liberal view sees potential harmony Realist • wants foreign economic policy to maximise state's wealth and power in world affairs, so states will be wary of policies that diminish their position • States want to maximize RELATIVE GAINS because gap in capabilities can be turned against them in the future • Thinks cooperation between states is coerced or purchased Liberals • say states wants to pursue ABSOLUTE GAINS • Liberals think that arrangements that improve welfare of society motivates state's foreign economic policy, even if it might benefit other societies • Easier to satisfy parties with absolute gains than those looking for position relative to others • more likely than realists to see potential for international cooperation on global economic matters • Social harmony is gained by free market and not state intervention

World order

Where we are in the global system Being aware of the interdependencies and transnational relationships Perspectives to other regions

Notion that economic development comes before democracy

Widely accepted notion- prerequisite for stable democracy New evidence challenges this view: • Main idea: economic development needs political stability, even if its authoritarian government, but economic conditions in majority rule is even better • Rate of taxation is lower in democracy than autocracy, and the share of potential production is maximized in democracy Some don't see economic prerequisites as prerequisites • Democratic governments can emerge from failure of dictatorship to improve living conditions • In some countries, suppression of political liberty has bough economic growth • prosperous democratic governments should be able to deepen democracies, but have turned into regimes (Chile, Uruguay, Philippines)

Enforcing human rights

Women's rights • Against rape, prostitution and sexual harassment is against social practices that mistreat women • Other women's rights advocacy can be seen as western tool of cultural imperialism if its non-western cultural traditions • Female genital cutting, widow burning, female infanticide, forced veiling Signing treaties/agreements • Human rights treaties don't require states to commit to things • economic/trade agreements sometimes have human rights provisions built into them - sanctions on countries that have genocide, forcing them to prosecute war criminals

Why major commodity cartels aren't as successful as OPEC

Worked well for them and not for other because • 1. Arabic countries have cultural and political ties • 2. Lack of subsidies for oil, making it hard to refuse • 3. global demand for oil increased • 4. Hegemonic position of Saudi overcame free-rider problem in OPEC Other countries failed because • Others have stockpile • Didn't control large share of commodity production • Didn't control the market • Alternatives are available • Target states weren't vulnerable

History of sweatshops

Workers- especially women required to labor in cramped, dangerous situation since industrial revolution 18th century, france created factories to rescue destitute women and children from the streets UK and US sweatshops • Used sweatshops for textile industry • Answer to suppliers wanting lower manufacturing cost in spite of high clothing cost • Difference of cost - "sweated" out by low wages and indentured servitude worker/safety regulations, child labor laws, legislation to protect workers right to assemble were passed By 1940s, US thought sweatshops were of the past 1980s, sweatshops garment factories were found in NY and LA, having stores in the front as a cover

Are we moving towards free trade

Yes, and it shows considerable order in economy and world politics, despite periodic lapses in protectionism Trade prospers in peace, resulting in mutual economic interest which reinforces peace Ex: GATT came after WW2 to show commitment to political-economic order Ex: GATT's apparatus birthed WTO, organization under international law and almost all states as members or observers Free trade thrives in monetary stabilities

Collective action problem of maintaining the commons as a prisoner's dilemma

You are one player and the other player is the collective Assign utilities or payoffs to each outcome • Payoff = your benefits - costs The equilibrium outcome (option that you and others choose) will change with and without the presence of a governing authority Difficulties about solution to avoid collective bad • Need constant monitoring and enforcement to prevent free-riders Solutions to avoiding collective bad: • Pigouvian taxes = imposed sanction that prevents collective bads • Coase Theorem = when rights are well defined, no failures like tragedies of the commons

Laissez-faire

abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market. Aka non-intervention

Absolute advantage

achieved through low-cost production make a product at a higher quality and faster rate than another Ex: 2 countries A and B both make pizza and beer. A is better at making pizza and B better at brewing beer. A worker in A can make 50 pizza or 2 kegs of beer. B worker can make 40 pizza or 3 kegs of beer. If state A made all producers in pizza making and B in beer brewing, A can trade extra pizza with B's extra kegs Each state will get more beer and pizza than it can produce on its own

Externality

effect on state 2 is external because it comes from the private good acquired by state 1 Example of a positive externality: • British navy policed the sea lanes, which was a "private good" that the british provided for the US, and US benefited by having secure sea to trade in Example of negative externality: • Soviet Union's "private good" was the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, and it had an external effect on then-Soviet republics like Ukraine, Belarus from the Chernobyl accident which created radioactive waste Industrial production's externality is usually pollution

Different worlds

first world- developed capitalist countries second war- developed communist countries 3rd world - Third world was too diverse, so now call third world as countries with capability to develop economically and politically 4th world- have not started to develop yet. Have one or more properties that can allow them to develop (ex: has oil, strong education, etc) 5th world - no way country can develop on its own. Needs help from other countries to develop

Regime

formal/informal rules of procedures that regularise behavior in area of world politics Creation of patterns: procedures, compliance with norms and rules, converging expectations Stable mutual expectations about other's behaviour

What impacts the length of civil wars 1945 onwards

no relationship between ethnic and religious fractionalization and duration of a civil war As per capita income increases, duration of civil war decreases Larger countries (population) have longer civil wars No relationship between democracy and duration of civil war

WTO's Ministerial Conferences

• Brings together state representatives • Replaced and further institutionalised process that evolved under GATT • WTO's most authoritative body • Has domain over all matter covered by trade agreement

The Hague (after Kyoto)

• Little expectation of success because of lack of change in US position and senate's attitude • US presidential election kept CLinton administration officials away • German/French delegations wanted deeper concessions like cutting back on emission-trading schemes • Decisions were postponed until next year's meeting in Bonn and Marrakesh