20. Absolute and Limited Monarchies, the Enlightenment, and Scientific Revolution
400,000
For a time, Louis XIV had an army of _______________, the most powerful force in Europe
William and Mary
___________________ (1689-1702): vowed to recognize Parliament as their partner in governing, causing England to become a constitutional monarchy.
B
"Here a new city shall be wrought [built]... Shall break a window to the West... Here flags of foreign nations all By waters new to them will call... " — Alexander Pushkin, The Bronze Horseman Which Russian ruler's goals are described in the poem? A) Ivan the Terrible B) Peter the Great C) Catherine the Great D) Nicholas Il
A
"The royal power is absolute.... Without this absolute authority the king could neither do good nor repress evil. It is necessary that his power be such that no one can escape him" Which event was based on ideas that are in direct contrast to the ideas expressed in this statement? A) signing of the Magna Carta in England B) forced collectivization in the Soviet Union C) Cultural Revolution in China D) rise of the National Socialist Party in Germany
iron
1725: Russia becomes the number one producer of _____ in the world
City of Bones
40,000 people were drafted every year to be sent to construct Saint Petersburg with their bare hands (no tools). This led to the city being nicknamed the "_________" as so many people died building it.
B
A major concept promoted by philosophers of the Enlightenment was the need for A) a return to traditional medieval ideas B) the use of reason for rational and logical thinking C) overseas expansion by western European nations D) strengthening the power of the organized religions
Boyle's
Achievements in chemistry: The scientific method was created as well as ________ idea that the world was made of small primary particles joined together., and the explanation of how volume, temperature and pressure of gas affects each other.
B
Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations stressed the importance of A) tradition B) supply and demand C) large corporations D) government ownership
taxation
After dissolving Parliament in 1629, Charles I refused to call it back into session, which led to the _________ of the people, ultimately leading to his reputation gaining hate by the years. In addition to not accepting the Puritan's reforms, he tried to force the Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book, to religiously unite England and Scotland. The Scots rebelled, and having a huge army, they threatened to invade England. Charles was forced to call Parliament into session to get money, but they opposed him. Laws were eventually passed to limit the power of monarchs.
A
Baron de Montesquieu believed that a separation of powers would A) prevent tyranny by acting as a check on power B) restore authority to the Roman Catholic C) increase corruption of political authority D) decrease the power of the middle class
Renaissance
Causes of the Scientific Revolution: The ________ inspired a spirit of curiosity in many fields. Scholars began to question things that had been accepted for hundreds of years.
Age of European exploration
Causes of the Scientific Revolution: ____________________________________- Explorers traveled to Africa, Asia and the Americas and realized that there were new truths to be found.
Johannes Kepler
Concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion.
westernization
Due to ____________, schools were set up for officers, administrators, engineering, etc.
Thomas Hobbes
Enlightenment thinkers--> ____________________: - After witnessing the brutality during the English Civil War, he was convinced that all humans are selfish and evil. - Without governments and society to keep stability, life would be chaotic and every man would think for themselves. - To keep life in check, people should hand over their rights to a strong ruler= social contract. - An absolute monarchy would be the best way to govern, as it imposes order and demands obedience.
Adam Smith
Enlightenment thinkers--> ____________________: - Believed government was formed by individuals tom promote their well-being→ individual economic thinking. - Individuals acting in their own self interest created economic progress. - Laissez- faire: "leave alone"- the government should minimize their intervention in the economy. - Believed in partial regulation and taxation, however thought that the marketplace should regulate itself.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
Enlightenment thinkers--> ____________________: - Believed in individual freedom. - Argued that civilization corrupts people's natural goodness. - Good government= freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society→ direct democracy: people agree to give up some of their freedom in favor of the common good.
John Locke
Enlightenment thinkers--> ____________________: - More positive view of human nature. - People could learn from experience and improve themselves- which gave them the ability to govern themselves and look after the well-being of society→ against absolute monarchy. - Everyone is born free and equal with natural rights: life, liberty, and property. - Purpose of government: protect natural rights→ if government fails, people have the right to overthrow it
Montesquieu
Enlightenment thinkers--> ____________________: - Studied political liberty. - Believed Britain was best-governed and best politically- balanced country at the time because of their system of the division of power amongst Parliament, judges, and the monarchy→ called this separation of powers. - Each branch of government could limit the other and keep them in check→ checks and balances.
Voltaire
Enlightenment thinkers--> ____________________: - Typically targeted the clergy, aristocracy, and government→ disliked by the French court; sent to prison twice, exiled to Britain for over two years. - Believed in tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech. - His pen= "weapon": wrote against humanity's worst opponents, such as intolerance, prejudice, and superstition
Mary Wollstonecraft
Enlightenment thinkers--> ____________________: - Women should be educated as much as men to become virtuous and useful. - Urged women to enter the male- dominated fields of medicine and politics. - Have same rights in workplace. - Women should be able to own property and choose what they want to do in life.
80
Heavy taxation: ____% of the taxes collected went to the Russian army. Taxes were implemented on everything, from beehives to coffins.
B
Historians frequently portray Louis XIV's construction Of the palace Of Versailles and peter the Great's building of the city of Saint Petersburg as A) shrines to religious beliefs B) monuments to personal rule C) examples Of colonial architectural influences D) efforts to isolate and protect the rule
Siberia
If you refused to take a government job under the rule of Peter the Great, you'd be exiled to _______ and would never come home.
Petition of Rights
In 1628, Charles I was forced to call Parliament again, when he signed the _____________, in which he agreed to not imprison subjects without a reasonable cause, not enact taxes without Parliament's approval, not house soldiers in private homes, and not impose martial law in peacetime. Only after he signed it would Parliament give him money. Despite ignoring this, it signified that the law was higher than the king, which contradicted the policies of absolute monarchy.
republican
In 1949, Cromwell abolished the monarchy and House of Lords. He created a _________ form of government.
Parliament
In 1949, Cromwell brought Charles to trial for treason against the ___________________, where they found him guilty and sentenced him to death. He was publicly executed.
D
King Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia were all considered absolute rulers because they A) broke from the Roman Catholic Church B) helped feudal lords build secure castles C) instituted programs that provided more power to their parliaments D) determined government policies without the consent of their people
English Civil War
Laws passed to limit the power of the monarch angered Charles, causing him to want to arrest the head of the Parliament, but they escaped. An angry mob assembled outside the palace, causing Charles to flee. The dispute between Charles' opponents and proponents led to the ____________________
12
Louis XIV fought many disastrous wars: He invaded the Spanish Netherlands and only gained _____ towns in the process but lost many man
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Louis XIV had a great minister of finance, _________________________, who imposed mercantilist policies to bolster France's economy and helped him achieve French superiority
tariffs
Louis XIV raised the ______ on foreign goods and gave more tax money towards French companies and factories
debt, famine
Louis XIV started to lose his wars after many small countries such as Sweden, Spain, England, etc stood up against France and formed a European Wide alliance which plunged France into ______ and ______
intendants
Louis XIV strengthened the government by granting more power to the middle class and used them as agents known as _____________
A
Louis XIV strengthened the power of the monarchy in France by A) centralizing control B) granting democratic reforms C) practicing religious toleration D) reducing the size of the bureaucracy
Versailles
Louis XIV was able to control the nobles very well: He made them live at _______ to keep them in check and trusted very few people with precious government information.
intendants
Louis XIV's ___________ were his most trusted officials and he made sure that the local ones communicated with him to make sure he knew what was going on at all times.
taxes
Louis imposed heavy ______ on his people to finance his pointless wars and made his people further disapprove of him
vaccine
Medicinal achievements: Dissecting of the human body showed what our anatomy really looked like. We gained knowledge on blood vessels and circulation, organs, bone and muscle. And a _________ for smallpox was found by studying cowpox
D
One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment philosophy was the idea that A) absolute monarchies should continue B) the punishment should fit the crime C) individual rights should be denied D) governments should be based on the consent of the people
B
One way in which Peter the Great, Louis XIV, and Philip Il are similar is that each A) supported missionary efforts of the Roman Catholic Church B) sought to centralize power by limiting the power of the nobility C) fought to block the establishment of British colonies in the Western Hemisphere D) challenged feudal practices by emancipating
wealth
People hated how Louis XIV flaunted his ______ before attending to his citizens
14
Peter the Great created _____ torture chambers: roasted people to get confessions out of them, broke their bones, and whipped people. Those who survived were taken to the capital to be publicly executed- bodies were hanged in city's square.
westernize
Peter the Great forced people to _____________: men were forced to shave their beard or pay a tax because that was something the Europeans had done.
boyars
Russian aristrocrats
Window to the West
Saint Petersburg became the new capital city of Russia: it was known as the "_______________________" because it was a very intellectual place- scholars were sent sailing to come back with new knowledge. Some of the things brought back include potatoes, newspapers, and some women's rights.
barometer
Scientific instruments: The __________ measured atmospheric pressure and predicted weather.
miscroscope
Scientific instruments: The development of the _________ helped scientists see bacteria and cells.
200,000
Since being a soldier became a lifetime job, the size of the Russian army peaked at ________ soldiers.
10
Sons of boyars were mandated to work in the government or military for _____ years. Many were coerced to relocate to Saint Petersburg.
absolute monarchy
Speaker A: Although I spread serfdom in my country, I tried to modernize our society by incorporating western technology. Speaker B: I promoted culture with my support of the arts. Unfortunately, I drained my country's treasury by building my palace at Versailles and involving my country in costly wars. Speaker C: I gained much wealth from my overseas empire in the Americas. I waged war against the Protestants and lost. Speaker D: I inherited the throne and imprisoned my roes without a trial. I dissolved Parliament because I did not want to consult with them when I increased taxes. What type of government is most closely associated with all these speakers?
B
Speaker A: Although I spread serfdom in my country, I tried to modernize our society by incorporating western technology. Speaker B: I promoted culture with my support of the arts. Unfortunately, I drained my country's treasury by building my palace at Versailles and involving my country in costly wars. Speaker C: I gained much wealth from my overseas empire in the Americas. I waged war against the Protestants and lost. Speaker D: I inherited the throne and imprisoned my roes without a trial. I dissolved Parliament because I did not want to consult with them when I increased taxes. Which speaker represents the views of King Louis XIV of France?
Nicolaus Copernicus
The Heliocentric theory that everything revolves around the sun.
Thomas Hobbes
The Leviathan: Published in 1651 by ______________, this book expresses that social peace and unity are most effectively attained by social contract.
A
The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights were created to A) limit the power of English monarchs B) establish laws protecting the rights of Protestants C) organize England's colonial empire D) abolish the role of Parliament
English Bill of Rights
The ___________ was established in 1689 to establish a system similar to checks and balances. This led to the potential problem of disagreeance between Parliament and the Monarchs, which would lead to a standstill. This was solved by creating a cabinet- which acted in the rulers' name but were part of the Parliament.
Peter the Great
The czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army, created the Table of Ranks
D
The idea that all people are born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property is most directly associated with the writings of A) Baron de Montesquieu B) Thomas Hobbes C) Jaques-Bénigne Bossuet D) John Locke
B
The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on A) efforts to achieve salvation B) faith in human reason C) traditional practices D) the inevitability of poverty
D
The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu most Influenced A) the growing power of priests in the Roman Catholic Church B) improvements in the working conditions of factory workers C) the rise of industrial capitalism D) movements for political reform
Isaac Newton
The law of gravity, that every object in the universe attracts each other.
Galileo Galilei
The law of the pendulum, telescopes, and that falling objects accelerate at fixed rates.
Diderot's Encyclopedia
The purpose of ____________________ was to represent the thinking of the Enlightenment. It was meant to alter the way people think, and to allow them to understand new concepts and enrich themselves with knowledge. Its composer had hoped to share all the contributions in the Encyclopedia with the public as well as generations to come.
C
The term divine right is best defined as a A) revolution to gain political rights and freedoms B) philosophy that encourages religious toleration C) belief that a ruler's authority comes from God D) system in which a monarch has limited power
habeas corpus
This law gave prisoners the right to obtain a writ to be presented in front of a judge.
True
True or False: Louis XIV weakened the power of nobles by not including them in the councils and therefore controlled them even more
false (hated)
True or False: Peter the Great was loved by most people in Russia
D
What happened in Russia as a result Of actions taken by Peter the Great? A) Russia was weakened by French invasions. B) Catholicism was adopted as the state religion. C) The Duma was reformed and the serfs were freed. D) Russia borrowed Western ideas and expanded its territories.
B
What was a major result of the Glorious Revolution? A) Napoleon was restored to power. B) England further limited its monarchy. C) Oliver Cromwell became the leader of England. D) The Spanish Armada was defeated.
C
Which heading best completes the partial outline below? I. _____________________________: A. Writings of Thomas Hobbes B. Divine right theory C. Centralization of political power D. Reign of Louis XIV A) Beginning of Global Trade B) Growth of Democracy in Europe C) Rise of Absolutism D) Age of Exploration
A
Which idea became a central belief of the Enlightenment? A) The use of reason would lead to human progress. B) Mathematics could be used to solve all human problems. C) The ancient Romans had the best form of government. D) people should give up their natural rights to their rulers.
A
Which idea is central to John Locke's Two Treatises Of Government? A) A government's power comes from the consent of the people. B) Predestination will determine who will go to heaven. C) Famine, disease, and conflict are natural checks on population growth. D) The have-nots will rise up and overthrow the government of the haves.
Louis XIV
Which person is credited with saying "L 'état, c'est moi" (I am the state)?
C
Which statement about Louis XIV is an opinion rather than a fact? A) He insisted that Huguenots convert to Catholicism. B) He strengthened the monarchy by centralizing the government. C) The wars he engaged in were the least successful in the history of France. D) The palace he built at Versailles was part of his plan for controlling the nobles.
C
Which statement represents a key idea directly associated with John Locke's Two Treatises of Government? A) Freedom of speech should be denied. B) The king's power on Earth comes from God. C) All people are born with the right to life, liberty, and property. D) Individuals acting in their own self-interest will achieve economic success.
Cardinal Mazarin
While Louis XIV was 4, _________ was in power and due to this, the little king's life was threatened many times. This caused Louis to be determined to become an absolute monarch.
Salons
______ were social gatherings of European intellectuals that took place in the homes of the rich and famous. There, women were able to bring together artists, politicians, philosophers, and popular writers to have significant discussions. This allowed women to make their marks on the eighteenth century as hostesses.
Hobbes
_________' idea of absolute monarchy was eventually rejected in many places. Basic ideas, such as the concept of a strong central government, inspired many other philosophers.
Charles I
__________ (1625-1649): inherited the throne after his father, James I, died. He was in constant need of money, as he was at war with Spain and France. He dissolved parliament several times when they refused to give him the money.
Coffeehouses
__________ were yet another place for writers and other European intellectuals to meet. They soon became centers of new economic thinking in major European cities that changed radically in the eighteenth century.
Peter the Great
______________ was able to acquire a warm-water port originally owned by Sweden, which allowed for contact with Europe to begin. After fighting for 21 years, Russia gained a piece of the Baltic Coast.
Mary Wollstonecraft
______________'s Writings: • A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792): an essay disagreeing with Rousseau that women's education should be secondary to men's.
Montesquieu
______________'s Writings: • On the Spirit of Laws (1748): proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. His book was praised by leaders in the Thirteen Colonies.
Voltaire
______________'s Writings: • Published over 70 books composed of political essays, philosophy, and drama. • Often scorned his opponents in his works. • Letters on the English (1733): praised British freedoms, and criticized the French for not being as tolerant. • Elements of the Philosophy of Newton (1738): wrote about Newton's theories. • Candide (1759): wrote about religious persecution.
John Locke
______________'s Writings: • The Second Treatise of Civil Government (1689): Discusses how the divine right theory is incorrect. • An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689): Discusses the basis of human knowledge.
Adam Smith
______________'s Writings: • The Wealth of Nations (1776): argued for abandoning mercantilism in favor of free trade.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
______________'s Writings: • Wrote numerous essays that expressed disagreeance with other philosophers • The Social Contract (1762): discussed the best way to establish a direct democracy.
James II
_________________ (1685-1688): Charles II's brother, who was Catholic. He offended his subjects because of his religion. He violated English law by appointing Catholics to positions of high power. When his wife had a son, Protestants started fearing a line of Catholic leaders. He was eventually overthrown bloodlessly in the Glorious Revolution by relocating to France.
Cromwell
_________________ eventually became a military dictator. He had to put down a rebellion in Ireland. In 1649, he got to Ireland with a vast army that crushed the uprising. He was pretty religiously tolerant, except for Catholics.
King James I
___________________ (1603-1625): Came to power since he was Elizabeth I's closest relative because she had no children. He was already the king of Scotland, and even though England and Scotland weren't united, they now shared a ruler. He struggled with the parliament over money. He also offended Puritan members of the parliament, since they hoped he would reform the Church to get rid of Catholic practices. The only change he made was a new translation of the Bible.
Oliver Cromwell
____________________(1649-1658): A general who led the Puritans during the English Civil War. In 1645, his New Model Army started beating the Cavaliers.
Charles II
_______________________ (1660-1685): Period of Reign is known as the Restoration. Parliament passed an important guarantee called the habeas corpus during this time. He had no children.
Table of Ranks
eight different layers of government jobs- highest ones were for boyars. Allowed government officials to attain government positions based on merit
Cavaliers
supporters of King Charles I in the English Civil War were known as the ___________________
Roundheads
supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War were known as the ___________
Rousseau
• His belief that all people are equal and titles of nobility should be disregarded and eliminated inspired many leaders of the French Revolution in 1789.
Locke
• Justifying revolution: rightful to rebel against "evil" king who doesn't do his job. • _______'s belief that a government gets its power and authority from the people is the basis of modern-day democracy. • The concept that the people could rebel against unfit rulers inspired several struggles for freedom across Europe and the Americas.
C
• King James Il of England flees to France. • William and Mary ascend the English throne. • English Bill of Rights established. Which event in English history is most directly associated with these actions? A) founding of the Anglican Church B) defeat of the Spanish Armada C) Glorious Revolution D) Puritan Revolution
D
• Signing of the Magna Carta • Signing of the petition of Right • Passage of the English Bill of Rights In England, these events were instrumental in A) supporting a disarmament policy B) promoting government control of the economy C) justifying the acquisition of territory in foreign lands D) developing parliamentary democracy
Voltaire
• Spread awareness about basic human freedoms. • Inspired many other government foundations, such as the US, with his concept of freedom. • Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights and French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen- led European monarchs to reduce censorship.
B
• The Chinese applied the idea of the Mandate of Heaven to their government. • The French embraced the divine right of kings. These statements show a similarity in the way these cultures A) supported the same religious principles B) justified the right to rule C) created limited monarchies D) promoted economic equality
Mary Wollstonecraft
• Women's rights groups formed in Europe and North America. • Women began to pursue an education and seek new job opportunities • 1848: Seneca Falls Convention→ Declaration of Sentiments
Montesquieu
• ____________________'s ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances became the basis for new constitutions of the United States, France, and Latin American nations.
