(210) M11, 12, 14

Critical thinking can be thought of as

An evaluation of one's own thought processes

In the IMAGE mnemonic used to help remember the steps in the reasoning process, the "A" stands for

Analyze with sonography

Parathyroid glands measuring greater than _____ should be considered abnormal.

5 mm

Which transducers should the sonographer use to obtain the widest field of view and the best resolution to detect small lesions?

7.5 to 15 MHz, linear array

If a 53-year-old woman presents with the most common solid thyroid mass sonographically identified as well circumscribed, an oval contour, and a halo effect, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Adenoma

Appearances that are predisposed to malignancy include:

Increased intranodal vascularity

Right-sided testicular varicocele is associated with _____.

Inguinal mass

What is the most common etiology of Graves disease?

Autoimmune disorder

What artifact can be identified distal to the transverse image showing a small echogenic structures within the colloid cyst?

Comet tail

Which of the following is NOT a common indication for sonography of the neck?

Difficulty swallowing Palpable mass in the neck Cold nodule on nuclear medicine study none of the above ANSWER: none

Because an adenoma of the thyroid gland has sonographic appearances ranging from anechoic to hyperechoic, what observation is helpful to distinguish an anechoic adenoma from a simple cyst?

Lack of discrete margins in the adenoma

What do the thyroid gland hormones regulate?

Metabolism and growth

Which of the following statements is true regarding seminomas?

Most common testicular mass, Usually hypoechoic, Heterogeneous

Which pathology is responsible for the majority of primary hyperparathyroid cases?

Parathyroid adenoma

Parathyroid glands are normally located:

Posterior to the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding acute epididymitis?

Recent onset of focal pain

What is the most likely diagnosis if a patient presents with a cold thyroid nodule on a technetium-99m (Tc-99m) radioiodine scintigraphy examination and the sonography examination demonstrates an anechoic circular area with smooth sharp borders and good through transmission?

Thyroid cyst

___ can be used to differentiate seminoma from orchitis.

color flow

A teaching method in which students create a flowchart of related ideas is

concept maps

Nontoxic (simple) occurs as diffuse thyroid enlargement not resulting from neoplasm or inflammation. Not initially associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism Enlargement due to compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular epithelium caused by derangement that hampers hormone secretion May become very large, compressing esophagus and interfering with swallowing, or cause pressure on trachea

goiter

More inhomogeneous than in diffuse goiter Younger patients may be hypoechoic Overactivity of is manifested sonographically by increased vascularity on color Doppler imaging, leading to term "thyroid inferno" Spectral Doppler may show velocities over 70 cm/sec.

graves disease

Most common form of thyroiditis Characterized by destructive autoimmune disorder, which leads to chronic inflammation of thyroid Outstanding feature: painless, diffusely enlarged gland in young or middle-aged female Entire gland involved with inflammatory reaction; enlargement not necessarily symmetric Diffuse coarsened parenchymal texture slightly more hypoechoic than normal thyroid Homogeneous enlargement initially occurs with nodularity; as disease progresses, gland shows inhomogeneous enlargement (micronodulation). pattern seen when hypothyroidism develops"thyroid inferno"Color Doppler shows normal to decreased flow velocity, occasionally

hashimotos thyroiditis

A reasoning strategy in which one draws conclusions based on a set of facts would be considered

inductive

A reasoning strategy based on personal experience and pattern recognition would be considered

intuitive

Varicoceles occur more often on the _____ side.

left

A teaching method in which students and the instructor act out different parts of a clinical scenario is

role-playing

The first step one should take in applying sonographic reasoning to a patient examination is

take a clinical history

A teaching method in which groups form ideas for the factors related to a clinical scenario is

the antidote method

Congenital anomalies that appear in midline of neck anterior to trachea Oval or spherical masses rarely larger than 2 or 3 cm Remnant of tubular development of thyroid gland may persist between base of tongue and hyoid bone. Narrow, hollow tract, which connects thyroid lobes to floor of pharynx; normally atrophies in the adult Failure to atrophy creates potential for cystic masses to form anywhere along it.

thyroglossal duct cysts

Bilaterally, which structure is positioned adjacent to the trachea?

thyroid gland

A cold nodule indicates the thyroid was unable to complete what function with the radiopharmaceutical?

Absorb

What developmental cyst occurs because of a congenital modification in the cervical lymphatic system?

Cystic hygroma

Which pathology distribution is associated with geographic areas where the soil, water, and food supply contain low levels of iodine?

Endemic distribution

_____ is an option on many state-of-the-art machines that is useful for testicular evaluation.

Extended field of view

What is the most common inflammatory disease of the thyroid?

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Which condition is suggestive of parathyroid pathology?

Hypercalcemia

A cold nodule in the thyroid is:

Hypofunctioning and does not take up radioisotope

What can be excluded when the patient presents with a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level?

Hypothyroidism

Important techniques while scanning the thyroid are:

Light pressure & Adjusting focal depth

What structure is located posterior to the bilateral lobes of the thyroid gland?

Longus colli muscle

Infection of the testicle is known as:

Orchitis

Inguinal hernias occur when abdominal contents extend into the scrotum through the _____.

Processus vaginalis

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding thyroid adenomas?

Usually solitary

A reasoning strategy that draws narrow conclusions from more general statements would be considered

deductive

A 50-year-old woman is seen with several solid nodules that were incidentally noted at the time of carotid artery ultrasound scan. During the medical history, the clinician learns that the patient underwent neck radiation as a child for an enlarged thymus. What is the most likely diagnosis?

papillary carcinoma

A 55-year-old woman is referred to the ultrasound department for evaluation of primary hyperparathyroidism. The neck ultrasound examination reveals an oblong hypoechoic mass adjacent to the posterior aspect of the lower third of the left thyroid lobe. What is the most likely diagnosis?

parathyroid adenoma