2.1.1 Operating Systems

What is the minimum amount of memory required for a 32-bit installation of Windows 10? A. 128 MB B. 256 MB C. 512 MB D. 1 GB

D. The minimum amount of memory required for the installation of the 32-bit Windows 10operating system is 1 GB.

Which operating system feature offers the ability for a single application to have multiple requests into the processor at one time? A. Multiuser mode B. Dystopia C. Preemption D. Multithreading

D. When a program is multithreaded, it is written to allow for multiple requests into the processor at one time.

Solution to the limitations of a barebones system

An operating system. The operating system acts as a system manager, controlling both hardware and software and acting as an interface between the user and the system.

Windows 11 minimum requirements

Architecture 64-bit Processor 1 GHz or faster processor with 2 or more cores or System on a Chip (SoC) Memory 4 GB Free hard disk space 64 GB Graphics card DirectX 12 or later graphics device with WDDM 2.0 driver Display High definition 720p Additional hardware UEFI & TPM 2.0 required

Which of the following is a program that runs on top of the OS and allows the user to issue commands through a set of menus or some other graphical interface? A. Taskbar B. Shell C. Desktop D. Source

B. The shell is a program that runs on top of the OS and allows user interaction with the operating system. The taskbar is an element of the Desktop. The Desktop does not allow for commands to be executed. Source is not related to the graphical interface.

x64

commonly used to denote operating systems that can run on64-bit processors. This is also commonly referred to as AMD64, because AMD defined the 64-bit instruction set used today

Mobile

found on mobile devices such as phones and tablets. The mobile operating system is generally optimized for touch-based devices where one program is used at a time.

pull-based installation method, where the client will pull the application from the network share

group policy

kernel

memory resident components of an operating system

Application

software that is written to supplement the commands available to a particular OS

Drivers

software written for the purpose of instructing a particular OS on how to access a piece of hardware

Microsoft SCCM, formerly called Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM), is considered...

the Swiss Army knife of installation and reporting services

An operating system provides three basic types of services:

1. Command services. It accepts and processes commands and requests from the user and the user's programs and presents appropriate output results. 2. Program services. It manages, loads, and executes programs. 3. Hardware services. It manages the hardware resources of the computer, including the interfaces to networks and other external parts of the system.

Before you can begin to install an OS, you must consider several items:

1. Determine hardware compatibility and minimum requirements. 2. Determine installation options. 3. Determine the installation method. 4. Prepare the computer for installation.

The Barebones Computer System

1. assumed that the program was already loaded into memory, without considering how it got there 2. there must be a means to tell the computer to start executing the instructions in a program. 3. no user interface except for the I/O routines that are provided with the executing program. This means that common program requirements such as keyboard and screen I/O, file operations, interrupt capability and other internal facilities, and printout must be created and supplied as a part of every program written. 4. once the computer is running, it will continue to execute instructions until a HALT instruction is encountered or until power is removed. This suggests that it is highly desirable that there be an additional program in memory that is always available to execute instructions whenever no other program is being run. This would allow programs to complete execution without halting the machine. 5. limited to one program at a time.

operating system has two fundamental purposes:

1. to control and operate the hardware in an efficient manner 2. to allow the "users" powerful access to the facilities of the machine by providing a variety of facilities and services.

Between 64-bit and 32-bit OSes, which has the limitation of addressing only 4 GB of RAM?

32-bit OS

Which of the following installation methods would you use if you wanted to install a program on a virtual machine? (Choose the best method.) A. ISO B. USB C. Optical disk D. ZIP files

A. If you wanted to install a program on a virtual machine, the preferred method would be to mount an ISO image of the application. USB and optical discs are not common installation methods for virtual machines. Although ZIP files could be used, a ZIP file is only a compression method and not a delivery method.

Application Programming Interface

API provides file and I/O services, tools that create and support the graphical user interface, even tools to embed a spreadsheet into a word processing document.

What is the minimum amount of free hard drive space required for the installation of Windows 10 64-bit? A. 1.5 GB B. 15 GB C. 32 GB D. 60 GB

C. The minimum amount of free hard drive space required for Windows 10 64-bit is 32 GB.

What is the minimum required memory for a 64-bit installation of Windows 10? A. 512 MB B. 1 GB C. 2 GB D. 4 GB

C. The minimum amount of memory required for the 64-bit installation of the Windows10 is 2 GB.

What is the minimum required processor speed for a 64-bit installation of Windows 10? A. 2.2 GHz B. 3.3 GHz C. 1.0 GHz D. 2.3 GHz

C. The minimum processor speed required for the 64-bit installation of Windows 10 is 1 GHz.

Which part of the operating system can be described as extremely specific software written for the purpose of instructing the OS on how to access a piece of hardware? A. Source code B. Application C. Kernel D. Driver

D. A driver is specifically written to instruct the operating system to communicate with a piece of hardware. Source code is the original code the software is written in. An application is a program written to perform a specific purpose to interact with the user. The kernel is the core of the operating system.

general‐purpose computing systems can be loosely divided into categories:

Single‐user, single‐tasking systems (this category is essentially obsolete) Single‐user, multitasking systems Operating systems for mobile devices Mainframe operating systems Distributed systems Network servers: Web servers, database servers, application servers, and the like Embedded systems, such as those found in medical instruments, automobile control systems, marketplace kiosks, household appliances, TVs, electronic toys, and the like Real‐time systems, used for instrumentation where system responses are time sensitive.

There are ten major blocks to be considered, not all of which will necessarily be found in any particular operating system:

The user interface, command processor, and application program interface The file management system The input/output control system Process control management and interprocess communication Memory management Scheduling and dispatching Secondary storage management Network management, communication support, and communication interfaces System protection management and security Support for system administration.

methods of network installation

User-Initiated Installation Automated Installation

The graphical user interface accepts:

commands primarily in the form of icons, drop‐down menus or tabbed ribbons, on‐screen buttons, mouse or finger movements, and mouse or finger clicks.

Cloud-Based

a new breed of operating system that has emerged from the mobile computing era. Cloud-based operating systems are also considered stateless operating systems, since personal data is not primarily stored on the device but in the cloud, i.e. ChromeOs

journaling

a technique which assures the currency and integrity of files when system failures occur during file changes

Workstation

allow end users to access information and applications on server operating systems as well as independently run applications locally, i.e. Windows and macOs

Server

allow for the sharing of information and applications by workstation operating systems. The operating system is optimized for background processes used for access by clients, as opposed to the foreground processes, such as the GUI.

threads

an individually executable part of a process. It shares memory and other resources with all other threads in the same process, but can be scheduled to run separately from other threads.

Windows PowerShell

based on an object‐oriented language similar to C# and can manipulate both text and graphical objects

open source code

can be examined and modified by anyone, i.e. Linux

The control unit and arithmetic/logic unit together make up the..

central processing unit (cpu)

Push installations are

installations in which the administrator can push an application out to clients.

Pull installations are

installations in which the client pulls, or queries, for the application to be installed.

Process control management

keeps track of each process in memory. It determines the state of each process: whether it is running, ready to run, or waiting for some event, such as I/O to be completed, in order to proceed.

closed source code

only an owner or developer can modify or examine the code, i.e. macOs or Windows A word often used interchangeably with closed source is proprietary.

Linux

open source operating system in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux was created to mimic the design of the MINIX (mini-UNIX) operating system, which was a minimal version of UNIX that was originally used for academic purposes. Considered both a workstation operating system and a server operating system, depending on its installation and configuration.

piping

output from one command is automatically used as the input for another

Version

particular revision of a piece of software, normally described by a number that tells you how new the product is in relation to other versions of the product

diskless workstation

personal computer that, once booted, relies completely on the network for its data and program storage and access. Diskless workstations are also known as thin clients.

operating system (OS)

provides a consistent environment for other software to execute commands provides users with an interface with the computer so that they can send commands (input) and receive feedback or results(output)

file management system

provides and maintains the mapping between a file's logical storage needs and the physical location where it is stored

Group Policy uses a

pull-based installation method, where the client will pull the application from the network share. This method contains no agent, so reporting is not available for client resources, installation requirements, or installation status. The benefit is that it requires very little infrastructure if you have Microsoft Active Directory (AD) installed already.

Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager(MECM), can deploy applications to multiple PCs with a push or pull installation?

push installation

types of Automated Installation

push installations and pull installations

scripting languages that are designed to work independently of the particular operating system in use

python, JavaScript, perl, PHP, and Ruby. Command and scripting languages extend the power and flexibility of the operating system and simplify use of the system for less sophisticated users.

operating systems fit into one of four different broad categories:

server, workstation, mobile, or cloud-based operating systems

Operating systems and their collective features enable...

the computer's hardware devices and application software to work together.

multitasking

the execution of multiple programs concurrently

The command line interface relies on:

typed commands.

ARM

used to denote operating systems that can run on Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) processors. ARM operating systems use a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction set commonly found on tablet and phone processors. ARMv8-A processors can support 64-bit operating systems, so you will find32-bit and 64-bit operating systems.

x86

used to refer to operating systems intended to run on the Intel processor. Intel initially identified its 32-bit processors with numbers ending in86 prior to switching to the Pentium line.