223 Exam 4

After a divorce, children tend to feel pressured to choose sides between the mother and father, and may experience a degree of divided loyalty by the age of ____ years. -5- to 6 -10 -4 -6- to 8

-10

What percentage of children in the U.S. live in "blended families"? -17% -25% -50% -10%

-17%

Singlehood has increased significantly in the past several decades, encompassing ____ percent of women and ______ percent of men. -10; 15 -20; 30 -15; 20 -25; 35

-20;30

The median age of first time marriage in the U.S. is now _____ for men and _____ for women. -35; 25 -29;26 -32; 30 -28; 24

-29;26

In the 1930s, 70% of Americans who were polled reported that the ideal number of children to have was _________. In the 1990s, Americans who were polled reported that the ideal number of children to have is -5 or more; no more than three if money is no object. -3 or more; no more than four. -6; no more than two. -3 or more; no more than two, although three or more is ideal if money is no object.

-3 or more; no more than two, although three or more is ideal if money is no object.

Which of the following age groups of women giving birth have increased over earlier decades? -24-28 -30-34 -35-38 -38-40

-30-34

What is the approximate percentage of children in the U.S. who spend their entire childhood living in the same household with both parents? -33% -50% -40% -25%

-50%

What percent of African American divorced women in late adulthood live below the poverty level? -8% -20% -50% -75%

-50%

What percent of people over the age of 65 live with family members? -50% -55% -60% -66%

-66%

What percent of white high school graduates enters college? -71% -82% -69% -57%

-69%

What percentage of women outlive their husbands? -75% -70% -55% -50%

-70%

What percentage of people eventually marry? - 90% -85% -55% -62%

-90%

Following a divorce, a child may exhibit all of the following EXCEPT -sleep disturbance. -depression. -ADD/ADHD. -anxiety

-ADD/ADHD.

_____________ refers to the changes and adjustments that occur when groups of different people come into sustained firsthand contact. -Integration -Acculturation -Separation -Marginalization

-Acculturation

In what culture does the marriage gradient make finding a spouse difficult when the person is well educated? -Asian American men -African American women -Mexican American men -Canadian women

-African American women

In what culture do men rank good health more important in marriage than love? -Pakistan -Japan -China -Mexico

-China

What is the legal alternative to marriage in France in which couples receive many of the same legal rights as married couples without a legal lifetime commitment? -civil union -Civil Solidarity Pact -nonbinding contract -prenuptial agreement

-Civil Solidarity Pact

Sue will retire next year. She has a good retirement plan and has made several wise investments. Friends ask her if she is concerned about retirement. Sue informs her friends that she doesn't really worry about retirement and will take each day as it comes. According to Nancy Schlossberg, Sue will take which path in her retirement? -Easy glider -Retreater -Involved Spectator -Adventurer

-Easy glider

___________ refers to how members of ethnic, racial, and cultural minorities view themselves. -Achievement -Ethnic identity -Acculturation -Separation

-Ethnic identity

It is not easy to know precisely what adolescents do with their leisure time. Which of the following methodologies are social scientists using to discover what adolescents do with their spare time? -Questionnaires -Surveys -Spending time with adolescents -Experience Sampling Method

-Experience Sampling Method

What is a major problem facing adolescents in cyberspace? -Sites to buy term papers -Gambling -Answers to test questions -Ability to achieve ego formation

-Gambling

________________ is the term for the integration of cultures, social movements, and financial markets around the world. -Unionization -Globalization -Acculturation -Marginalization

-Globalization

What are the major effects of poverty in children? -High rates of aggression, poorer academic performance, and conduct problems -Strong sense of family, mental health problems, greater likelihood of delinquency -High absenteeism, greater academic success, cardiovascular disease -Obesity, high rates of aggression, low stress

-High rates of aggression, poorer academic performance, and conduct problems

Developmentalists suggest that along with early/late maturity, all of the following may be more pertinent in determining an adolescent's behavior EXCEPT -IQ development. -peer groups. -family dynamics. -schools and other societal institutions.

-IQ development.

Which group of teenagers in the U.S. has shown the steepest decline in the number of teenage births in the past decade? -Asian American -Non-Hispanic Black Americans -Caucasian American -Native American

-Non-Hispanic Black Americans

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of a happy marriage? -Partners show affection and communicate relatively little negativity about one another. -Partners establish early on in the marriage the superior and inferior positions of the partners. -Partners perceive themselves as interdependent rather than two independent entities. -Partners have social homogamy and share leisure activities, role preferences, similar interests, and agree on distribution of roles.

-Partners establish early on in the marriage the superior and inferior positions of the partners.

_________ is assistance and comfort supplied by a network of caring, interested people. -Social support -Emotional support -A self-help group -Assisted living

-Social support

Social norms oppose premarital sex for women in all of these areas EXCEPT -Sub-Saharan Africa. -Mexico. -North Africa. -Middle East.

-Sub-Saharan Africa.

Which country in the world has the fastest pace of living? -United States -South Korea -Singapore -Switzerland

-Switzerland

Which of the following is NOT a factor in keeping older women from marrying or remarrying? -There are more elderly women than men. -The marriage gradient and social norms work to suggest that women should marry men older than themselves. -There is less social stigma toward the lesbian lifestyle. -The marriage gradient makes remarrying easier for men because the eligibility pool of women is larger.

-There is less social stigma toward the lesbian lifestyle.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to drop out of high school prior to graduation in the U.S.? -a teenaged African American male -a teenaged Caucasian American female -a teenaged Asian American male -a teenaged Hispanic American male

-a teenaged Asian American male

Kevin and Kathleen, first-year college students, take a survey on whether they are above or below average on a variety of traits and abilities. Kevin is more likely to think of himself as -above average in academic ability but below average in emotional health. -above average in overall mathematical ability and emotional health. -below average in overall academic ability. -below average in overall competitiveness and academic ability.

-above average in overall mathematical ability and emotional health.

When did the fertility rate peak in the United States? -after World War I when each woman had 4.5 children -after World War II when each woman had 3.7 children -after the Vietnam War when each woman had 2.5 children -now while the current rate is 2.1 children born to each woman

-after World War II when each woman had 3.7 children

Because of the adolescent's development of _________, the balance of power in the relationship between parents and adolescent becomes more _______ toward the end of adolescence. -metacognitive skills; in favor of the adolescent -cognitive skills; in favor of the adolescent -autonomy; egalitarian -prefrontal cortex; in favor of the parents

-autonomy; egalitarian

According to Damon, the first stage of building friendship for middle-school-age children is -basing friendship on intelligence. -basing friendship on others' behavior. -basing friendship on trust. -basing friendship on psychological closeness.

-basing friendship on others' behavior.

According to Damon, the second stage of building friendship for middle-school- age children is -basing friendship on intelligence. -basing friendship on others' behavior. -basing friendship on trust. -basing friendship on psychological closeness.

-basing friendship on trust.

Boys' play tends to come in bursts rather than in more extended, tranquil episodes, due in part to -lack of social competence skills. -boys' concern over dominance hierarchy known as restrictive play. -lack of dominance hierarchy. -lack of social problem-solving skills.

-boys' concern over dominance hierarchy known as restrictive play.

Groups of 2 to 12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another are called -peers. -cliques. -reference groups. -cohorts.

-cliques.

According to psychologist Robert Sternberg, the components of love include all of the following EXCEPT a(n) -passion component that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance. -intimacy component that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness. -companionate love in which strong affection is apparent with people whose lives are deeply involved. -decision/commitment component that embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another, as well as the long-term determination to maintain that love.

-companionate love in which strong affection is apparent with people whose lives are deeply involved.

What is the term for play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something? -functional -parallel -cooperative -constructive

-constructive

Stella and Anthony have been happily married for 22 years, and they still enjoy an active sex life and participate in many activities together. Psychologist Robert Sternberg would call their relationship -consummate love. -companionate love. -romantic love. -liking.

-consummate love

Frederick is living in a specialized living environment where all residents are of retirement age and in need of some level of care. Frederick is in a(n) -adult day-care. -skilled-nursing facility. -assisted-living facility. -continuing-care community.

-continuing-care community.

Allison is well liked by the other members of her swim team, but not well liked by other adolescent girls in her homeroom class. Allison would be considered -controversial. -popular. -rejected. -neglected.

-controversial

If an adolescent student is liked by some and disliked by others, that adolescent is considered -rejected. -popular. -controversial. -neglected.

-controversial.

What is the term for play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests? -associative -functional -cooperative -parallel

-cooperative

Three children in the preschool class are working to complete puzzles, and they all take turns fitting in the pieces. This is an example of -cooperative play. -associative play. -parallel play. -functional play.

-cooperative play.

Sally's adolescent classmates call her and the other 125 members of her advanced computer software group "nerds," meaning she is part of a -peer group. -crowd. -clique. -cohort.

-crowd

According to Robert Sternberg, empty love develops when only _________ is present. -intimacy -decision/commitment -loyalty -similarity

-decision/commitment

The age at which adolescents have sexual intercourse for the first time is ________, and _____ have had sex before the age of 20. -increasing; 25% -declining; 50% -declining; 70% -increasing; 40%

-declining; 70%

Developmental psychologists have found that children can benefit from involvement in some form of ___________ before they enroll in formal schooling, which takes place at age 5 or 6 in the U.S. -quality television watching -quality child care -educational activity -socialization with peers

-educational activity

While dating is a part of a pattern of courtship that can potentially lead to marriage, it can also do all of the following EXCEPT -help adolescents to learn to establish intimacy with another individual. -provide a form of entertainment. -provide status and prestige, as well as, help develop a sense of one's own identity. -establish sexual or gender identity/preference.

-establish sexual or gender identity/preference.

An explanation for cross-cultural similarities in gender differences rests on -evolutionary factors. -personality factors. -social factors. -familial factors.

-evolutionary factors.

Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a different way. What do Japanese parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool? -academic head start -developing a sense of independence -experience of being a member of a group -learning about the child's family history

-experience of being a member of a group

Children who grow up in which of the following families tend to have a strong sense of extended family? -families headed by gay and lesbian parents -families headed by Caucasian American parents -families headed by Asian American parents -families headed by African American or Hispanic American parents

-families headed by African American or Hispanic American parents

What is the term for play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds? -constructive -simple -functional -associative

-functional

"Companionate" grandparents usually are all of the following EXCEPT they -don't take responsibility for their grandchildren. -call and visit their grandchildren, and occasionally take them on vacation without the parents. -act as supporters and buddies to their grandchildren. -hold clear expectations about the way their grandchildren should behave.

-hold clear expectations about the way their grandchildren should behave.

Which of the following is not considered a benefit of child care? -greater self-confidence -greater social skills -increased disruptiveness -more knowledge about the social world in which they live

-increased disruptiveness

Because independent measures of achievement, such as SAT scores, have not risen in the past decade, but overall grades in school have risen over the past decade, the most likely explanation for this is -student performance in school has changed for the better, and the students are demonstrating more achievement. -student performance in school has changed for the better because they are cheating more on tests. -instructors have become more lenient, awarding higher grades for the same performance, which is known as "grade inflation." -because independent measures of achievement such as the SAT are harder tests than they used to be a decade ago.

-instructors have become more lenient, awarding higher grades for the same performance, which is known as "grade inflation."

Children living in poverty experience many more disruptions than children in socioeconomically secure environments do. Examples of these disruptions include all of the following EXCEPT -frequent moving by the family to find work. -fewer basic everyday resources. -attending inferior schools in unsafe neighborhoods. -living in single-parent households.

-living in single-parent households.

Jorge has been taught to marry a woman who is younger, smaller, and lower in status. This is referred to as the -marriage gradient. -social norm. -social mores. -societal bias.

-marriage gradient

All of the following are reasons why young adults choose to marry EXCEPT -it is seen as the appropriate culmination of a loving relationship and the right thing to do. -having a spouse can fill an economic and sexual role with legal benefits and protections. -having a spouse offers a means of having children that is accepted by society. -marriage offers a guaranteed commitment to both parties.

-marriage offers a guaranteed commitment to both parties.

Which of the following is an example of "bottom of the barrel" men? -men who do not marry because they cannot find a woman of low enough status -men who do not marry because of personality compatibility concerns -men who are fearful of commitment -men who find women unappealing

-men who do not marry because they cannot find a woman of low enough status

Which of the following is NOT a reason why boomerang children return home to live with middle-aged parents? -breakup of a marriage -economic reasons -lack of employment or underemployment -middle-age parents miss their children

-middle-age parents miss their children

Girls who mature early tend to experience -enhanced cognitive development. -additional academic success. -psychological and social maturity beyond their peers. -more popularity, which can enhance their self-concept.

-more popularity, which can enhance their self-concept.

With regard to children of divorced parents, all of the following are true EXCEPT -twice as many children of divorced parents enter psychological counseling as children from intact families. -18 months to 2 years after the divorce, most children begin to return to their predivorce state of psychological adjustment. -people who have experienced parental divorce are more at risk for experiencing divorce themselves. -most children of divorce who choose sides after the divorce never regain relationships with the both parents.

-most children of divorce who choose sides after the divorce never regain relationships with the both parents.

Which of the following is considered to be the centerpiece of friendship during middle childhood? -similar racial or ethnic background -mutual trust -similar size and weight -live geographically near one another

-mutual trust

Children and adolescents who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions are called -rejected. -outcast. -controversial. -neglected.

-neglected.

All of the following are reasons why friendships are more highly valued by older people in late adulthood than family relationships EXCEPT -the ability to make friendships offers an element of control in one's life. -new friendships require much less time and effort than maintaining family ties. -friendships offer more flexibility than family relationships and less of a history of obligations and conflicts. -it is increasingly likely as one ages that one will be without a partner, and a friendship provides companionship.

-new friendships require much less time and effort than maintaining family ties.

Adolescents' views of societal problems are -not influenced by their families, communities, or peers. -undeveloped due to adolescents' limited cognitive skills. -solely focused on personal issues. -ones with which their parents would be likely to agree.

-ones with which their parents would be likely to agree.

What is the term for action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves? -associative -parallel -onlooker -functional

-onlooker

Several 4-year-old boys are sitting at a table playing with cars in a makeshift race, and one boy stands by the table watching them. Occasionally, the boy who is standing calls out for the green car to go faster, but he does not actually join in the game. This is an example of -functional play. -parallel play. -onlooker play. -associative play.

-onlooker play.

According to Robert Sternberg, infatuated love develops when only _________ is present. -passion -intimacy -loyalty -similarity

-passion

According to Robert Sternberg, fatuous love develops when _________ is(are) present. -intimacy and decision/commitment -infatuation -passion and intimacy -passion and decision/commitment

-passion and decision/commitment

Middle-school-age girls tend to __________; while middle-school-age boys tend to ________. -play in pairs; develop a dominance hierarchy. -have a smaller network of friends; ignore differences in status. -avoid differences in status; have a smaller network of friends. -focus on one or two "best friends"; smooth over disagreements.

-play in pairs; develop a dominance hierarchy.

Which of the following terms describes the period of sexual maturation? -maturation -puberty -latency -growth spurt

-puberty

The number of children that one generation must produce to be able to replenish its numbers is called -fertility rate. -birth rate. -replacement level. -generation replacement.

-replacement level.

What is a major drawback of some continuing-care facilities? -requiring a substantial initial payment -not being homogeneous -location -type of care

-requiring a substantial initial payment

Children living in blended families may be uncertain about their responsibilities and how to behave toward stepparents and stepsiblings. This is known as -autonomy. -role ambiguity. -shared benefits. -self-care.

-role ambiguity.

Couples in their middle age that must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents are called -empty nest parents. -sandwich generation. -midlife crisis generation. -normative crisis generation.

-sandwich generation.

Alan is a very masculine young man who excels in typical male-oriented activities. Still, he is sexually attracted to other men. For Alan, being attracted to other men is his -gender identity. -sexual attraction. -sexual orientation. -homosexuality.

-sexual orientation.

Renee is 67 years old and is in the hospital because she broke her hip. She will need extensive physical therapy for two months. Which of the following is the proper facility to provide care for her? -adult day-care -skilled nursing -assisted living -extended care

-skilled nursing

Which of the following is the best example of functional play? -skipping or jumping -playing checkers -adding items like cookies to see how many there are -playing with Legos to build objects

-skipping or jumping

When does research suggest that a man is most likely to leave his wife for a younger woman? -when the marriage is 7 years old -when the children are grown -when the couple is childless -soon after the man retires and is in psychological turmoil

-soon after the man retires and is in psychological turmoil

Discernible benefits when children leave home include all of the following EXCEPT -the parents have more time for recreational activities. -married or unmarried parents can devote more time to work. -parents are freed from many responsibilities. -spouses may have less time to go on "dates.

-spouses may have less time to go on "dates.

Thinking about "old age" and associating it with nursing homes is a -way of life. -coping style. -stereotype. -possible alternative.

-stereotype.

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to have difficulty adjusting to late maturation? -tenth grade late-maturing girls -late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers -late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers but have qualities such as assertiveness, insightfulness, creativity -eighth grade early-maturing girls

-tenth grade late-maturing girls

The phenomenon known as the "digital divide" is -the difference between students who use the Internet for entertainment purposes, such as movies, games, and gambling, and students who use the internet for schoolwork. -the difference between the computer-savvy generation of the past decade compared to their parents who have less computer experience. -the challenge involving socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity where poorer adolescents and members of minority groups have less access to computers than more affluent adolescents. -the difference between those educators who believe that computers need to be integrated more into the curriculum compared to educators who argue for a more traditional educational experience for students.

-the challenge involving socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity where poorer adolescents and members of minority groups have less access to computers than more affluent adolescents.

Adolescent membership in particular cliques and crowds is often determined by -how geographically close the adolescents reside to one another. -the gender of the adolescents. -the degree of similarity with members of the group. -socioeconomic group.

-the degree of similarity with members of the group.

Preschoolers' peer relationships are based on -care, protection, and direction. -intellectual stimulation and cognitive growth. -building skills through competition. -the desire for companionship, play, and fun.

-the desire for companionship, play, and fun.

According to your author, the motivation of middle-school-age girls to solve conflict among friends is due to -lack of self-confidence. -lack of social competence. -apprehension over the use of more direct approaches. -the desire to maintain an equal-status relationship lacking in dominance hierarchy.

-the desire to maintain an equal-status relationship lacking in dominance hierarchy.

Anthropologist John Ogbu compares the involuntary immigration of Africans as slaves to America, and the motivation to succeed educationally in subsequent generations of African Americans to -the voluntary immigration of Italian-Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations. -the voluntary immigration of Irish-Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations. -the voluntary immigration of German-Americans to America and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations. -the involuntary immigration of Koreans to Japan during World War II and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations.

-the involuntary immigration of Koreans to Japan during World War II and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations.

Anthropologist John Ogbu argues that members of certain minority groups may have low academic achievement because -these groups perceive that school success is relatively unimportant with regard to their success in the workplace because of prejudice. -these groups carry genetically inferior intellectual potential from generation to generation. -these groups lack the social, interpersonal relationship, and communication skills to fully benefit from a formal education. -these groups have a higher number of parents who themselves never succeeded within the educational environment and lack adequate parenting skills.

-these groups perceive that school success is relatively unimportant with regard to their success in the workplace because of prejudice.

All but which of the following apply to "remote" grandparents? -they are detached and distant from their grandchildren. -they rarely visit with their grandchildren and show little interest. -they hold clear expectations about the way their grandchildren behave. -they might complain about their grandchildren's childish behavior when they see them.

-they hold clear expectations about the way their grandchildren behave.

Psychologist Robert Sternberg suggests that love requires a more complex explanation and is made up of -three components. -eight components. -four components. -two components.

-three components.

When a person pursues sexual reassignment surgery because they feel as though they were born with the wrong physical sex (i.e., trapped in the wrong body), this is called being -homosexual. -transgendered. -asexual. -bisexual.

-transgendered.

Raul and Raymond are 4 and 5-years-old, and the main benefit they get out of being "best" friends is -the enjoyment of carrying out shared activities. -trust, support, and shared interests. -the give-and-take of competing with each other in games. -the intellectual stimulation of conversation and learning activities.

-trust, support, and shared interests.

According to the chart of phases of marital satisfaction in the text, at which point in the marriage is the level of satisfaction at its peak? -at the beginning of the marriage -when the children are preschool age -when the children are grown to young adults -when the couple is retired

-when the couple is retired

Which group of divorced women has the best opportunity to be remarried? -women under the age of 25 -women over the age of 40 -women who are considered unattractive -women who are not younger, smaller, and lower status than men

-women under the age of 25

Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of ________ prenatally, they are more likely to display stereotypical male behaviors. -testosterone -estrogen -androgens -toxins

androgens

Studies indicate that sexual orientation is -based primarily on genetic predisposition. -produced by a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. -psychologically influenced based upon family factors. -based strictly upon a conscious choice by the person.

produced by a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors.