2402 - Lymph and Immune System Unit 3 exam
First, second, or third line of defense.
Classify each item as a first, second, or third line of defense.
A B CEll - free antigen
A B cell is first stimulated by ______.
Fever -A fever inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses, promotes interferon activity, increases activity of adaptive immunity, and accelerates tissue repair.
A fever inhibits reproduction of ____________ and viruses, promotes ____________ activity, ____________ activity of ____________ immunity, and accelerates ____________ repair.
Helper T - an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC
A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______.
an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC
A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______.
Activated helper T cells - cytotoxic T cells B cells
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?
Exogenous antigen, through the process of endocytosis, is brought into the cell. A phagosome is formed. This contains foreign antigens and merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome, where the substance is digested into peptide fragments. The vesicle containing these fragments then merges with vesicles containing newly synthesized MHC class II molecules. The peptide fragments are then "loaded" into these molecules. These vesicles in turn then merge with the plasma membrane of the APC.
An exogenous antigen, through the process of endocytosis, is brought into the cell. A phagosome is formed. This contains foreign antigens and merges with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome, where the substance is digested into peptide fragments. The vesicle containing these fragments then merges with vesicles containing newly synthesized MHC class II molecules. The peptide fragments are then "loaded" into these molecules. These vesicles in turn then merge with the plasma membrane of the APC.
appendix -right lower
An individual with an inflamed appendix will most commonly have pain in the __________ abdominopelvic quadrant.
MHC
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. Terms may be used more than once.
Lympatic capillaries
Correctly label the anatomical features of lymphatic capillaries.
Cytokines are small, soluble proteins produced by cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system to regulate and facilitate immune system activity. A cytokine is released from one cell and binds to a specific receptor of a target cell, where its action is similar to that of a hormone. Cytokines can act on the cell that released it (autocrine), local neighboring cells (paracrine), or circulate in the blood to cause systemic effects (endocrine).
Cytokines are small, soluble ____________ produced by cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system to regulate and facilitate immune system activity. A cytokine is released from one cell and binds to a specific ____________ of a target cell, where its action is similar to that of a hormone. Cytokines can act on the cell that released it ( ____________ ), local neighboring cells ( ____________ ), or circulate in the blood to cause systemic effects ( ____________ ).
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes -cells that display foreign proteins on their surface
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes attack viruses. bacteria. cells that display foreign proteins on their surface. cells that display normal proteins on their surface.
immunity
Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify what type of immunity is classified by each label.
elicit -antigens.
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed aquaporins. antigens. antibodies. APCs.
inflammation are recognized. Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces redness. The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings heat from the axial regions of the body. With increased blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in swelling (edema). Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for pain.
Four cardinal signs of ____________ are recognized. Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces ____________ . The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings ____________ from the axial regions of the body. With increased blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in ____________ . Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activ
Helper T Lymphocyte - CD4 cells
Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______.
immunogenicity. complexity size
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity.
lymph node.
Identify the components of the lymph node.
lymph node. diagram
Identify the components of the lymph node.
spleen anatomy
Identify the gross anatomical structures shown in the picture of the spleen.
lymphatic system
Identify the lymphatic system structures shown in the anterior view of the thorax.
lymphatic tissue
Identify the mucosae-associated lymphatic tissue structures shown.
placenta - naturally acquired passive immunity
Identify the type of immunity that is passed from mother to baby through the placenta.
bacterium has entered a lymph capillary-
Imagine a bacterium has entered a lymph capillary in the right arm. Place the following structures in order as the bacterium travels from a lymph node in the axilla to the right atrium of the heart.
virus is circulating in the lymph.
Imagine a virus is circulating in the lymph. Place the following structures in the order in which the virus travels.
specific or non specific
Indicate whether each item identifies a specific or nonspecific form of defense.
Specific aand Non specific form of defense
Indicate whether the label identifies a specific or nonspecific form of defense.
Interferons ( IFNs) are a class of cytokines released from a variety of cells, including leukocytes and fibroblasts. IFN serves as a nonspecific defense mechanism against the spread of any viral infection.
Interferons ( IFNs) are a class of ____________ released from a variety of cells, including leukocytes and ____________ . IFN serves as a ____________ defense mechanism against the spread of any ____________ infection.
MHC molecules
Label the figure with the items provided.
Positive and Negative selection
Label the figure with the items provided.
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
Label the figure with the items provided.
Immune -
Label the structures of the spleen seen at 40x.
thymus
Label the structures of the thymus seen at 50x.
Lacteals-lipids
Lacteals are lymphatic capillaries within the small intestine that absorb _______________ that are unable to enter the blood directly from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Lymph vessels -interstitial fluid
Lymph vessels reabsorb what fluid from the tissues and return it to the venous circulation? Plasma Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Blood
Lymphatic capillaries -closed-ended
Lymphatic capillaries are ____ vessels.
Lymphatic vessels -It allows for the spread of cancer or infections.
Lymphatic vessels are more permeable than blood vessels. How could this increased permeability be disadvantageous?
Lymphatic vessels - Veins
Lymphatic vessels are most similar in structure to __________.
Lymphatic vessels -Valves
Lymphatic vessels contain ________________ that prevent the backflow of lymph.
a secondary lymphatic structure
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______.
MALT -protecting from infection
MALT is very prominent in the mucosa of the small intestine, where it serves its function of __________. absorbing chylomicrons (lipid droplets) from digestion protecting from infection assisting in the reabsorption of water helping absorb protein
SINUS LYMPH NODE
Match the appropriate description with the structure listed.
tonsil -
Match the appropriate description with the type of tonsil listed.
lymphatic structure -
Match the function with the appropriate lymphatic structure listed.
MHC class I molecules in an infected cell.
Order the events of formation and display of MHC class I molecules in an infected cell.
T lympocytes - Origination of T-lymphocytes begins in the red bone marrow. From here cells are sent to mature in the thymus. T-lymphocytes go through positive selection when thymic epithelial cells with MHC bind to them. In negative selection, the same process must occur, however it must NOT bind to any self-antigens.
Origination of T-lymphocytes begins in the ____________ bone marrow. From here cells are sent to mature in the ____________ . T-lymphocytes go through ____________ selection when thymic epithelial cells with MHC bind to them. In ____________ selection, the same process must occur, however it must NOT bind to any ____________ .
Peyer - ileum
Peyer patches are a defining characteristic of the __________.
Peyer patches -Lighter
Peyer patches have a __________ staining germinal center where antibody-secreting cells are activated.
Bcell activation
Place the events of B cell activation in order ______.
artificially acquired passive immunity
Receiving injections of antibodies following a snake bite is an example of ______.
Vaccine artificially acquired active
Receiving protection from a virus through a vaccine is an example of __________ immunity.
T-lymphocytes are naïve. are immunocompetent.are immunocompetent. have previously bound at least one foreign antigen. contain both CD4 and CD8 proteins.
Select all that are true. After leaving the thymus, T-lymphocytes are naïve. are immunocompetent.are immunocompetent. have previously bound at least one foreign antigen. contain both CD4 and CD8 proteins.
Splenic sinusoids-blood
Splenic sinusoids filter __________.
positive selection
T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ______.
spleen - white; red
The __________pulp of the spleen contains lymphocytes and serves to fight pathogens, whereas the __________pulp of the spleen contains sinusoids and filters blood.
Infection -Specific Immunity
The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called specific immunity. nonspecific defense. the first line of defense. the second line of defense.
antibody titer- circulating blood
The antibody titer is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody in the ______.
lymphatic tissue -nodule
The basic unit of lymphatic tissue is called a ____________ .
enlarged lymph nodes -lymphadenopathy
The clinical term for enlarged lymph nodes is __________.
lymph functions -returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
The primary functions of lymph include 1)returning proteins to the tissue fluid. 2)transporting foreign particles to the kidneys. 3)returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes. 4)carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
antigen presentation
The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.
Opsonization
The process of antibodies coating a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it, is called ______.
right lymphatic duct - right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the which of the following? (Check all that apply.)
ama
The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response.
lymphatic vessels -VEINS
The structure of lymphatic vessels most closely resembles________________ .
Thymus - afferent lymphatic vessels
The thymus is divided into lobules by __________.
Thymus-T lymphocytes
The thymus is the site of _____________ maturation.
active immunity
The type of immunity that lasts longer is ______ immunity.
vermiform appendix-Simple columnar epithelium
The vermiform appendix is lined with which type of epithelial tissue?
antibody - iGe
What class of antibody is produced in a much higher concentration during a secondary response?
Antibodies -When a person is exposed to an antigen for the first time the immune reaction is called the primary response. The appearance of protective antibodies is delayed for 3-6 days while naive B cells multiply and differentiate. As the plasma cells begin secreting antibody, the antibody titer begins to rise. Eventually the primary response will make an immune memory of the antigen.
When a person is exposed to an antigen for the first time the immune reaction is called the ____________ response. The appearance of protective ____________ is delayed for 3-6 days while naive B cells multiply and differentiate. As the plasma cells begin secreting antibody, the antibody ____________ begins to rise. Eventually the primary response will make an immune ____________ of the antigen.
Ruptured spleen - Sinusoidal capillaries are prone to disruption and bleeds. The spleen recieves direct blood supply off the aorta.
When an individual suffers from a ruptured spleen, the spleen is surgically removed so the patient does not die from internal bleeding. Using knowledge of the circulation of the spleen, why does a ruptured spleen bleed so profusely? (Check all that apply.)
antibody clump - precipitated
When antibodies clump together viral particles,they become insoluble, or ______.
Swollen adenoids -Sore throat Difficulty breathing through the nose
When pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed, they are referred to as adenoids. Based on the location of the pharyngeal tonsils which of the following symptoms would you expect a patient to experience due to swollen adenoids? (Check all that apply.)
lymphatic system -Production of erythrocytes
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
MALT not -Lymph node
Which of the following is NOT a named aggregation of Mucosa-Associated Lymph Tissue (MALT)? Palatine tonsil Peyer Patch Lymph node Pharyngeal tonsil
lymphatic organ -Thymus
Which of the following is a lymphatic organ located within the thoracic cavity just deep to the sternum?
lymphatic organ -SPLEEN
Which of the following is a lymphatic organ that filters the blood?
afferent and efferent -Lymph node
Which of the following is a lymphatic organ that has both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity? cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so. Cellular immunity utilizes B-lymphocytes, while humoral immunity utilizes T-lymphocytes. Cellular immunity produces antibodies, while humoral immunity uses perforins. Neither defends against bacteria.
splenomegaly - Cardiovascular
Which of the following systems would be affected by splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)? Cardiovascular Digestive Lymphatic Respiratory
lymphoid organ function -Development of lymphocytes
Which of the following takes place in a primary lymphoid organ?
Acute
Which type of hypersensitivity occurs within seconds following exposure to the antigen?
non-specific immunity
defenses that stop the invasion of pathogens; requires no previous encounter with a pathogen
T helper cell activation
events of activation of a T helper cell in order
Active Passive immunity - True
r False: Active and passive immunity both can be acquired naturally or artificially.
