🏵💐 2nd Resp. 💐🏵
112) Which of the following would be greater? A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
A
101) Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as A) functional residual capacity. B) respiratory minute volume. C) alveolar ventilation volume. D) anatomic dead space. E) minimal volume.
D
104) The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 95 mm Hg.
E
108) At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) more than 90
E
117) For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the A) PCO2 should be high. B) pH should be slightly acidic. C) PO2 should be about 70 mm Hg. D) BPG levels in the red blood cells should be high. E) PCO2 should be low.
E
113) Which of the following would be greater? A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade C) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees centigrade
A
124) The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is A) respiratory distress syndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.
A
123) If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens? A) Alveolar PO2 increases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases. B) Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases. C) Alveolar PO2 increases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.
B
125) Asthma is A) a collapsed lung. B) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. C) an obstructive tumor. D) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. E) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
B
174) What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration? (Module 21.12B) A) Henry's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture. B) Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid. C) Henry's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. D) Henry's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its volume. E) Henry's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is inversely proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.
B
179) Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. (Module 21.14B) A) Air hydrostatic pressures push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. B) The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. C) The osmotic pressure gradient of dissolved proteins push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. D) The atmospheric pressure gradient drives oxygen into tissues and carbon dioxide moves passively out. E) The respiratory muscles generate force that drives oxygen into tissue and carbon dioxide moves passively out.
B
182) Name the paired central nervous system nuclei that adjust the pace of respiration. (Module 21.16A) A) dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group B) apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers C) apneustic centers and dorsal respiratory group D) apneustic centers and ventral respiratory group E) pneumotaxic centers and ventral respiratory group
B
187) Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C) A) Metaplasia is the development of abnormal cells; dysplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. B) Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. C) Metaplasia is the development of abnormal cells; anaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and dysplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. D) Anaplasia is the development of abnormal cells; neoplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; metaplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and dysplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body. E) Neoplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; anaplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and dysplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.
B
58) In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the A) primary bronchi. B) secondary bronchi. C) tertiary bronchi. D) bronchioles. E) terminal bronchioles.
B
61) Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? A) right lung B) left lung C) right primary bronchus D) left primary bronchus E) both left lung and left primary bronchus
B
71) Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) pulmonary ventilation. D) gas diffusion. E) alveolar ventilation.
B
75) The technical term for "breathing" is A) gas exchange. B) pulmonary ventilation. C) internal respiration. D) external respiration. E) alveolar ventilation.
B
77) The unit of measurement for pressure specifically preferred by many respiratory therapists is A) mm Hg. B) torr. C) cm H2O. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
B
79) Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than intra-alveolar pressure. E) less than intrapulmonary pressure.
B
81) If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed A) emphysema. B) atelectasis. C) metaplasia. D) apnea. E) anaplasia.
B
83) What pressure will be present in the space labeled "5"? A) alveolar pressure B) intrapulmonary pressure C) subalveolar pressure D) subatmospheric pressure E) atmospheric pressure
B
95) The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed A) total lung capacity. B) expiratory reserve volume. C) residual volume. D) tidal volume. E) inspiratory reserve volume.
B
97) Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.
B
Figure 21-2 82) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside
B
106) Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) diameter of an alveolus. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.
D
166) What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? (Module 21.9B) A) The contraction of the abdominal muscles affect the volume of the lungs. B) The degree of flexion and extension of the trunk affect the volume of the lungs. C) The movements of the upper limbs affect the volume of the lungs. D) The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs. E) The contraction of tracheal smooth muscle affect the volume of the lungs.
D
171) Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A) A) Respiratory rate is the amount of air that remains in your lungs even after a maximal exhalation. B) Respiratory rate is the time it takes to voluntarily expel all of your air. C) Respiratory rate is the time it takes to inhale forcibly all of your air. D) Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute. E) Respiratory rate is volume of air moved each minute.
D
175) Define oxyhemoglobin. (Module 21.13A) A) Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of oxygen bound. B) Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. C) Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. D) Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound. E) Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin with 4 molecules of oxygen bound and 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound.
D
119) All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that A) it is in RBCs. B) it is an enzyme. C) it can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. D) it can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. E) it can convert carbonic acid into CO2.
E
120) Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? A) It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. B) It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. C) It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. D) It is driven by a rise in PCO2. E) It causes RBCs to swell.
E
121) What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? A) It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid. B) It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells. C) It dissolves in plasma. D) It is converted by carbonic anhydrase. E) It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.
E
127) In emphysema, all of the following occur except A) alveoli collapse. B) compliance increases. C) there is elevated PCO2 in the blood. D) the surface area for gas exchange decreases. E) patients present with cyanosis.
E
160) Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity. (Module 21.6B) A) The lungs are anterior to the sternum in the mediastinum. B) The left and right lungs are surrounded by a pericardial cavity. C) The left lung is surrounded by a left pleural cavity and the right lung is surrounded by a right pericardial cavity. D) The left lung is surrounded by a left pericardial cavity and the right lung is surrounded by a right pleural cavity. E) The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively.
E
162) Define pulmonary lobule. (Module 21.7A) A) A pulmonary lobule is the largest subdivisions of the lung supplied by a main or primary bronchus. B) A pulmonary lobule is a large subdivision of the lung supplied by a lobar or secondary bronchus. C) A pulmonary lobule is a medium-sized subdivision of the lungs supplied by a segmental bronchus. D) A pulmonary lobule is a region of the lung that does not participate in gas exchange but contains conducting passageways only. E) A pulmonary lobule is the smallest subdivision of the lungs; branches of the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and a terminal bronchiole supply each lobule.
E
163) What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? (Module 21.7C) A) The air exchange across with blood air barrier would improve because surfactant did not block any diffusion. B) The alveoli would become invaded by pathogens because surfactant was not there to block the pathogens. C) The alveoli would stiffen because surfactant lubricates the alveoli to they can expand. D) The alveoli would collect fluid because surfactant normally soaks up extra fluid and prevents it from accumulating in the lungs. E) The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.
E
167) What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? (Module 21.9C) A) The intratracheal pressure and intrapulmonary pressure B) The sinus cavity pressures and the intrapulmonary pressure C) The sinus cavity pressures and the atmospheric pressure D) The intrapleural pressure and the intrapulmonary pressure E) The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure
E
178) Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. (Module 21.14A) A) Bound to hemoglobin, bound to other transport proteins, or bound to the surface of the RBCs. B) Dissolved in plasma, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. C) Dissolved in plasma, as hydrogen ions in the plasma, or bound to hemoglobin. D) Bound to hemoglobin, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as hydrogen ions in the plasma. E) Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
E
66) Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except A) a loss of surfactant. B) a decreased rate of gas exchange. C) increased surface tension in the alveoli. D) increased tendency to alveolar collapse. E) decreased number of dust cells.
E
72) The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as A) anoxia. B) hypercapnia. C) hypoventilation. D) hyperoxia. E) hypoxia.
E
85) Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) none, quiet expiration is passive.
E
87) Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume? A) sternocleidomastoid B) pectoralis minor C) scalenes D) serratus anterior E) rectus abdominis
E
94) If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) tidal volume. B) total lung capacity. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.
E
60) The most superior portion of the lung is termed the A) base. B) apex. C) cardiac notch. D) hilum. E) oblique fissure.
B
161) Name the lobes and fissures of each lung. (Module 21.6D) A) The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe. B) The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. C) The left lung is divided into an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe by the vertical fissure. The right lung is divided into an anterior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the vertical fissure separates the anterior and middle lobes from the posterior lobe. D) The left lung is divided into an anterior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the vertical fissure separates the anterior and middle lobes from the posterior lobe. The right lung is divided into an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe by the vertical fissure. E) The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the horizontal fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and lateral lobe by the coronal fissure, and the horizontal fissure separates the superior and lateral lobes from the inferior lobe.
A
164) How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B) A) Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply. B) Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is low tissue carbon dioxide levels. C) Hypoxia is low tissue carbon dioxide levels; anoxia is low tissue oxygen levels. D) Hypoxia is low lung oxygen levels; anoxia is low lung carbon dioxide levels. E) Hypoxia is low lung carbon dioxide levels; anoxia is low lung oxygen levels.
A
168) Identify the primary inspiratory muscles. (Module 21.10A) A) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles B) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles C) internal and external intercostal muscles D) diaphragm and the rectus abdominis muscles E) scalenes and serratus anterior
A
170) Name the various measurable pulmonary volumes. (Module 21.10C) A) tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume B) minimal volume, tidal volume, and residual volume C) tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and minimal volume D) tidal volume, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minimal volume E) functional residual capacity, vital capacity, minimal volume, and total lung volume
A
172) Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C) A) Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. B) Slow, deep breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. C) Rapid, shallow breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. D) Rapid, shallow breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.
A
173) Define Dalton's law. (Module 21.12A) A) Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture. B) Dalton's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid. C) Dalton's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. D) Dalton's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its volume. E) Dalton's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is inversely proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.
A
177) Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. (Module 21.13C) A) BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase. B) BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will decrease. C) BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase. D) BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will decrease.
A
180) Define compliance and resistance. (Module 21.15A) A) Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs. B) Compliance is the ease with which the breathing muscles and rib cage expand and recoil. Resistance is the limitation of expansion placed on the lungs by the size of the rib cage. C) Compliance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs. Resistance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. D) Compliance is the limitation of expansion placed on the lungs by the size of the rib cage. Resistance is the ease with which the breathing muscles and rib cage expand and recoil. E) Compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand. Resistance is the ability of the lungs to recoil.
A
185) Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A) A) blood CO2 levels B) blood O2 levels
A
59) The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________. A) three lobes; two lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) two lobes; three lobes D) three lobes; three lobes E) None of the answers is correct.
A
67) Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to A) a single pulmonary lobule. B) over 150 million alveoli. C) a single alveolar duct. D) several alveolar sacs. E) about 6500 bronchioles.
A
69) If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except A) cartilage plates. B) alveoli. C) a lymphatic vessel. D) a branch of a pulmonary vein. E) some elastic fibers.
A
73) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.
A
78) Which of the following is greater? A) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air B) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
A
80) When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) they are equal. B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.
A
89) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs shrink. E) expiration occurs.
A
99) Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? A) respiratory minute volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) anatomic dead space E) minimal volume
A
107) External respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.
B
109) Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.
B
110) Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen. A) 10 mL B) 20 mL C) 30 mL D) 50 mL E) 75 mL
B
111) A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits. A) 1 alpha and 1 beta B) 2 alpha and 2 beta C) 2 alpha and 3 beta D) 4 alpha E) 4 beta
B
114) Which of the following would be greater? A) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
B
115) Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) carbon dioxide transport. D) hemoglobin synthesis. E) acid-base balance.
B
116) Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues? A) decreased temperature B) decreased pH C) increased tissue PO2 D) decreased amounts of BPG E) None of the answers is correct.
B
122) The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as A) the BPG pathway. B) the chloride shift. C) a bicarbonate exchange. D) the Bohr effect. E) gas diffusion.
B
100) The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. A) 4 to 6 B) 10 to 12 C) 12 to 18 D) 16 to 20 E) 22 to 24
C
102) Henry's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
C
105) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) internal respiration. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.
C
118) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) solute dissolved in the plasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions. D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E) carbonic acid.
C
126) The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called A) asthma. B) bronchitis. C) emphysema. D) tuberculosis. E) pneumonia.
C
158) Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract. (Module 21.5C) A) main bronchi � trachea � lobar bronchi � segmental bronchi � pulmonary lobule � terminal bronchioles B) main bronchi � trachea � segmental bronchi � lobar bronchi � pulmonary lobule � terminal bronchioles C) trachea � main bronchi � lobar bronchi � segmental bronchi � terminal bronchioles � pulmonary lobule D) trachea � main bronchi � segmental bronchi � lobar bronchi � pulmonary lobule � terminal bronchioles E) trachea � lobar bronchi - main bronchi � segmental bronchi � terminal bronchioles � pulmonary lobule
C
159) Define bronchopulmonary segment. (Module 21.6A) A) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a main or primary bronchus. B) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a lobar or secondary bronchus. C) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus. D) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by terminal bronchioles. E) A bronchopulmonary segment is a region of the lung supplied by respiratory bronchioles.
C
165) Define Boyle's law. (Module 21.9A) A) Boyle's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture. B) Boyle's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid. C) Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. D) Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its volume. E) Boyle's law states that at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is inversely proportional to the partial pressure of that gas, which underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.
C
169) When do the accessory respiratory muscles become active? (Module 21.10B) A) Accessory respiratory muscles become active after approximately 10 minutes of strenuous activity to give the primary muscles time to rest. B) Accessory respiratory muscles become active sporadically throughout the day to give the primary muscles time to rest. C) Accessory respiratory muscles become active whenever the primary muscles are unable to move enough air to meet oxygen demand. D) Accessory respiratory muscles become active at night while sleeping to give the primary muscles time to rest. E) Accessory respiratory muscles become when you move but the primary muscles dominant when you are sedentary.
C
176) During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B) A) Decreased temperature and increased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest. B) Decreased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest. C) Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest. D) Increased temperature and increased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest. E) Decreased temperature and increased oxygen generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.
C
181) Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). (Module 21.15B) A) asthma, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis B) chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, emphysema C) asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema D) asthma, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis E) chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, pneumonia
C
184) Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers? (Module 21.16C) A) Ca2+, Na+, and K+ concentrations B) Cl-, Na+, and K+ concentrations C) pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations D) PO2, glucose, and lactate concentrations E) hematocrit, glucose, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations
C
62) The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures. A) base B) apex C) hilum D) root E) cardiac notch
C
65) The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.
C
74) The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supply oxygen to the blood. C) provide adequate alveolar ventilation. D) remove air from dead air space. E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.
C
76) Boyle's law states that gas volume is A) directly proportional to pressure. B) directly proportional to temperature. C) inversely proportional to pressure. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.
C
84) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside
C
86) Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1" in quiet inspiration? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) both rectus abdominis and external intercostals
C
88) Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s). A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internal intercostal D) external intercostal E) serratus anterior
C
90) Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance
C
92) ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. A) Residual inhaled volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Enhanced tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
C
93) In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive. E) None of the answers is correct.
C
96) After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the A) expiratory reserve volume. B) inspiratory capacity. C) functional residual capacity. D) tidal volume. E) residual volume.
C
103) Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
D
183) Which brainstem centers generate the respiratory pace? (Module 21.16B) A) respiratory rhythmicity centers in the pons B) apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers C) higher centers in the hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex D) respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata E) pneumotaxic centers and ventral respiratory group
D
186) Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B) A) Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PO2. B) Hypercapnia is an abnormally low arterial PO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial PO2. C) Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial pH. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial pH. D) Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2. E) Hypercapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2.
D
63) The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called A) grooves. B) sutures. C) notches. D) fissures. E) segments.
D
64) The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) falciform ligaments.
D
68) Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? A) Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. B) Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. C) Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. D) Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles. E) They are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.
D
70) At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur? A) within the red blood cells B) at the interconnections between adjacent alveoli C) in the alveolar ducts D) across the respiratory membrane E) between type II pneumocytes and red blood cells
D
91) ________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
D
98) ________ equals the respiratory rate � (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). A) Vital capacity B) Respiratory minute volume C) Pulmonary ventilation rate D) Alveolar ventilation rate E) External respiration rate
D