#3
Which are Quantitative test/index of anaerobic capacity
Wingate anaerobic test maximal accumulated oxygen deficit critical power test
all else being equal, what might explain why women have a lower vo2max then men?
Women have a smaller heart size
Based on this information, how many calories (kcal) per day does her body "burn" at rest
1737 kcal/day
Your client is trying to lose (from J)
1737 kcal/day
The large differences in VO2max between elite endurance athletes and average individuals can be explained best by differences in: 1. Maximal heart rate, 2. Maximal stroke volume, 3. Maximal O2 extraction
2, 3
With DOMS, muscle enzyme concentrations may increase in the bloodstream by a factor of
2-10x
FO/2=
20.93
Ron weasley (from J)
60
how is most of the CO2 transported in venous blood as
Bicarbonate in plasma
The most important carbohydrate energy source during long-duration exercise (after 3-4 hours) is:
Blood glucose
A lactate threshold test can be used as an important determinant of (endurance) exercise performance. This statement is
True
Acute muscle soreness is caused by edema formation and muscle swelling.
True
As RER values decrease, fat metabolism increases
True
As sub maximal exercise intensity increases, VO2 increases proportionally.
True
Basal metabolic rate is the rate of energy expenditure at rest in a supine position in a thermoneutral environment after 8 h of sleep and 12 h of fasting.
True
Circulating white blood cell counts increase as muscle soreness increases.
True
During substrate metabolism, 60% of energy is lost as heat.
True
Heat buildup in muscles can speed up glycogen depletion and hasten(speed up) the onset of fatigue.
True
Indirect calorimetry is based on the direct relationship between heat production from the body and the amount of oxygen consumed. This statement is:
True
It is possible to be physiologically fatigued after just a 200 m sprint (25 sec)
True
Lactate can be used as fuel
True
Lactic acid is often blamed for fatigue, but it is generally not directly related to fatigue during prolonged endurance exercise.
True
Lots of downhill sprints are likely to lead to DOMS
True
Peripheral fatigue is the term for fatigue that arises from causes found in the muscle itself
True
The Haldane transformation allows exercise physiologists to more easily calculate VO2.
True
The lactate threshold represents an exercise intensity at which blood lactate levels begin to systematically increase above baseline concentrations. This statements is
True
The respiratory exchange ratio (rer) helps determine the type of fuel substrate that is being oxidized based on respiratory gas volumes
True
Type II fibers (fast twitch) can produce more contractile force than Type I fibers. This statement is:
True
VO2 max is the best single measurement of cardiorespiratory endurance capacity.
True
carbohydrate yields more ATP per molecule of oxygen(o2) consumed when compared to ATP yield per oxygen molecule for fat. this statement is
True
following an endurance training program you would expect to see oxygen deficit decrease this statement is
True
genetic factors play a substantial role in determining the percentage of type 1 and type ll fibers a person has. this statement is
True
Acute muscle soreness occurs immediately after an exercise bout
True, or during
The volume of oxygen that is consumed by the body every minute is
VO2
which of the following would NOT contribute to glycogen depletion? 1. low carbohydrate intake (<50 g/d) 2. running an ultramarathon 3. walking a 5k 4. fasting
Walking a 5k
Which of the following physiological markers of DOMS persists for up to two weeks?
Weakness
Which set of associated phenomena is most correct?
fiber hypertrophy, DOMS, eccentric training
As RER values approach 1.0,
glucose/glycogen metabolism is maximal
During high intensity sprints what is the specific cellular mechanism of fatigue?
pi accumulation
A risk factor for fatigue EAMCs is
poor stretching habits
The risk of DOMS after a given training session can be reduced by which training strategy?
reduce eccentric component of muscle action.
Which of the following statements are CORRECT regarding the following equation? select all that apply CO2 + H20<---> H2CO3<--->H+ + HCO3-
-The amount of CO2 in the blood is directly related to the partial pressure of CO2 in the working muscles -The amount of carbonic acid in the blood is directly related to the amount of CO2 in the blood -the respiratory system can regulate blood pH by releasing CO2 in the expired breath
Which of the following respiratory exchange ratios (RERs) is typical for a resting individual?
.78 or .8
At the onset of exercise (from J)
1,2,3,5
which of the following factors may contribute to EPOC? 1. elevated heart rate and respiratory rate to restore oxygen concentration in the muscle and blood.T 2. increased body temperature resulting from the heat gain during exercise. T 3. the breakdown of PC stores to replenish ATP used during exercise 4. the heart, muscle, and liver metabolizing lactate 5. elevated levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood T
1,2,5 I'm pretty sure
Typical RMR values are
1,200 to 1,400 kcal/day
Which is not a major cause of fatigue?
Accumulation of NADH
__________ is often caused by accumulation of fluid or H+.
Acute muscle soreness
what does VO2 max stand for (from J)
All of these are correct
At the onset of exercise, the primary drive to increase ventilation comes from:
All of these equally contribute
What would be a better type of snack for you to recommend for her to eat before exercise to prevent early fatigue?
Apple slices with peanut butter, Deli turkey and carrots with hummus
you have two athletes that you are training for the Boston marathon both have vo2max of 70ml... athlete a stage 4=vco2 is 3.0 athlete b stage 4 vco2=3.6 without any further training which athlete do you expect to have a faster time for the boston marathon?
Athlete A with lower VCO2 would be faster
During prolonged distance running, muscle fatigue occurs soonest and most in
Gastrocnemius
Protein can serve as an energy substrate if it is first
Converted to glucose
by what pathway does the body replenish carbohydrate stores from accumulated lactate?
Cori cycle
Zuntz and Hagemann developed the _____________ in the late 1800s, which was an insulated, airtight chamber with copper tubing (for water circulation) embedded in the walls.
Direct calorimeter
Which is a factor in determining which energy substrate will be used?
Duration, intensity, substrate availability, whether energy is supplied aerobically or anaerobically
DOMS is ______________ the development of fiber hypertrophy.
Essential
EAMC means
Exercise associated muscle cramps
Muscle glycogen metabolism is disproportionately high when
Exercise intensity is high
During exercise the 4 most important hormones for increasing blood glucose are
Glucagon, norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol
EAMC
Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs), on the other hand, are defined as painful, spasmodic, involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles that occur during or immediately after exercise. Two distinct theories have been proposed to explain the causes of EAMCs.2 The first theory proposes that EAMCs occur when neuromuscular control becomes altered. Excitation of the muscle spindle and inhibition of the Golgi tendon organ occur in fatigued muscles, resulting in abnormal α-motor neuron activity and reduced inhibitory feedback. This type of cramping is generally localized to the overworked muscle. Risk factors associated with this type of cramping are age, poor stretching habits, cramping history, and excessive exercise intensity and duration. In support of this theory is the notion that the most effective treatment for relieving cramps is stretching of the muscle. Stretching increases tension in the Golgi tendon organ that inhibits the α-motor neuron.
A rightward shift in the lactate threshold indicated decreased performance and possible overtraining syndrome in an athlete. This statement is:
False
An RER of .80 represents protein Metabolism.
False
Carbohydrate loading before ANY type of sport competition is a good idea. This statement is:
False
DOMS is associated with inflammatory mediators but not actual structural damage to the muscles
False
DOMS usually peaks right after exercise and lasts up to 12 hours
False
Direct calorimetry is the most common method to evaluate athlete EE
False
If James and his big brother (who is 3 years older and 50 lb heavier) both have a VO2max of 4.5 L/min, they are equally aerobically fit.
False
Isotopic measurements of energy expenditure are dangerous and not accurate enough to justify their use.
False
Madame Hooch measure VO2max of both Ron Weasley (70kg) and Ginny Weasley (50kg) at 3.0 L/min. The new captain (Harry) was happy that the Weasley siblings arrived for pre-season equally fit and ready to beat Slytherin during the first match of the season. This statement is:
False
RMR is a poor substitute for BMR, and its use should be avoided if possible.
False
The likely mechanism that explains the alinear rise in ventilation during an incremental exercise test is due to an increased production of lactic acid which is a byproduct of the increased recruitment of type I muscle fibers. This statement is:
False
The method of estimating total-body energy expenditure that uses respiratory gases is called calorimetry
False
the likely mechanism that explains the alinear rise in ventilation during an incremental exercise test is due to an increased production of lactic acid which is a byproduct of the increased recruitment of type l muscle fibers. this statement is
False
Slow component of VO2 uptake kinetics is a slow increase in VO2max during prolonged, submaximal, constant power output exercises. even at low intensities
False -power outputs above the lactate threshold the oxygen consumption continues to increase beyond the typical 1 to 2 min needed to reach a steady-state value. This increase has been called the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics.7 The most likely mechanism for this slow component is an alteration in muscle fiber recruitment patterns, with the recruitment of more type II muscle fibers, which are less efficient (i.e., they require a higher O2 to achieve the same power output).
VO2 drift occurs at high power outputs and is associated with more type II fiber recruitment.
False -slow increase in O2 during prolonged, submaximal, constant power output exercise. Unlike the slow component, O2 drift is observed at power outputs well below lactate threshold, and the increase in O2 drift is more gradual. Although not understood completely, O2 drift is likely attributable to an increase in ventilation and effects of increased circulating catecholamines
Resting RER is 1.0
False (1.0 is all carbs)
The point at which blood lactate begins to substantially accumulate above resting concentrations is known as the anaerobic threshold
False, lactate threshold
As glycogen stores run out, what substrate do muscles primarily rely on for ATP production?
Fat
general sensation of tiredness and accompanying decrements in muscular performance is called _________.
Fatigue
Compared to fat molecules, glucose molecules contain
Fewer carbon atoms
An athlete with higher percentage of type 2 muscle fibers would have
Fewer mitochondria & oxidative enzymes (& less lipolytic)
If muscle pH falls to 6.4, what occurs in the cell that promotes fatigue?
Glycogen breakdown stops pH below 6.9 inhibits the action of phosphofructokinase, an important glycolytic enzyme, slowing the rate of glycolysis and ATP production.
During exercise of increasing (from J)
Glycogen is depleted and increased reliance on glucose?
Hit the wall, what does this tell you about glycogen?
Glycogen stores are mostly depleted by mile 20
Which of the following characteristics determine success in aerobic endurance events?
High VO2 max, high economy of effort
Glycogen depletion from muscle fiber types occurs in which order?
I, IIa, IIx
As submaximal exercise intensity increases, VO2(oxygen consumption)
Increased proportionally
is a method used to measure to estimate total body energy expenditure.
Indirect calorimetry & RER
Why does aerobic performance continue to improve with training after VO2max has plateaued?
LT continues to increase
What factor most likely contributes to fatigue after 1-2 minutes of high-intensity exercise?
Lactate & H accumulation
The __________ ___________ is a defined at the point at which the blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting concentrations during exercise of increasing intensity.
Lactate threshold & anerobic threshold
The body utilizes ___________ oxygen when metabolizing carbohydrate compared to fat.
Less; Bc have more oxygen from the start
Economy of effort is greatest in
Long & ultra long distance athletes
During endurance exercise, fatigue correlates best with
Low glycogen stores
Which of the following is not a quantitative test or index of anaerobic capacity?
Maximal EPOC
Why are normalized VO2max values (i.e., ml O2 · kg-1 · min-1) greater in men than in women?
Men have more FFM
Although carbohydrate molecules can come in many different sizes, the body must convert them all into __________ before it can use them
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrate oxidation yields _______ ATP per molecule of oxygen consumed when compared to ATP yield per oxygen molecule for fat.
More
Types of cramps
Muscle fatigue-associated cramps are related to sustained α-motor neuron activity, with increased muscle spindle activity and decreased Golgi tendon organ activity. Exercise-associated muscle cramps may be caused by altered neuromuscular control, fluid or electrolyte imbalances, or both. Heat-associated cramps, which typically occur in athletes who have been sweating excessively, involve a shift in fluid from the interstitial space to the intravascular space, resulting in a hyperexcitable neuromuscular junction.
Oxygen deficit is incurred when
O2 demand > O2 consumption in early exercise
Because oxygen needs and oxygen supply differ during the transition from rest to exercise, the body incurs an
Oxygen deficit
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when oxygen supply does not increase as fast as oxygen need at the onset of exercise?
Oxygen deficit
When a subject reaches volitional fatigue before a plateau occurs in the VO2 response, the highest oxygen consumption achieved is more correctly called ___________ oxygen consumption.
Peak
Which of these IS a cause of strength loss with DOMS?
Physical disruption of muscle structure. Failure of excitation-contraction coupling process. Loss of contractile proteins.
During high-intensity sprints, what is the most specific cellular mechanism of fatigue?
Pi accumulation
Which of the following criteria is considered an absolute indicator of an individual achieving VO2max?
Plateau in O2 uptake with an increase in work rate
What is the definition of lactate threshold?
Point of increasing exercise at which blood lactate begins to accumulate
What are purposes of EPOC?
Purposes of EPOC ARE Replenishes oxygen stores in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Replenishes cytosolic ATP, PCr stores. Replenishes glycogen stores via lactate conversion.
____________ _____________ __________ is the ratio between CO2 production and O2 consumption.
RER
The body's metabolic rate early in the morning after an overnight fast and 8 hours of sleep. Does not require sleeping overnight in a laboratory is called ___________ metabolic rate.
Resting
following endurance training plasma volume is higher this would directly increase
SVmax
Carbs serve as fuel for ATP production during
Short term high intensity
When measuring the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, Douglas bags are
Simple and accurate
What IS associated with fatigue EAMC?
Skeletal muscle overload, muscle overuse, insufficient conditioning
ATP production from fat is _ ATP production from glucose
Slower than
Excessive _______________ losses are most closely associated with heat cramps
Sodium
Which is NOT associated with fatigue EAMC?
Sweating
EAMC: heat cramp
The second type of exercise-associated muscle cramp, often called heat cramps, frequently involves electrolyte deficits. This type of muscle cramp typically occurs in athletes who have been sweating extensively and have significant electrolyte disturbances, mainly of sodium and chloride. This type of cramping involves large muscle groups and is sometimes described as "locking up." In the muscle, to compensate for the large electrolyte sweat and plasma volume losses, fluids shift from the interstitial compartment to the intravascular compartment. It is thought that this shift in fluid can cause the neuromuscular junctions to become hyperexcitable, leading to spontaneous discharge and initiation of action potentials in the muscles. This type of exertional heat cramp usually evolves from small localized visible muscle fasciculations to severe and debilitating muscle spasms. The cramps often begin in the legs but can become widesprea
Fatigue is a complex problem. Common description of the underlying causes include:
a. Decrease in the rate of energy delivery, b. accumulation of metabolic by-products, c. alteration in neural control
Which of the following is a characteristic of fatigue?
a. Depletion of PCr, b. depletion of glycogen, c. glycogen depletion in different muscle fiber types or muscle groups
Delayed onset of muscle soreness can be measured by which of the following tests?
a. creatine kinase from a blood sample, b. Myoglobin from a blood sample, c. imaging done by electron micrograph
For the average person, when work rate increase from 40% to 100% VO2max the increase in cardiac output is due to (select all that apply):
an increase in heart rate
Physiological adaptations to endurance training include
an increased mitochondrial density increased capillary density a shift towards slow-twitch muscle fiber characteristics.
When is RER <0.7?
as exercise intensity reaches a maximum during gluconeogenesis from amino acids and fat
As the rate of lipolysis increases
cellular FFA uptake increases
Which of the following will likely result in the most severe DOMS?
downhill-running interval training
How does heat buildup in muscle contribute to fatigue?
hastens/speeds up glycogen depletion.
Which of the following is not an important predictor of a successful endurance athlete?
high type II fiber percentage
which of the following statements are CORRECT as a result of the physiological adaptations to endurance training select all that apply
increased free fatty acid utilization and decreased glucose utilization reduced lactate formation and increased muscle capacity to remove lactate reduced capillary blood flow transit time and oxygen diffusion distance
the primary source of H+ released during exercise is
lactic acid produced by the working muscles.
Which of these is NOT a cause of strength loss with DOMS?
long-term accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue.
during exercise the respiratory system plays a role in acid-base balance by
removing H+ from the blood by the HCO3+ reaction
which is NOT a purpose served by EPOC?
replenishes NADH stores in mitochondria
Heat EAMCs are most effectively treated using
salt solution ingestion
Where is glycogen stored in muscle fiber?
sarcoplasm
your client is trying to lose weight and comes into the lab to have her resting metabolic rate RMR measured. her average resting vo2 was .25l/min and her average resting vco2 was .22 l/min. based on this information your client uses which substrate as her primary fuel source at rest?
she uses more carbohydrate at rest .85 means use both fat & carb equally 1 means all carb .7 means all fat -hers is .22/.25 = .88 which is closer to carb
A disadvantage of direct calorimetry is that
the heat generated by exercise equipment must be taken into account
What role do white blood cells play in the development of DOMS?
they secrete inflammatory substances that activate pain nerves in the muscle.
women have a LOWER cardiac output than men because they have a 25% decreased stroke volume compared to men due
to a smaller heart size (which means their left ventricle is smaller & their left ventricle is the one that pumps blood out to the body for circulation) and women have lower blood volume so their filling capacity isn't as great as men's.
At the end of a three month endurance training program at 75% VO2max
you would expect to see an increase in VO2max compared to before training.