Applied Health Final

Failed efforts and backsliding are not addressed in TMC.

False

Which of the following is not one of the processes of change as posited by the Transtheoretical model of change?

Self efficacy determination

Which of the following is not a process of change?

Self-reflecting

Which of the following is NOT true about tailored messaging?

Tailoring is much more cost-effective and easier to implement than targeting.

The theory of the solution asserts that:

The best approach to a health issue requires applying different strategies at multiple levels with each affected population.

What is collective self-efficacy?

The community's perceived ability to shape their environment.

A colonoscopy is a secondary preventative measure.

True

People make decision about health based not only on their values about health, but also on the basis of their values with respect to relationships, family ties, cultural practices, and the like.

True

Perceived threat is actually a compound of two elementary constructs.

True

The TMC provides a useful theoretical framework for developing interventional studies, but not observational (cross-sectional or longitudinal) studies.

False

The frequency of a health behavior has no impact on the difficulties of changing it.

False

The health belief model can be simply applied by excluding analysis of modifying factors.

False

The precaution adoption process model is similar to TMC, and it keeps its all of original stages.

False

The two independent constructs that precede intent in the theory of reasoned action are subjective norms and cognitive dissonance.

False

Unfortunately, large scale intervention trials sometimes fail to demonstrate the study's intended health promotion and this failure acts purely as a waste of funds and time.

False

Unlike the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action, and the theory of planned behavior, the information-motivation-behavioral skills model is a relatively old modeling tool in the behavioral sciences.

False

_______ Strong ties are conduits for novel information flows because people are interacting with different attitudes and behaviors therapy creating an exchange of different ideas and information.

False

What key word did the book mention applies to Phases 5-8 Implementation and Evaluation, and how is the term applied to these Phases?

Fidelity, staff must faithfully follow protocols and procedures during planning stages

Facilitating and inhibiting factors in the TPB are based on only on individual perceptions.

True

Formation of intent is the last step in the theory before the actual behavior.

True

Most researchers feel that their work is done once they have published findings in a scholarly journal.

True

In Level 3 of the Threefold Stepwise Implementation Model, people hold a universal perception that they are unable to change their health behaviors.

True

In order for a healthy behavior to be considered, perceived threat must overcome a critical threshold.

True

In the Elaboration-Likelihood model, people form attitudes about health behaviors based on heuristics in the peripheral route processing.

True

People are more likely to adopt an innovation if they observe others having adopted the innovation and experiencing a positive outcome as a result.

True

Perceptions of environmental factors, or the actual reality of environmental barriers, may heavily confound the translation of behavioral intent.

True

Relapse itself is less important within the TMC, than what stage the individual relapses to.

True

Social systems and networks within them can be either traditional (i.e., physical contact and connections occur in person) or virtual (i.e., social media).

True

The "thread" that holds any health promotion program together is evaluation.

True

The elegance of SCT in the context of the new public health lies in its inherent assumption that nearly all human behavior is influenced by the immediate social environment in which the behavior occurs.

True

The fear control process described in the EPPM is similar to the coping appraisal process from the PMT.

True

The key difference between Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory is the Social Cognitive Theory is predicated on the concept that the social environment is a central influence on behavior - making personal characteristics alone an inadequate explanation of health behaviors.

True

The logic behind structural interventions is that the physical, legal, economic, and regulatory "structures" within an individual's environment can be altered to support the adoption and maintenance of health protective behaviors.

True

The major components of social network theory include nodes or actors and ties that connect the nodes where they form a network.

True

The threat appraisal process refers to assessing the seriousness of a health threat.

True

Understanding health behaviors requires environmental context such as cultural, social, physical, political, and family aspects.

True

What is one of the "Top Ten dissemination mistakes?"

We use intervention creators as intervention communicators

Social Marketing should always be classified as a theory.

False

Social marketing targets the social determinants of behavior only, not the physical determinants.

False

The main objective of the stage paradigm, and its primary difference from the value-expectancy theories is _______1_________. This is thought to be effective because ______2_______.

1 = that there are a series of sequential stages, which end in the elimination of health-risk behavior of the long-term adoption of health-protective behavior. 2 = asking individuals to move one step at a time is more acceptable in the long run rather than encouraging action before readiness.

Which of the following are a type of structural interactions? A&C Node Level Dyad level All of these Meso Level

A&C

According to the structural model of health behavior, what are the four categories of environmental factors that are critical to shaping health behaviors? All of the options are correct Social structures and policy Media and cultural influence Availability/accessibility Physical structure

All of the options are correct

Generally, which of the following factors can contribute to community capacity. Knowledge and skills Leadership Collaboration Resources All of these

All of these

Which of the following is true about the "black box" in public health? It's a product of many different issues between steps 3 and 4 of the Public Health model. The system of rewards in many academic institutions discourages work that is focused on practice settings. There is a research and development bias in funding for public health research. Most public health professionals very little about how to achieve adoption or why it is important. All of these

All of these

Why is it important to engage the community? Community members can help researchers identify important health issues. Community involvement can result in "highly effective programs." Community members and researchers can work together to solve health problems directly related to the community. All of these

All of these

Which of the following statements are true?

As perceived threat decreases and expected net gain increases, likelihood of action increases

Theory is used to:

Assist with identifying hypothesized mediators, Assist with identifying methods to change hypothesized mediators and Evaluate the intervention

Which of the following is not a cue to action in the health belief model?

Barters

If a practitioner's objective is to reduce teen pregnancy by 15% in their community, which of the following could be a sub-objective? Give teenagers in the community pamphlets on safe sex practices Hands out free condoms to teenagers in the community Both A and B

Both A and B

The new public health emphasizes which of the following?

Both An ecological approach and The role of individual behavior in shaping health

Measures of intent include:

Both Time and Action

A positive net gain in the mental math equation can be achieved by: A decrease in the perceived barriers to the health action An increase in the perceived value of expected benefits Both of these

Both of these

Which of the following statements best describes how a positive net gain is achieved? Increasing the perceived value of benefits that can be expected from a action Decreasing the perceived barriers to performing a action Both of these

Both of these

Which choices lead to greater self-efficacy?

Both physiological state and verbal persuasion

According to the EPPM, the message components or content should involve the two constructs of rewards and costs.

False

In which stage of the TMC does the construct known as decisional balance belong?

Contemplation

Which of the following statements is not a characteristic of social marketing?

Created to make a profit for the marketer

Which of the following is not a system level that Bronfenbrenner described in the Model of Human Development?

Ecosystem

Which phase of the PPM requires an identification of all enabling, reinforcing and predisposing factors?

Educational and Ecological Assessment

A highly complex health behavior has few components.

False

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, the perception of control is based on an intersection of factors internal to the person making the decision and their cognitive evaluation of those internal factors.

False

Fidelity to a program can enhance adoption and community ownership more so than adaptation.

False

Health communication is defined as any mass media campaign.

False

Health policies serve as a proximal influence on health behavior.

False

Health promotion program planning in the PPM occurs exclusively with distal.

False

In the Reception-Yielding Model, someone of lower intelligence is susceptible to reception but not yielding.

False

Inhibiting factors are always internal to the person.

False

It is categorically correct to decide upon a theory and then engage in program planning.

False

Opinion leaders tend to be early adopters and are often the first to adopt an innovation.

False

Pre-service and in-service training are not considered as efficient ways to provide knowledge of background information, theory, philosophy, and values.

False

Proximal influences are synonymous with distal influences.

False

Response efficacy and self-efficacy are both part of the threat appraisal process.

False

Secondary prevention in public health targets people who can treat the disease and/or people who have the disease with the goal of mitigating the disease's effects.

False

Social Cognitive Theory and Social Learning Theory are the same.

False

Social Cognitive Theory, originally Social Learning Theory, was originally developed to explain health behavior.

False

According to the article, which set of actions is most likely to lead to a reduction in obese children remaining obese into adulthood?

Have media campaigns, television shows, and advertisements targeting children and teaching them what healthy foods are and the fun ways they can exercise

When a female student in high school considers becoming pregnant before graduating she takes into account the impressions and opinions of her peers, parents and other family and significant people. Her behavior change teeters on the _____I_______ and her _______II_______.

I = subjective norm towards the behavior, II = motivation to comply

Which is NOT one of the four steps of the Public Health Model?

Implement appropriate medical treatments

What are the five levels of adopters in Diffusion Theory?

Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards

The "Rose Curve" has multiple implications for public health. Identify which statement below is incorrect regarding the Rose Curve:

Interventions designed for high-risk populations should be the main focus of public health efforts.

Which answer choice is NOT a characteristic of PPM (PRECEDE-PROCEED Planning Model)?

It plans framework as well as the theory.

Which option is true?

Knowledge is the starting point for any health promotion program and Procedure knowledge is knowing how to take on a given health behavior.

What is the correct order of discrete stages of behavior change, according to the Diffusion Theory?

Knowledge, Persuasion, Decision, Implementation, and Confirmation

What third construct is added to the theory of planned behavior?

Perceived behavioral control

What is the best known ecological model?

Precede-Proceed Planning Model

Based on the following scenario, which TMC stage should Betty be classified in? Betty smokes daily and would like to finally quit smoking. However, Betty has tried to quit smoking several times before but consistently relapses into her old smoking habits.

Preparation

Which choice shows the information processing "chain" of responses?

Presentation—Attention—Comprehension—Yielding—Retention—Behavior

What are the four P's from classical marketing?

Product, price, place, promotion

Theory in the context of health promotion does NOT:

Provide universal explanations for complex problems

Based on your understanding of this chapter, which health behavior would you consider to be "complex"?

Quitting smoking

Which of the following definitions describes a reinforcing factor?

Rewards (social, personal, or financial) for performing the protective behavior.

Illness behavior is most often associated with which level of prevention?

Secondary

According to the social norms construct, one would be least likely to smoke if:

The smoker's parents, spouse, and best friend wanted and encouraged them to quit

Despite being a world "super-power," the United States ranks poorly - compared to other industrialized nations - on multiple health indicators. Which statement best explains why this is true?

There are more investments in medical treatment rather than prevention, coupled with escalating rates of chronic disease.

What concept posits that if there is a tie between actor A and actor B, a tie between actor B and actor C, then actor A will likely form a tie with actor C?

Transitivity

A behavior that is more frequent and repetitive is more difficult to adhere to over time.

True

A key assumption of Social Cognitive Theory is that the social environment influences the behavior in which it occurs.

True

According to the EPPM, fear appeal messages that are accepted result in engaging in a danger control process.

True

According to the TMC, a person can slide backward, skipping stages but a person cannot slide upward and skip stages.

True

According to the social cognitive theory, knowledge is just a "gateway"that must be passed before more complex personal and social issues come into play.

True

An individual can slowly progress toward a target without moving from the Preparation for Action stage to the Action stage.

True

Collectively, predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors (the "PRE") account for public health challenges that are best addressed by behavioral theory.

True

Education can play a big role to change the health behavior eventually by using predisposing factor and reinforcing factors.

True

The basic premise of both PMT and EPPM is when individuals are faced with a scary stimulus:

both an automatic appraisal is triggered and cognitive assessments of the situation are made

Cultural competency is:

the design, implementation, and evaluation process that accounts for special issues for select population groups and also educational levels and disability.