3290 Exam 1
Eclampsia s/s:
seizures, altered mental status, right upper gastric pain, blurred vision
Nursing interventions for preeclampsia
- Monitor vitals signs and DTRs - Monitor edema -Left side lying position - Assess for seizures, mental status, facial twitching - Protein rich diet - Monitor I&Os
Emotional well-being
-perceived life satisfaction -happiness -cheerfulness -peacefulness
How many U.S. adults experience anxiety disorder in a given year?
18.1% (in any anxiety disorder)
Jane is pregnant for the second time, her first pregnancy resulted in still birth at 36 weeks. What is the GTPAL?
20100 or G2T0P1A0L0
Anger, anxiousness, sadness, and hopelessness are evidence of which coping type? 1.Primary 2.Positive 3.Adequate 4.Poor
4. Poor Evidence of poor coping behaviors includes anger, anxiousness, sadness, or hopelessness.
Ectopic pregnancy
fetal development in fallopian tube
Preeclampsia
hypertension, edema, and proteinuria during pregnancy
COPD nursing interventions
-Lift the head of the be -Oxygen therapy based on order - Incentive spirometer -Teach pt to cough, especially in the AM, before eating, and PM -Pursed lip breathing for emphysema -Drink plenty of fluids -Suctioning for abnormal breaths
3 domains of mental health
Emotional, social, and psychosocial
Tell tail sign of metabolic acidosis
Kussmaul respirations (deep, labored breaths) Compensatory mechanism
What nursing interventions are important if patient is diagnosed with total placenta previa?
-Monitor VS -Place patient on side lysing position -Monitor pad count -Monitor CBC and clotting levels
What is the normal range for PaO2? a) 80-100 mm Hg b) 60-80 mm Hg c) 35-45 mm Hg d) 70-90 mm Hg
a) 80-100 mm Hg
Predisposing factors of abruptio placenta
-Pregnancy induced hypertension or chronic hypertension -Hydramnios (condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid around the fetus) -Cocaine use -Smoking -PPROM (premature rupture of membranes) -Short umbilical cord -Abdominal trauma -Higher incidence in twin and multiple gestations
Common risk factors for preeclampsia
-Primigravida or new partner in this pregnancy -Extremes of maternal age -Multifetal pregnancy -Obesity -Preexisting medical condition -African American race History of pregnancy induced hypertension
Psychological well-being
-self-acceptance -personal growth -hopefulness -purpose in life -control of one's environment -self-direction
Social well-being
-social acceptance -beliefs in potential of people and society as a whole -personal self-worth and usefulness to society, sense of community
3 screening assessment for pregnancy induced hypertension
-sudden weight gain -hypertension -proteinuria
A woman in labor with no known complications rings the call bell to say she had a "gush" from her vagina. The nurse identifies a large amount of bright-red blood. In what order should the nurse perform these tasks?
1. Call for help 2. Check for fetal heart tones 3. Increase the maintenance IV infusion rate 4. Start O2 at 8L/mask 5. Call the health care provider
What is the key element associated with an examination of coping? 1.Observation of behavior 2.Psychological testing 3.Physical examination 4.Assessment of vital signs
1. Observation of behavior Observation of behavior is the key element associated with an examination of coping. This includes how the individual functions in the presence of the stressor and how the individual reacts when speaking of the stressor.
What powerful tool will increase self-efficacy and control for a person wo is stressed? 1. Self-perception 2. Denial 3. Education 4. Maladaptive coping
3. Education Education regarding the situation and alternative coping measures is a powerful tool to increase self-efficacy and control
What would lead to acidosis in the body? A. A decrease in CO2 causing the pH to increase above 7.35 B. An increase in CO2 causing the pH to decrease below 7.35 C. An increase in HCO3 causing the pH to decrease below 7.45 D. A decrease in HCO3 causing the pH to increase above 7.45
B. An increase in CO2 causing the pH to decrease below 7.35.
Signs of placental abruption
Back pain, abdominal pain, increase in fundal height, vaginal bleeding, contractions
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can occur in __________________. This happens because when the placenta becomes damaged and detaches from the uterine wall, large amounts of _____________ are released into mom's circulation, leading to clot formation and then clotting factor depletion. A. Placenta previa, fibrinogen B. Placenta previa, platelets C. Abruptio placentae, fibrinogen D. Abruptio placentae, thromboplastin
Abruptio placentae, thromboplastin
Undoing
Attempt to take back unconscious behavior or though that s unacceptable or hurtful. 'Undo' unhealthy, destructive, or otherwise threatening thought by engaging in contrary behavior.
Chronic bronchitis s/s
Blue bloater -hypoxia, hypercapnia: bluish -Increased RR -Digital clubbing -Cardiomegaly (heart enlargement)
The client has been on magnesium sulfate for 20 hours for the treatment of preeclampsia. She just delivered a viable infant girl 30 minutes ago. What uterine findings does the nurse expect to observe or assess in this client?
Boggy uterus with heavy lochia flow. High serum levels of magnesium can cause a relaxation of smooth muscle such as the uterus. Because of this tocolytic effect, the client will most likely have a boggy uterus with increased amounts of bleeding. All women experience uterine bleeding in the postpartum period, especially those who have received magnesium therapy. Rather than scant lochial flow, however, this client will most likely have a heavy flow attributable to the relaxation of the uterine wall caused by magnesium administration.
Placenta previa s/s
Bright red vaginal bleeding, w or wo discomfort
Denial
Form of repression, where stressful thoughts are banned from memory. Use denial to avoid dealing with painful feelings or areas of their life they don't wish to admit. Ex: Not viable pregnancy, women was in denial and went to many doctors for second opinions.
GTPAL
Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortions, Living
A 36 year old woman, who is 38 weeks pregnant, reports having dark red bleeding. The patient experienced abruptio placentae with her last pregnancy at 29 weeks. What other signs and symptoms can present with abruptio placentae? Select all that apply: A. Decrease in fundal height B. Hard abdomen C. Fetal distress D. Abnormal fetal position E. Tender uterus
Hard abdomen, fetal distress, tender uterus Option A is wrong because there may be an INCREASE in fundal height (not decrease) due to concealed bleeding. Option D is wrong because this tends to occur in placenta previa because the placenta attaches too low in the uterus at the cervical opening.
Mary, a 25-year-old woman, is 165.1 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall, weighing 88.5 kg (195 lb). Her BMI is 30 and HbA1C is 7.2. Her depression scale is within normal limits, but she is under a lot of stress at work and says she eats as a coping mechanism when stressed. She has come to talk to the nurse because she is considering getting pregnant in the next year or two. A. The nurse should talk to the client about the benefits of losing even a small amount of weight on the health of the baby and the mom. B. Obesity on pregnancy. C. The nurse should tell the client that she should not consider getting pregnant now because she is so overweight. D. A and B.
D. A and B
Abruptio placenta s/s
Dark red vaginal bleeding, board-like abdomen --> hemorrhage (can cause DIC)
What is the difference between PTSD and ASD?
Differ in 2 fundamental ways: -Diagnosis of ASD can be given only w/in the first month following a traumatic event. If symptoms were to persist beyond a month, clinician would assess for presence of PTSD. ASD diagnosis would no longer apply. -ASD differs from PTSD in that it includes a greater emphasis on disassociate disorders. ASD diagnosis requires that a person experience three symptoms of disassociation (numbness, reduced awareness, depersonalization derealization, amnesia) while PTSD diagnosis does not include dissociative symptom cluster
A primigravida is being monitored at the prenatal clinic for preeclampsia. Which finding is of greatest concern to the nurse?
Dipstick value of 3+ for protein in her urine. Proteinuria is defined as a concentration of 1+ or greater via dipstick measurement. A dipstick value of 3+ alerts the nurse that additional testing or assessment should be performed. A 24-hour urine collection is preferred over dipstick testing attributable to accuracy. Generally, hypertension is defined as a BP of 140/90 mm Hg or an increase in systolic pressure of 30 mm Hg or diastolic pressure of 15 mm Hg. Preeclampsia may be demonstrated as a rapid weight gain of more than 2 kg in 1 week. Edema occurs in many normal pregnancies, as well as in women with preeclampsia. Therefore, the presence of edema is no longer considered diagnostic of preeclampsia.
OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
Disorder consisting of unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions (rituals to relieve anxiety)
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation Can be brought about by a number of obstetric complications - acute peripartum hemorrhage, placental abruption, preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, retained stillbirth, septic abortion, intrauterine infection, amniotic fluid embolism --> excessive clot formation
In caring for an immediate postpartum woman, you note petechiae and oozing from her IV site. You monitor her closely for which clotting disorder?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) The diagnosis of DIC is made according to clinical findings and lab markers. Physical exam reveals unusual bleeding. Petechiae may appear around a blood pressure cuff on the woman's arm. Excessive bleeding may occur form the site of a slight trauma such as venipuncture site.
OCD Nursing Interventions
Don't tell patient to stop rituals, they are doing it bc it relives stress/anxiety)
The labor of pregnant woman with preeclampsia is going to be induced. Before initiating the oxytocin (Pitocin) infusion, the nurse reviews the woman's latest lab test findings, which reveal a platelet count of 90,000 mm3, an elevated aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) level, and a falling hematocrit. The laboratory results are indicative of which condition?
Hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet levels (HELLP syndrome) HELLP syndrome is a laboratory diagnosis for a variant of severe preeclampsia that involves hepatic dysfunction characterized by hemolysis (H), elevated liver (EL) enzymes, and low platelets (LP). Eclampsia is determined by the presence of seizures. DIC is a potential complication associated with HELLP syndrome. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia is the presence of low platelets of unknown cause and is not associated with preeclampsia.
Respiratory alkalosis s/s
Hyperventilation
Respiratory acidosis s/s
Hypoventilation' Usually result of pulmonary disease
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Exposure to traumatic event, reaction to the event involves extreme fear
Intellectualization
Flight into reason. Avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic. Ex: person who is in heavily debt build a complex spreadsheet of how long it would take to repay using different payment options and interest rates.
Ectopic pregnancy s/s
Left quadrant pain, delayed menses
Dissociation
Lose track of time/person and instead finds another representation of their self in order to continue in the moment a disconnected view of themselves in their world. Due to childhood abuse.
A patient is receiving magnesium sulfate to help suppress preterm labor. The nurse should watch for which sign of magnesium toxicity?
Loss of deep tendon reflexes Magnesium toxicity causes signs of central nervous system depression, such as loss of deep tendon reflexes, paralysis, respiratory depression, drowsiness, lethargy, blurred vision, and confusion. Headache may be an adverse effect of calcium channel blockers, palpitations are an adverse effect of terbutaline and ritodrine, and dyspepsia may occur as an adverse effect of indomethacin (all of which may be used to treat preterm labor).
Prophylactic treatment for eclampsia in patients with severe pre-eclampsia
Magnesium sulfate
An individual is experiencing excessive diarrhea. What acid-base imbalance is occurring?
Metabolic acidosis
A pregnant lady is experiencing severe vomiting. What type of acid-base imbalance is she experiencing?
Metabolic alkalosis
Your patient who is 34 weeks pregnant is diagnosed with total placenta previa. The patient is A+. What nursing interventions below will you include in the patient's care? Select all that apply A. Routine vaginal examinations B. Monitoring vital signs C. Administer RhoGAM per MD order D. Assess internal fetal monitoring E. Placing patient on side-lying position F. Monitoring pad count G. Monitoring CBC and clotting levels
Monitoring vital signs, placing patient on side-lying position, monitoring pad count, monitoring CBC and clotting levels Option A is WRONG because vaginal exams are avoided to prevent causing damage to the placenta presenting at the cervical opening. Option C is WRONG because the patient is A positive and does NOT need RhoGAM, which is for patients who are RH negative. Option D is WRONG because external monitoring should be used NOT internal, which can damage the placenta at the cervical opening.
The nurse has evaluated a client with preeclampsia by assessing DTRs. The results is a grade of 3+. Which DTR response most accurately describes this score?
More brisk than expected, slightly hyperactive DTRs reflect the balance between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord. They are evaluated at baseline and to detect changes. A slightly hyperactive and brisk response indicates a grade 3+ response.
You are performing a head-to-toe assessment on a patient admitted with abruptio placentae. Which of the following assessment findings would you immediately report to the physician? A. Oozing around the IV site B. Tender uterus C. Hard abdomen D. Vaginal bleeding
Oozing around the IV site can indicate the patient is entering into DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) because clotting levels have been depleted. Therefore, the MD should be notified. Option B, C, and D are findings found in this condition, but Option A is a SEVERE complication that can develop from it.
Select all the signs and symptoms associated with placenta previa: A. Painless bright red bleeding B. Concealed bleeding C. Hard, tender uterus D. Normal fetal heart rate E. Abnormal fetal position F. Rigid abdomen
Painless bright red bleeding, normal fetal heart rate, abnormal fetal position These are all S/S of placenta previa. The other options are associated abruptio placentae.
Acting out
Performing extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings the person feels incapable of otherwise expressing. Can serve as a pressure release to feel calmer. Ex: a child's temper tantrum, self-mutilation.
Pulmonary emphysema s/s
Pink puffer -pursed lip breathing -barrel chest (due to increased residual vol and leaking alveoli) -use of accessory muscles
Placenta previa
Placenta implanted in lower uterine segment near or over internal cervical os and precedes fetus -Marginal -Partial -Complete
Repression
Placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively inaccessible areas of the subconscious mind. Unable to cope at that moment, we push them away to deal with them later or hop they will fade away.
Alzheimer's disease stages
Preclinical AD: silent phase -Brain changes w/o measurable symptoms -Individual may notice changes, but not detectable on tests -Stage where the patient knows, but the doctor doesn't Mild cognitive impairment -Cognitive changes are f concern to individual/family -1/more cognitive domain impaired significantly -Preserved activities of daily living Dementia due to AD -Cognitive impairment severe enough to interfere with everyday activities -Severe decline -S/S: memory impairment, disturbances in executive functioning, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia
Abruptio placenta
Premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus
PTSD s/s
Re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of trauma-related cues
Regression
Taking the position of a child in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more developmentally appropriate manner Ex: person who suffers a mental breakdown assumes a fetal position, rocking, and crying. A child suddenly starts to wet the bed after years of not doing so (typical response to arrival of new sibling).
What nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for a woman experiencing severe preeclampsia?
Risk for injury to mother and fetus, related to central nervous system (CNS) irritability. Risk for injury is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for this client scenario. Gas exchange is more likely to become impaired, attributable to pulmonary edema. A risk for excess, not deficient, fluid volume, related to increased sodium retention, is increased, and a risk for decreased, not increased, cardiac output, related to the use of antihypertensive drugs, also is increased.
Magnesium sulfate toxicity
S/S: flushing, sweating, deep tendon reflexes decrease, hypotension, respiratory depression Antidote: calcium gluconate
Displacement
Shifting actions from a desired target to substitute target when there is some reason why the first target is not permitted.
What is an inhaler spacer/chamber used for?
Spacer/chamber: allows for specific dosages and for dose to go directly into the patient's lungs Pt ed is important: Put the end of the spacer into your mouth, between your teeth and above your tongue. Close your lips around the spacer. Press down on the inhaler to release the spray, and begin to breathe in through your mouth. Breathe in deeply and slowly (for about 5 seconds) to pull the medicine deep into your lungs.
A woman in preterm labor at 30 weeks of gestation receives two 12-mg doses of betamethasone intramuscularly. The purpose of this pharmacologic treatment is to: A. Stimulate fetal surfactant production. B. Reduce maternal and fetal tachycardia associated with ritodrine administration. C. Suppress uterine contractions. D. Maintain adequate maternal respiratory effort and ventilation during magnesium sulfate therapy.
Stimulate fetal surfactant production. Antenatal glucocorticoids given as intramuscular injections to the mother accelerate fetal lung maturity. Inderal would be given to reduce the effects of ritodrine administration. Betamethasone has no effect on uterine contractions. Calcium gluconate would be given to reverse the respiratory depressive effects of magnesium sulfate therapy.
A client at 36 weeks of gestation presents to labor and delivery complaining of constant headache for the past 2 days. She also states that her face "seems more swollen than usual". What should be the nurse's first action?
Take the patient's blood pressure Accurate measurement of BP is essential to detect hypertensive disorders including preeclampsia. Personnel caring for pregnant women need to be consistent in taking and recording BP measurements in a standardized manner. BP readings are easily altered by the cuff size and position of the client.
What does an abnormal arterial blood gas (ABG) level of CO2 greater than 45 mmol/L indicate? 1. The ABG is more basic, and the pH will be greater than 7.45. 2. The ABG is more basic, and the pH will be greater than 7.35. 3. The ABG is more acidic, and the pH will be less than 7.35. 4. The ABG is more acidic, and the pH will be less than 7.45.
The ABG is more acidic, and the pH will be less than 7.35.
What does an abnormal arterial blood gas (ABG) level with an HCO3 greater than 26 mmol/L indicate?
The ABG is more basic, and the pH will be greater than 7.45.
A woman at 26 weeks of gestation is being assessed to determine whether she is experiencing preterm labor. What finding indicates that preterm labor is occurring? A. Estriol is not found in maternal saliva. B. Irregular, mild uterine contractions are occurring every 12 to 15 minutes. C. Fetal fibronectin is present in vaginal secretions. D. The cervix is effacing and dilated to 2 cm.
The cervix is effacing and dilating to 2 cm. Cervical changes such as shortened endocervical length, effacement, and dilation are predictors of imminent preterm labor. Changes in the cervix accompanied by regular contractions indicate labor at any gestation. Estriol is a form of estrogen produced by the fetus that is present in plasma at 9 weeks of gestation. Levels of salivary estriol have been shown to increase before preterm birth. Irregular, mild contractions that do not cause cervical change are not considered a threat. The presence of fetal fibronectin in vaginal secretions between 24 and 36 weeks of gestation could predict preterm labor, but it has only a 20% to 40% positive predictive value. Of more importance are other physiologic clues of preterm labor such as cervical changes.
With regard to the care management of preterm labor, nurses should be aware that: A. Because all women must be considered at risk for preterm labor and prediction is so hit-and-miss, teaching pregnant women the symptoms probably causes more harm through false alarms. B. Braxton Hicks contractions often signal the onset of preterm labor. C. Because preterm labor is likely to be the start of an extended labor, a woman with symptoms can wait several hours before contacting the primary caregiver. D. The diagnosis of preterm labor is based on gestational age, uterine activity, and progressive cervical change.
The diagnosis of preterm labor is based on gestational age, uterine activity, and progressive cervical change. Gestational age of 20 to 37 weeks, uterine contractions, and a cervix that is 80% effaced or dilated 2 cm indicates preterm labor. It is essential that nurses teach women how to detect the early symptoms of preterm labor. Braxton Hicks contractions resemble preterm labor contractions, but they are not true labor. Waiting too long to see a health care provider could result in not administering essential medications. Preterm labor is not necessarily long-term labor.
Negles Rule
To determine due date Go back 3 months and add 7 days to first day of last period
A pregnant woman has been receiving a magnesium sulfate infusion for treatment of severe preeclampsia for 24 hours. On assessment, the nurse finds the following vital signs: 37.3° C, pulse rate 88 beats per minute, respiratory rate 10 breaths per minute, BP 148/90 mm Hg, absent deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), and no ankle clonus. The client complains, "I'm so thirsty and warm." What is the nurse's immediate action?
To prepare to administer hydralazine. Regardless of the magnesium level, the client is displaying the clinical signs and symptoms of magnesium toxicity. The first action by the nurse should be to discontinue the infusion of magnesium sulfate. In addition, calcium gluconate, the antidote for magnesium, may be administered. Hydralazine is an antihypertensive drug commonly used to treat hypertension in severe preeclampsia. Typically, hydralazine is administered for a systolic BP higher than 160 mm Hg or a diastolic BP higher than 110 mm Hg.
A woman with preeclampsia has a seizure. What is the nurse's highest priority during a seizure?
To stay with the client and call for help. If a client becomes eclamptic, then the nurse should stay with the client and call for help. Nursing actions during a convulsion are directed toward ensuring a patent airway and client safety. Insertion of an oral airway during seizure activity is no longer the standard of care. The nurse should attempt to keep the airway patent by turning the client's head to the side to prevent aspiration. Once the seizure has ended, it may be necessary to suction the client's mouth. Oxygen is administered after the convulsion has ended.
Sublimation
Transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful. Can be distracting or be constructive. Ex: angry man does pushups to work off temper. Person has obsessive need for control and order becomes successful business entrepreneur.
The exact cause of preterm labor is unknown and believed to be multifactorial. Infection is thought to be a major factor in many preterm labors. Select the type of infection that has not been linked to preterm births. A. Viral B. Periodontal C. Cervical D. Urinary tract
Viral The infections that increase the risk of preterm labor and birth are all bacterial (cervical, urinary tract, periodontal, and other bacterial infections). It is important for the client to participate in early, continual, and comprehensive prenatal care. Evidence has shown a link between periodontal infections and preterm labor. Researchers recommend regular dental care before and during pregnancy, oral assessment as a routine part of prenatal care, and scrupulous oral hygiene to prevent infection. Cervical infections of a bacterial nature have been linked to preterm labor and birth. The presence of urinary tract infections increases the risk of preterm labor and birth.
If a patient has severe asthma, what should be heard when they are sleeping?
Wheezing/breath sounds Absence of wheezing in severely asthmatic pt is an emergency - check vs to make sure they match what you are hearing - call code blue
Reaction Formation
When a person feels an urge to do or say something and then actually does or says something that is effectively the opposite of what they really want. Defense mechanism for feared social punishment.
Projection
When a person has uncomfortable thoughts or feelings, they may project these onto other people, assigning the thoughts or feelings that they need to repress to convenient alternative target -Neurotic projection: perceiving others as operating in ways one unconsciously finds objectionable in yourself -Complementary projection: assuming that others do, think, and feel in the same way as you do
Rationalization
When something happens that we find difficult to accept, then we will make up logical reason why it has happened Ex: a parent punishes a child and says that it is for the child's 'own good'. Ex: a person evades taxes then rationalizes it by saying the government wastes money.
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.22 (7.35-7.45) CO2: 61 (35-45 mm Hg) HCO3: 24 (22-26 mEq/L) How would a nurse interpret this ABG level? a) Respiratory acidosis, no compensation b) Respiratory acidosis, partial compensation c) Metabolic acidosis, partial compensation d) Metabolic alkalosis, no compensation
a) Respiratory acidosis, no compensation
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.50 (7.35-7.45) CO2: 28 (35-45 mm Hg) HCO3: 18 (22-26 mEq/L) How would a nurse interpret this ABG level? a)Metabolic alkalosis, partial compensation b)Respiratory acidosis, no compensation c)Metabolic acidosis, no compensation d)Respiratory alkalosis, partial compensation
a) Respiratory alkalosis, partial compensation
What are the causes of not enough CO2 in the body? Select all that apply. a)Emphysema b)Hyperventilation c)Suffocation d)Overoxygenation e)Depressed respirations
a)Emphysema b)Hyperventilation d)Overoxygenation
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.51 (7.35-7.45) CO2: 55 (35-45 mm Hg) HCO3: 41 (22-26 mEq/L). How would a nurse interpret this ABG level? a) Metabolic acidosis, no compensation b) Metabolic alkalosis, partial compensation c) Respiratory acidosis, no compensation d) Respiratory alkalosis, partial compensation
b) Metabolic alkalosis, partial compensation
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.49 (7.35-7.45) HCO3: 22 (22-26 mEq/L) CO2: 24 (35-45 mm Hg) How would a nurse correctly interpret this ABG level? a) Metabolic acidosis b) Respiratory alkalosis c) Respiratory acidosis d) Metabolic alkalosis
b) Respiratory alkalosis
What are the causes of too much CO2 in the body? Select all that apply a)Hyperventilation b)Suffocation c)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d)Holding the breath e)Severe diarrhea
b)Suffocation c)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d)Holding the breath
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.23 (7.35-7.45) CO2: 63 (35-45 mm Hg) HCO3: 32 (22-26 mEq/L) How would a nurse interpret this ABG level? a) Respiratory acidosis, no compensation b) Respiratory alkalosis, partial compensation c) Respiratory acidosis, partial compensation d) Metabolic alkalosis, no compensation
c) Respiratory acidosis, partial compensation
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.25 (7.35-7.45) HCO3: 18 (22-26 mEq/L) CO2: 37 (35-45 mmHg) How would a nurse correctly interpret this ABG level? a)Respiratory alkalosis b)Metabolic alkalosis c)Metabolic acidosis d)Respiratory acidosis
c)Metabolic acidosis
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.10 (7.35-7.45) CO2: 20 (35-45 mm Hg) HCO3: 12 (22-26 mEq/L) How would a nurse interpret this ABG level? a)Respiratory alkalosis, partial compensation b)Respiratory acidosis, no compensation c)Metabolic acidosis, partial compensation d)Metabolic acidosis, no compensation
c)Metabolic acidosis, partial compensation
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.54 (7.35-7.45) HCO3: 35 (22-26 mEq/L) CO2: 45 (35-45 mm Hg) How would a nurse correctly interpret this ABG level? a)Metabolic acidosis b)Respiratory acidosis c)Metabolic alkalosis d)Respiratory alkalosis
c)Metabolic alkalosis
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.20 (7.35-7.45) CO2: 65 (35-45 mm Hg) HCO3: 29 (22-26 mEq/L) How would a nurse interpret this ABG level? a) Metabolic acidosis, partial compensation b) Respiratory alkalosis, no compensation c) Metabolic alkalosis, no compensation d) Respiratory acidosis, partial compensation
d) Respiratory acidosis, partial compensation
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.29 (7.35-7.45) HCO3: 26 (22-26 mEq/L) CO2: 68.2 (35-45 mm Hg) How would a nurse correctly interpret this ABG level? a)Respiratory alkalosis b)Metabolic alkalosis c)Metabolic acidosis d)Respiratory acidosis
d)Respiratory acidosis
An arterial blood gas (ABG) level was obtained from a client. Laboratory studies show: pH: 7.29 (7.35-7.45) HCO3: 26 (22-26 mEq/L) CO2: 68.2 (35-45 mm Hg) How would a nurse correctly interpret this ABG level? a)Respiratory alkalosis b)Metabolic alkalosis c)Metabolic acidosis d)Respiratory acidosis
d)Respiratory acidosis
