3306 final

testicular cancer

A high-fat diet that contributes to high cholesterol levels appears to be a risk factor for _____. lung cancer breast cancer testicular cancer colorectal cancer

being anxious.

All of the following factors predict development of cardiovascular disease and also failure to adhere to rehabilitation after a cardiac event EXCEPT: being depressed. being a smoker. being overweight. being anxious.

damage to short-term memory functioning.

All of the following may be health complications that stem from Type 2 diabetes EXCEPT: damage to the retina. damage to blood vessels. damage to kidneys. damage to short-term memory functioning.

denial.

All of the following were characterized as responses to bereavement EXCEPT: resiliency. acute-recovery. improvement. denial.

diet

Although the leading cause of lung cancer deaths continues to be smoking, _____ is another important behavioral risk for all other cancers in the United States. diet unsafe sex alcohol stressful life events

A diet high in vegetables

Among the following, which of these factors carries the lowest risk factor for cancer? Several family members developed cancer before age 50 A diet high in vegetables Being African American Having multiple sex partners

a myocardial infarction.

Bob is experiencing dizziness, nausea, a squeezing pain in his chest, and cold sweating. He is likely experiencing symptoms for: hypertension. angina pectoris. a stroke. a myocardial infarction.

10-15%

Chronic diseases affect children, with _____ of children having some chronic physical health problem. 1-5% 10-15% 25-30% 50-60%

have active coping styles.

Those AIDS patients who have better psychological adjustment to their situation: contacted HIV through injection drug use rather than male-male sexual contact. contacted HIV through heterosexual contact rather than male-male sexual contact. have avoidance coping styles. have active coping styles.

resiliency

Those who show improvement following the death of a loved one, usually have gained _____. resiliency acute-recovery stability denial

improve short term emotional support

Thus far, research evidence suggests that psychological interventions _____. prolong the life of those with cancer improve short term emotional support both a and b neither a nor b

behavioral factors

Differences in hormones may help explain some of the differing rates of cardiovascular disease in men and women; _____ are responsible for much of the gender gap in heart disease. behavioral factors physiological factors psychological factors both b and c

during middle age

In general, men and women have a similar death rate from cardiovascular disease, but there is a discrepancy, with men _____ having a significantly higher risk. below age 20 during middle age over 75 who are married

leukemia

Janet was told that her cancer originated in her blood, and therefore she is likely to have a form of _____. leukemia sarcoma carcinoma lymphoma

Both a and b are factors.

Joel, a 15-year-old high school sophomore, sits in front of his computer eating "junk food" almost constantly when he is not sleeping or in school. How can Joel's behavior affect his weight? His inactivity is positively related to weight gain. His high caloric intake is positively related to weight gain. His eating increases his metabolic rate, which is related to weight loss. Both a and b are factors.

colorectal

John eats a lot of meat in his diet, mainly preserved meats, such as ham and bacon. His diet increases his risk of _____ cancer. colorectal testicular lung kidney

adopt a life-long diet that contains high levels of fruits and vegetables.

Josh is a 22-year-old nonsmoking college senior who wants to reduce his risk for lung cancer. His best course of action would be to: take large doses of vitamin E, vitamin C, and vitamin A supplements. take moderate doses of a variety of supplements. adopt a life-long diet that contains high levels of fruits and vegetables. avoid high levels of dietary vitamin C.

cannot eliminate her risk for cardiovascular disease, but she can learn to manage her disorder and thus lower her risks.

Judith has Type 1 diabetes, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, Judith: can do nothing to protect herself against cardiovascular disease. has a behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular disease and can engage in certain behaviors to eliminate her risk. cannot eliminate her risk for cardiovascular disease, but she can learn to manage her disorder and thus lower her risks. has a physiological risk for cardiovascular disease and can learn to reduce her risk to that of a person with no risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

HIV infection.

Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that occurs most frequently in the United States as a result of: ultraviolet light. HIV infection. suppression of emotion. Type A behavior pattern.

reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase intake of fruits and veggies.

Kelly currently eats a diet that consists mainly of red meat, junk food, and soda. To lower her risk of heart disease, she should: maintain the same diet but also increase intake of carbohydrates. maintain the same diet but also increase intake of fruits and veggies. reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase intake of fruits and veggies. reduce her intake of red meat, junk food, and soda and increase intake of carbohydrates.

in both women and men, but the relationship is stronger for women.

Moderate to high levels of physical activity reduces the incidence of lung cancer: but not breast cancer. and heart disease but not stroke. in men but not in women. in both women and men, but the relationship is stronger for women.

resiliency

Most adults exhibit_____ following a death of a loved one. resiliency acute-recovery improvement chronic low levels of well-being

diet and smoking.

Most cancer deaths in the United States are caused by: pollution. genetic factors. diet and smoking. the sun.

prevent exchange of body fluids.

Most protective measures to prevent transmission of HIV include ways to: prevent exchange of body fluids. isolate the infected people. reduce the amount of sexual activity, especially among gay men and lesbians. avoid gay men and lesbians.

some type of preexisting heart disease.

Most sudden deaths during exercise are the result of: inadequate clothing for weather conditions. some type of preexisting heart disease. getting hit by cars. not being physically fit enough.

strength

Muscle _____ is a measure of how strongly a muscle can contract. strength endurance flexibility fitness

are commonly known as heart attacks.

Myocardial infarctions: are commonly known as heart attacks. are seldom life threatening, but serve as a signal of possible heart disease. result from loss of oxygen to the brain. none of these.

European American men only.

Treating depression among cardiac patients is important, but difficult. A recent cognitive behavioral intervention showed improvements in survival among: African American men and women only. European American men only. European American men and women only. all ethnic groups.

overweight

Some evidence indicates that being _____ is positively related to colon and rectal cancer. overweight female male European American

Anal intercourse

Some sexual behaviors are more likely to spread HIV infection than other behaviors. Which of the following is the highest risk? Kissing Anal intercourse Vaginal intercourse All of these are high-risk behaviors

brain; myocardium

Stroke is the result of deprivation of oxygen to the _____, and a similar restriction to the _____ causes heart attack. brain; myocardium cerebrum; cerebral arteries heart; lungs central nervous system; peripheral nervous system

both a and b

Studies on the attitudes of smoking in Denmark compared to the United States indicate that _____ may play an important role in how an individual understands his or her perceived risk from smoking. acceptability of smoking cultural prevalence of smoking overall mortality rates both a and b

can reduce depression and is at least as effective as other forms of therapy.

Studies on the effects of exercise on clinically depressed patients have generally found that exercise: does not affect depression in clinically depressed patients. can reduce depression but is less effective than individual psychotherapy. can reduce depression but is less effective than group psychotherapy. can reduce depression and is at least as effective as other forms of therapy.

75%

Susan regularly tans using an indoor tanning bed. Compared to other young adults who do not use tanning beds, Susan is at a _____ increased risk for melanoma. 25% 45% 50% 75%

newspaper ink.

Triggers for an asthmatic attack are LEAST likely to include: newspaper ink. cigarette smoke. dust mites. chemical sprays.

isometric.

The type of exercise that requires the LEAST amount of physical activity is: isometric. isotonic. isokinetic. anaerobic.

stretching.

The type of fitness known as flexibility is best increased by: weight lifting. stretching. jogging. short, fast runs.

"invisible."

The type of social support that tends to be most helpful to people with chronic illness may be described as: selective. coming from partners rather than family. "circumflex." "invisible."

does not increase risk for cancers

When examining the cancer risk of exposure to radiation, living in a community near a nuclear power plant _____. increases risks for all cancers increases risks for mouth, throat, and lung cancer increases risk for all cancers in men does not increase risk for cancers

both a and b.

When health care researchers refer to problems in glucose metabolism, they are describing: either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. one component of the metabolic syndrome. a combination of elevated blood pressure and elevated cholesterol. both a and b.

Cardiac reactivity

_____ may be related to higher rates of hypertension among African Americans. Obesity Cardiac reactivity Hostility Suppressed anger

Inherent; behavioral

_____ risk factors for cancer, include genetics and family history, whereas ____ risk factors include smoking and diet. Inherent; behavioral Inherent; environmental Behavioral; inherent Behavioral; environmental

is based on an exercise myth and is bad advice.

eonard's coach suggests that he exercise through the pain he feels during basketball workouts. The coach's advice: is correct for isotonic exercise but not isokinetic exercise. will produce maximum pain tolerance with a minimum of muscle damage. should increase muscular endurance but not muscle strength. is based on an exercise myth and is bad advice.

have lower cholesterol levels than do children with no consistent exercise program.

oung children who exercise regularly: do not gain health benefits from their exercise program. gain more protection from heart disease than do adolescent children who exercise. have lower cholesterol levels than do children with no consistent exercise program. receive life-long protection against heart disease.

male-female sexual contact.

uring the decade from 1995 to 2005, the incidence of HIV infection grew fastest for: male-male sexual contact. male-female sexual contact. injection drug use among men. injection drug use among women.

50%

A Surgeon General's Report found that _____ of runners had experienced an injury in the past year. 20% 40% 50% 75%

asthma.

A chronic intermittent disorder that causes constriction of the bronchial tubes, thus preventing air from passing freely is: asthma. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. pneumonia. influenza.

20%

A common psychological problem among Alzheimer's patients is depression, with as many as _____ of patients reporting depressive symptoms. 10% 20% 30% 50%

fruits, vegetables, and fish

A diet high in _____ offers protection against cardiovascular disease. monosaturated fats fruits, vegetables, and fish high-fiber cereals and grains high-oxidant foods

angina pectoris.

A disorder characterized by a restriction of oxygen to the heart, a sensation of crushing pain, and a difficulty in breathing but no loss of consciousness or damage to myocardium is: stroke. arrhythmia. heart attack. angina pectoris.

arteriosclerosis.

A more technical name for "hardening of the arteries" is: angina pectoris. atherosclerosis. arteriosclerosis. ischemia.

participate in 20 minutes of moderately vigorous activity 5 days a week, plus strength training.

A panel of experts reviewed the evidence on how much exercise is enough and recommended that every adult should: exercise vigorously at least 40 minutes a day, 6 days a week, plus complete strength training. engage in 45 minutes of aerobic exercise daily. participate in 20 minutes of moderately vigorous activity 5 days a week, plus strength training. accumulate 60 minutes of moderate physical activity a day or at least on most days.

35%

A systematic review of the literature on the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular disease found that physical activity confers a _____ reduction in risk of death due to cardiovascular causes. 10% 25% 35% 0%

High-density lipoprotein; low-density lipoprotein

According to the Framingham study, not all cholesterol is equally implicated as a cardiovascular risk. _____ was found to offer some protection against heart attack, but _____ was positively related to cardiovascular disease. Total cholesterol level; omega-3 fatty acid Lipoproteins; cholesterol Low-density lipoprotein; high-density lipoprotein High-density lipoprotein; low-density lipoprotein

is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. is a mutated form of cancer that can be traced back to the early 1900s. is an altered form of pneumonia that first appeared in Africa. causes the human immunodeficiency virus.

5-10%

Across all cancers, _____ are due to inherited genetic mutations. 1-2% 5-10% 15-20% 25-30%

aerobic; anaerobic

Activities such as jogging, cross-country skiing, or swimming are classified as _____ exercise and activities such as short-distance running or softball are classified as _____ exercise. anaerobic; aerobic isometric; aerobic aerobic; anaerobic aerobic; isometric

all of these.

Adults who participate in regular physical exercise show: greater attention. greater executive functioning. greater memory. all of these.

decreases the risk of heart attack.

Aerobic fitness gained through vigorous physical activity: decreases the risk of heart attack. decreases cardiorespiratory fitness. increases resting heart rate. decreases exercise-related injuries.

both b and c.

Aerobic fitness tends to: increase muscle strength. decrease resting heart rate. decrease resting blood pressure. both b and c.

increases in brain volume

Aerobic fitness training contributes to _____ in older adults. increases in brain volume lower risk of Alzheimer's disease greater performance on standardized tests all of these

discrimination based on skin color

African Americans experience _____, which tends to increase blood pressure. a diet higher in salt than European Americans a diet lower in fat and higher in fiber larger and more cohesive families discrimination based on skin color

behavioral factors.

African Americans have greater incidence rates for most cancers compared to other ethnic groups. These ethnic discrepancies in incidence rates are most likely due to: behavioral factors. genetic factors. biological factors. racial discrimination.

educational level.

All of the following are behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT: smoking. diet. physical activity levels. educational level.

physical activity levels.

All of the following are physiological risk factors for cardiovascular disease EXCEPT: cholesterol. hypertension. inflammation. physical activity levels.

living in a rural area.

All of the following are risk factors for asthma EXCEPT: obesity. sedentary lifestyle. living in a developed country. living in a rural area.

benign.

All of the following are types of malignant growths EXCEPT: carcinoma. leukemia. lymphoma. benign.

liver cancer.

All of the following cancers have decreased in recent years EXCEPT: liver cancer. prostate cancer. breast cancer. lung cancer.

colorectal cancer.

All of the following cancers have increased in recent years EXCEPT: liver cancer. melanoma. colorectal cancer. rates for all of these cancers have increased.

depression.

All of the following decreases an individual's risk for Alzheimer's disease except: physical activity. cognitive activity. depression. low levels of alcohol consumption.

Losing significant levels of her cognitive functioning

Amy, a 10-year-old 5th grade student, has been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Which of these added problems would be of LEAST concern? Losing significant levels of her cognitive functioning Adopting a regular time eating schedule Refraining from eating some of her favorite foods Adopting a regular exercise program

higher consumption of these foods could decrease heart disease by over 30%.

An analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption in countries around the world indicated that: higher consumption of these foods could decrease heart disease by over 30%. people in developing countries eat more fruits and vegetables than is optimal for good health. wealthy people in industrialized countries eat an adequate amount of these foods, but poor people in industrialized countries do not. both b and c.

emotion; attitude

Anger is a(n) _____ accompanied by physiological arousal, whereas hostility is a negative _____ toward others. attitude; emotion attitude; reaction reaction; emotion emotion; attitude

Type 1 diabetes.

Anna has had diabetes for over thirty years, is of a healthy weight, and manages her diabetes by regular insulin injections. Anna most likely has: Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes. gestational diabetes. adult-onset diabetes.

one-third

Approximately _____ of Americans have hypertension. one-third one-fourth one-half two-thirds

incontinence.

As Alzheimer's disease progresses to the latter stages, patients are more likely to develop: anger at others. depression. incontinence. self-anger.

a synergistic effect with smoking.

As a risk factor for cancer, alcohol has: approximately the same risk as cigarette smoking. approximately the same risk as improper diet. a synergistic effect with smoking. a synergistic effect with ultraviolet light.

coronary arteries.

Atherosclerosis may affect blood supply in any part of the body, but it is most dangerous when it affects: veins in the extremities. arteries in the extremities. any veins. coronary arteries.

establish a routine that is close to normal.

Barbara's daughter was recently diagnosed with diabetes. The best course of action her family could take is to: treat her as someone who is unique because of her diabetes. establish a routine that is close to normal. tell the other daughters to never fight with their sister. both a and b.

increased drastically in Russia and other former Soviet Union countries.

Beginning in the early 1990s, death rates from cardiovascular disease: have been quite consistent throughout all the nations of the world. dropped faster in Eastern Europe than in the United States. have been higher for Russian women than for Russian men. increased drastically in Russia and other former Soviet Union countries.

limiting the number of sex partners and using condoms.

Behaviors that will protect the largest number of people against HIV include: limiting the number of sex partners and using condoms. avoiding giving blood and blood transfusions. avoiding drug use and avoiding homosexuals. avoiding people who have AIDS.

increase lean body weight and decrease body fat.

Bess has moderate weight and good organic fitness. If she begins an aerobic exercise program, she will probably: lose 10 to 15 pound. gain 10 to 15 pounds. increase lean body weight and decrease body fat. decrease lean body weight and increase body fat.

angina pectoris.

Beth had difficulty breathing and a crushing pain in her chest. However, it only lasted a few seconds. Beth likely was experiencing symptoms for: hypertension. angina pectoris. a stroke. a myocardial infarction.

smoking.

Bettye is a 40-year-old X-ray technician who smokes about two packs of cigarettes a day, drinks about two alcoholic beverages a day, and eats a diet low in saturated fats. Her number one risk for cancer death is her: job. smoking. diet. gender.

His gender

Bill Clinton, whose story introduced this chapter, had some family history of heart disease and had eaten a high-fat diet for many years of his life. Which of his risks would be an inherent cardiovascular risk factor for the former President? His high-stress job as President His gender His history of being overweight His diet

optimistic bias.

Brady is a 22-year-old college student who smokes, eats high-fat foods, and doesn't exercise. Brady knows that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, yet he views his chances of dying of heart disease as near zero. Weinstein would call Brady's attitude: blind faith. unconscious denial. optimistic bias. a rationalization.

Isometric

Brooke is bedridden after an auto accident. What exercise would help her maintain muscular strength in her arms with a minimum of movement? Isometric Isotonic Aerobic Isokinetic

colorectal

Bruce eats a diet high in fiber. High-fiber diets have been shown to be protective for _____ cancer. esophagus kidney endometrium colorectal

is a group of diseases marked by the growth and spread of new cells.

Cancer: is a relatively new disease, first diagnosed during the latter half of the 19th century. is a group of diseases marked by the growth and spread of new cells. is due to a parasite that attacks new cells. is due almost completely to contact with dangerous chemicals.

anxiety and depression.

Cardiac patients experience a number of psychological problems following heart surgery. The most common of these are: paranoia and delusions. anxiety and depression. anxiety and decreased self-esteem. anger and sleep disturbances.

rumination.

Carrie and her boyfriend argued last night and this argument led to the end of their relationship. A week later, Carrie is thinking about the argument and is replaying everything she said over and over again. This type of self-focus is called: expressed anger. reactivity. depression. rumination.

congenital heart abnormalities.

Children and adolescents who die during exercise are most likely to die from: stroke. congenital heart abnormalities. stress. blood clot.

all of these.

Children who are physically fit show: increases in brain volume. greater planning abilities. greater performance on standardized tests. all of these.

less likely to have asthma

Children who grew up exposed to more bacteria and fungi than other children are _____. less likely to have asthma more likely to have asthma more likely to have asthma, but then outgrow it more likely to get asthma when young than old

in neighborhoods with parks and playgrounds

Children who live _____ are more likely to be physically active and less likely to be obese. in cities in rural settings in neighborhoods with parks and playgrounds in warmer climates

people who have a chronic disease try to live as normal a life as possible.

Chronic diseases are more common than acute diseases, but: fewer people die of chronic diseases. people who have a chronic disease try to live as normal a life as possible. chronic diseases are more easily cured than acute illnesses. people with a chronic disease are more likely to seek medical treatment.

declining rates of smoking have led to decreases in cardiovascular death due to cigarette smoking.

Cigarette smoking is the leading behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular death in the United States. However: cigar and pipe smoking are unrelated to cardiovascular deaths. the increase in men's smoking habits would predict an even greater risk of cardiovascular deaths in the future. declining rates of smoking have led to decreases in cardiovascular death due to cigarette smoking. diet remains the leading behavioral risk factor for cardiovascular death in other parts of the world.

belief is incorrect.

Clinton was a long distance runner in high school and college. Now, at age 30, he lives an inactive life. Clinton believes that his earlier experiences as a track star will offer permanent protection against cardiovascular disease. Clinton's: belief is correct. belief is incorrect. future risk of CVD will be about 50% lower compared to men his age who have never exercised. future risk of CVD will be higher than men of his age who have never exercised.

problems of adherence.

Common to both diabetes and asthma are: triggers. problems of adherence. insulin injections. troubles in breathing.

have higher rates of hypertension and higher rates of cardiovascular mortality.

Compared with European Americans, African Americans: have higher rates of hypertension and higher rates of cardiovascular mortality. have lower rates of hypertension but higher rates of cardiovascular mortality. lower rates of hypertension and lower rates of cardiovascular mortality. lower rates of cardiovascular reactivity.

furnish blood to the heart.

Coronary arteries: carry blood from the heart to the remainder of the body. carry blood from the body's extremities to the heart. furnish blood to the heart. furnish blood to the brain.

in terms of the location of the damage—coronary artery disease refers to plaque in the arteries, whereas coronary heart disease involves damage to the myocardium.

Coronary artery disease differs from coronary heart disease: in terms of severity—coronary artery disease is more severe than coronary heart disease. in terms of the location of the damage—coronary artery disease refers to plaque in the arteries, whereas coronary heart disease involves damage to the myocardium. in terms of the number of people affected—many more people have coronary heart disease than coronary artery disease. in no identifiable way.

convincing, with studies showing that higher consumption creates higher risk.

Current evidence for a link between alcohol consumption and breast cancer is: convincing, with studies showing that higher consumption creates higher risk. strong, with all studies showing a causal relationship. weak, with most studies showing no link. nonexistent, because no studies have yet investigated this link.

1.25 hours of vigorous physical activity per week.

Current physical activity recommendations are that adults should engage in: 1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. 1.25 hours of vigorous physical activity per week. 30 minutes of moderate physical activity each week. 20 minutes of moderate physical activity each day.

1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day.

Current physical activity recommendations are that children and adolescents should engage in: 1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. 1.25 hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week. 30 minutes of moderate physical activity each week. 20 minutes of moderate physical activity each day.

a balance of total cholesterol to HDL

Currently, most authorities believe that _____ is the most critical element in linking cholesterol to cardiovascular disease. a balance of total cholesterol to HDL a balance of LDL to HDL levels total HDL level total LDL level

difficult to establish through randomized, controlled trials.

Currently, the evidence that some diets can prevent cancer is: difficult to establish through randomized, controlled trials. stronger for taking dietary supplements than for consuming specific foods. about as strong as the evidence that smoking is related to cancer. nonexistent.

isokinetic

Cynthia injured her knee while downhill skiing and is currently in a rehab program to help regain strength and flexibility in her knee. She is most likely doing _____ exercise. anaerobic aerobic isometric isokinetic

Stage 1 hypertension.

Darlene's current blood pressure is 149 over 95. This means that Darlene has: low blood pressure. prehypertension. Stage 1 hypertension. Stage 2 hypertension.

can be reversed by following a diet with considerably less fat than that recommended by the American Heart Association.

Dean Ornish and his colleagues have found that coronary artery damage: can be reversed by following the American Heart Association's guidelines that no more than 30% of calories come from fat. can be reversed by following a diet with considerably less fat than that recommended by the American Heart Association. can be reversed by cognitive-behavioral group therapy. cannot be reversed by any known treatment.

the destruction of the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to a variety of infections, any of which can be fatal.

Death from AIDS is due to: a direct effect of the deadliness of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). the destruction of the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to a variety of infections, any of which can be fatal. poor medical care for those infected. the tendency of those who are infected to avoid medical care until a critical stage of infection has been reached.

HDL levels

Overall, women have a higher level of _____, which may help explain the gender gap in heart disease. total cholesterol levels HDL levels LDL levels the balance of total cholesterol to HDL

to get tested for HIV infection.

Donna has been experiencing night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, fever, loss of appetite, persistent diarrhea, a painful skin rash, and white spots in her mouth. She is currently in a monogamous relationship with her boyfriend whom she has known for six months. As her friend, you should tell her: that women in monogamous sexual relationships do not contact the HIV virus. to get bed rest until her symptoms disappear. to get tested for HIV infection. that she is probably in the first stage of HIV infection.

to delay the progress of cognitive and psychological impairment.

Drugs are most often given to Alzheimer's patients: to delay the progress of cognitive and psychological impairment. to reverse cognitive impairment. for their placebo effect. to prevent wandering.

began to decline.

During the 1990s, death rates from lung cancer for men: began to decline. increased slightly. increased sharply. were exceeded by death rates from prostate cancer for the first time since the 19th century.

decreases in stomach cancer.

During the past 70 years, the introduction of refrigeration and food additives has been linked most strongly to: decreases in lung cancer. increases in colon cancer. increases in stomach cancer. decreases in stomach cancer.

a genetic defect.

Early-onset Alzheimer's disease seems to be due to: a genetic defect. an accumulation of stressful life events. an unusually high number of childhood illnesses. an immune deficiency.

people experience the reactions described in the stages but not in the order she proposed.

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross proposed five stages of dying. Research has indicated that: the denial stage is the longest of the five stages. people experience the reactions described in the stages but not in the order she proposed. most people skip the bargaining stage. most people do not reach the acceptance stage.

chemotherapy.

Elsa has recently experienced fatigue, weight change, hair loss, nausea, loss of sexual interest, sleep problems, and loss of appetite after her treatment for cancer. These symptoms are most likely to follow: chemotherapy. surgery. hormonal treatment. immunotherapy.

colon

Evidence is clearest that physical activity protects against _____ cancer in both men and women. colon lung stomach skin

all of these.

Evidence suggests that a regular exercise regimen can: decrease depression. reduce anxiety. buffer stress. all of these.

suggests that exercise decreases the risk of developing this type of diabetes.

Evidence that exercise protects against Type 2 diabetes: is too inconsistent to allow any conclusion. suggests that a little exercise has protective value, but moderate and vigorous exercise do not. suggests that exercise decreases the risk of developing this type of diabetes. indicates that exercise cannot protect the people most vulnerable to diabetes.

middle-aged and older women.

Exercise is MOST likely to protect against osteoporosis in: young women. middle-aged and older women. young men. middle-aged men.

flexibility

Exercise like yoga and tai chi can help provide muscle _____. strength endurance flexibility fitness

breast cancer

Exercise may protect non-Caucasian women against _____ better than Caucasian women. breast cancer colorectal cancer lung cancer endometrial cancer

social support

Exercising with a friend or family member can help increase the amount of time you spend on physical activity and, thus, _____ has been shown to increase a person's likelihood of staying physically active. social support self-esteem depression personal trainers

cervical; oral

Exposure to the human papillomavirus (HPV) increases risk for _____ and _____ cancer. cervical; breast cervical; oral breast; oral oral; throat

The abdomen

Extra weight carried around which body part is related to an increase risk for heart attack? The hips The abdomen The chest The thighs

develop a hopeless attitude toward their condition.

In contrast to people with acute illnesses, those with chronic disorders are more likely to: develop a hopeless attitude toward their condition. accept their physician's authority. comply with medical advice. be aware of their disease.

stress

Factors that contribute to inflammation, such as _____ and depression, may also increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. anxiety insomnia stress diabetes

find some positive aspect in their situation.

Families with a chronically ill child should: find some positive aspect in their situation. devote themselves full-time to their child. reinforce the child's illness behaviors. realize that the child's chronic illness will soon be cured.

with the diagnosis.

Feelings of loss that Alzheimer's caregivers experience often begin: with the diagnosis. when memory loss becomes apparent. when the patient no longer recognizes the caregiver. when the patient dies.

dark chocolate.

Flavonoids may protect against CVD, and one food very rich in flavonoids is: dark chocolate. milk chocolate. chocolate milk. any of these, which have about the same flavonoid content.

may lead the person to find a new meaning in his or her life.

For a person with a terminal illness, a personal re-examination of his or her life: usually leads to disintegration and despair. often causes a loss of personal relationships and social support. may lead the person to find a new meaning in his or her life. is typically different for people with cancer than for people with heart disease.

Stage 2 hypertension.

For an adult, blood pressure of 190/130 would be: normal. prehypertension. Stage 1 hypertension. Stage 2 hypertension.

systolic; diastolic

For blood pressure, _____ pressure represents pressure generated by the heart's contractions and _____, pressure represents pressure experienced between contractions. diastolic; systolic diastolic; presystolic systolic; diastolic presystolic; diastolic

losing weight is likely to lower their blood pressure.

For people who are obese and hypertensive: weight loss is more important than lowering their blood pressure. losing weight is likely to raise their blood pressure. losing weight is likely to lower their blood pressure. drastic weight loss is likely to be dangerous.

rose steadily.

From about 1900 until the mid-1990s, cancer death rates in the United States: rose steadily. exceeded death rates from cardiovascular disease. dropped steadily. remained quite constant.

stimulate the release of glucose; take glucose into cells

Glucagon acts to _____, and insulin acts to _____. stimulate the stomach; stimulate the pancreas increase hunger; decrease hunger decrease blood sugar levels; increase blood sugar level stimulate the release of glucose; take glucose into cells

even if the problems are not sufficiently severe to quality as diabetes.

Glucose metabolism problems are a risk factor for CVD: even if the problems are not sufficiently severe to quality as diabetes. only in overweight people. if the problem results in the overproduction of insulin. only in people who have high cholesterol.

her anger.

Grace owns a large manufacturing firm. She is competitive, nearly always angry, and constantly in a hurry to get things done. Grace's greatest risk for heart disease is: her anger. the great number of decisions she has to make. her sense of time urgency. her competitiveness.

both Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

HIV infection is associated with increases in: lung cancer. Kaposi's sarcoma. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. both Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

a period of latency in which the person experiences few, if any, symptoms.

HIV usually progresses over a decade or more; the longest phase in its development is characterized by: a period of latency in which the person experiences few, if any, symptoms. symptoms of fever, sore throat, skin rash, and headache. a cluster of symptoms, including swollen lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, night sweats, and loss of appetite. a CD4+T-lymphocyte cell count of less than 200.

all of these.

Health psychology's involvement with diabetes has included: understanding how diabetics conceptualize their illness. understanding the effects of stress on blood glucose metabolism. helping diabetics understand the requirements for managing diabetes. all of these.

his chances of developing Alzheimer's disease will be less than those of men in their 70s.

Henry, an 86-year-old retired farmer has a good memory and cognitive functioning. As he continues to age: his memory and cognitive functioning will markedly improve. his memory and cognitive functioning will deteriorate rapidly. his chances of developing Alzheimer's disease will rise rapidly. his chances of developing Alzheimer's disease will be less than those of men in their 70s.

Africa

Heterosexual contact is the leading source of HIV infection in _____. the United States Africa Eastern Europe Russia

lead to HIV infection in women than in men.

Heterosexual sex is more likely to: spread HIV infection than sharing needles. lead to HIV infection in women than in men. lead to HIV infection in men than in women. spread HIV infection than homosexual sex.

offer protection against cardiovascular disease.

High social rank and status: are risks for heart disease. are risks for all-cause mortality. offer protection against cardiovascular disease. are related to educational level but not to health.

this type of diet is a predictor of hypertension.

If a diet high in salt-cured foods is an established risk factor for hypertension, then: this type of diet is negatively correlated with hypertension. this type of diet is a predictor of hypertension. salty foods are a definitive cause of hypertension. salt restriction may or may not be advised for those who are at risk for developing hypertension.

aerobic

If the goal of your exercise program is to improve your cardiovascular health, you should most likely engage in _____ exercise. anaerobic aerobic isometric isokinetic

carefully monitor your blood pressure and take measures to lower it if it is at the prehypertension level or higher.

If you wish to lower your risk for cardiovascular disease, the BEST course of action would be to: ignore inherent risks because you can't change them anyway. concentrate mostly on inherent risks because you may be able to change them with effort. stop drinking alcohol. carefully monitor your blood pressure and take measures to lower it if it is at the prehypertension level or higher.

have lower death rates from cardiovascular disease.

In comparison with heart attack patients who do not participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program, those who do: have lower death rates from cardiovascular disease. have an increased rate of nonfatal heart attacks. have an increased rate of fatal heart attacks. tend to have lower death rates from heart disease but higher death rates from stroke.

20 to 30 minutes of brisk walking or jogging, 5 times a week.

In general, the minimum amount of exercise necessary for cardiovascular health is about: 20 to 30 minutes of brisk walking or jogging, 5 times a week. 30 to 45 minutes of jogging, 5 or 6 times a week. 30 to 45 minutes of jogging, 7 times a week. 45 to 60 minutes of jogging, 5 to 7 times a week.

Single, divorced, or widowed men

In general, which of these groups of people have the highest risk for cardiovascular disease? Married men Single, divorced, or widowed men Single women Single, divorced, or widowed women

both a and c

In moderate amounts, selenium offers protection against _____ cancer(s). prostate kidney colon both a and c

lung

In the United States, _____ cancer accounts for about 28% of all cancer deaths but only about 14% of cancer cases. lung breast prostate colon/rectal

colorectal

In the United States, _____ cancer has the second highest death rate of any cancer. lung colorectal breast prostate

have high incidence but relatively lower death rates.

In the United States, both prostate cancer and breast cancer: have the highest incidence and the highest mortality rates. have low incidence and low mortality rates. have high incidence but relatively lower death rates. none of these.

most people with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma do not have AIDS.

In the United States: most people with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma do not have AIDS. most people with Kaposi's sarcoma do not have AIDS. most people with rectal cancer have AIDS. most people with colon cancer have AIDS.

diastolic; systolic

In younger individuals, _____ pressure is most strongly related to cardiovascular risk, but in older individuals _____ pressure is more indicative of cardiovascular risk. diastolic; systolic diastolic; presystolic systolic; diastolic presystolic; diastolic

30

Including both heart disease and stroke, a little over _____% of deaths in the U.S. are due to cardiovascular disease. 20 30 70 85

increased; modifiable lifestyle factors

Individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds are at a(n) _____ risk for cardiovascular disease and this finding can be explained by _____. decreased; modifiable lifestyle factors decreased; psychological factors increased; modifiable lifestyle factors increased; psychological factors

33%

Individuals who keep a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active, and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cancer-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors. 21% 33% 48% 66%

48%

Individuals who keep a healthy weight, maintain a healthy diet, stay physically active, and drink in moderation have a _____ lower risk for cardiovascular disease-related death than individuals who do not adhere to those healthy behaviors. 21% 33% 48% 66%

are more than twice as likely to die of coronary artery disease than those with larger social networks.

Individuals with few people in their social networks: are more than twice as likely to die of coronary artery disease than those with larger social networks. are about half as likely to die of coronary artery disease as those with larger social networks. are at higher risk for heart disease if they are married. are not at elevated risk for heart disease unless they also score high on loneliness.

affects African Americans and Hispanic Americans more than European Americans.

Injection drug use: is responsible for HIV infection for more women than men. is the leading cause of HIV infection worldwide. affects African Americans and Hispanic Americans more than European Americans. dropped from the leading cause of HIV infection to the least likely mode of infection during the late 1990s.

a hormone.

Insulin is: a neurotransmitter. a hormone. an endogenous opioid. an exogenous opioid.

both a and b

Interventions aimed at teaching diabetes patients to manage their _____ can also help improve their management of blood sugar levels. depression stress anxiety both a and b

increase muscle strength.

Isometric exercise is designed to: increase cardiovascular fitness. increase lung capacity. increase muscle endurance. increase muscle strength.

increase muscle strength.

Isotonic exercise is designed to: increase cardiovascular fitness. increase lung capacity. increase resting heart rate. increase muscle strength.

He should use proper shoes and equipment.

Kermit wants to exercise with a minimum of injury. What precautions should he take? He should limit exercise to temperatures between 30° and 80° F. He should use proper shoes and equipment. He should use a personal trainer. He should not bother about any of the above because injury is not likely.

doing all of these.

Kristy is a 21-year-old college student who is concerned about breast cancer because both her mother and grandmother developed the disease before the age of 55. Current evidence shows that Kristy can reduce her chances of breast cancer by: continuing as a nondrinker. continuing as a nonsmoker. beginning and maintaining a regular physical activity program. doing all of these.

Type 2 diabetes.

Kyle has had diabetes for the past five years, is overweight, and manages his diabetes by attempting to eat healthier and taking daily medication. Kyle most likely has: Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes. gestational diabetes. insulin-dependent diabetes.

Lee Ann should eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables.

Lee Ann believes that diet is an important factor in cancer. She wants to eat a diet that will protect her. Current research indicates that: Lee Ann should concentrate on eating a high-protein diet. Lee Ann should take vitamin supplements. Lee Ann should eat "natural" foods with no preservatives. Lee Ann should eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables.

his wife provides social support, but Leo does not notice her efforts.

Leo has been diagnosed with prostate cancer. Leo is LEAST likely to experience high levels of stress if: he is unmarried. his wife makes a "big show" of her concern. his wife demonstrates an obvious high level of social support. his wife provides social support, but Leo does not notice her efforts.

Quit smoking, eat regularly, and begin a regular physical activity program.

Lynn would like to quit smoking, but she is concerned that she will gain weight. What advice would you give her? Keep smoking, because some people who quit gain as many as 40 or 50 pounds. Quit smoking, but begin a 1,000 calorie a day diet. Quit smoking, eat regularly, and begin a regular physical activity program. Quit smoking but begin a very low calorie diet and a physical activity program.

23.3

Male cigarette smokers are _____ times more likely to die of lung cancer than men who have never smoked. 10.5 23.3 50 67.2

all of these.

Mariah would likely be an obligatory exerciser if she: felt a need for mastery over her body. denied when she felt pain. had a single-minded commitment to endurance. all of these.

social support; seeking health care

Marriage seems to offer some people some protection against heart disease. The best explanation for this protection is that marriage is related to _____, which in turn relates to _____. income level; gender gender; hypertension social support; seeking health care diet; cigarette smoking

colorectal.

Mary is obese and her weight increases her risk for all of the following cancers EXCEPT: esophagus. kidney. endometrium. colorectal.

the spread of malignancy from one part of the body to another.

Metastasis refers to: the growth rate of benign tumors. the spread of malignancy from one part of the body to another. a type of breast cancer. a particularly deadly form of lung cancer.

arteriosclerosis.

Mike's doctor tells him that his arteries have hardened. The more technical term for this would be: atherosclerosis. arteriosclerosis. myocardium. cardiac attack.

hypertension

Millions of Americans have abnormally high blood pressure, or _____. hypertension angina pectoris a stroke a myocardial infarction

testicular

Nick eats a high-fat diet and this may increase risk for _____ cancer. colorectal testicular lung kidney

eating problems

Obligatory exercisers have more than their share of: eating problems. divorces. cardiovascular problems. colon cancers.

Frank, a 50-year-old unmarried man who lives by himself

Of the following individuals, who is the least at risk for cardiovascular disease? Betty, a 50-year-old widow who lives by herself Anna, a 50-year-old married woman who has many friends Pete, a 50-year-old married man who has many friends Frank, a 50-year-old unmarried man who lives by himself

HIV-2.

Of the various types of AIDS, the one most frequently found in the Africa is: HIV-1. HIV-2. HIV-3. HIV-4.

they may resist adhering to the dietary restrictions and exercise requirements.

One of the difficulties that children and adolescents face in coping with diabetes is that: most parents fail to accept their child's disorder. they do not have the cognitive sophistication to plan their regimens. they may resist adhering to the dietary restrictions and exercise requirements. children fear the long-term complications of diabetes.

abstinence violation effect.

One problem of maintaining a physical activity regime is that once people stop for a few days, they never start again. This is an example of: poor self-control. abstinence violation effect. environmental influences. poor social support.

the methods of preparation, such as grilling and smoking, provide risks.

One reason that consuming red meat may raise the risk for cancer is: the methods of preparation, such as grilling and smoking, provide risks. the high protein content is a risk. the high carbohydrate content of the meat is a risk. meat is more likely to be contaminated that grains, nuts, or vegetables.

33%

Only _____ of adults in the US get regular physical activity. 10% 27% 33% 52

inherent characteristics of the body.

Organic fitness is determined by: inherent characteristics of the body. the exercise stress test. regular strenuous exercise. degree of muscle strength.

hypertension

Other than advancing age, _____ is the single most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. gender hypertension high cholesterol ethnic background

engage in vigorous physical activity about an hour a day.

People may lose weight through exercise alone if they: engage in vigorous physical activity about an hour a day. combine isometric exercise with isokinetic exercise. run short distances at a fast speed. combine isokinetic exercise with isotonic exercise.

three times as likely

People who currently smoke are _____ to suffer a heart attack that people who have never smoked. three times as likely just as likely ten times as likely twice as likely

have a lower death rate from heart disease.

People who have high aerobic fitness, compared with those who have low aerobic fitness: have about the same rate of all-cause mortality. have a higher rate of all-cause mortality. have a lower death rate from heart disease. have a higher death rate from heart disease.

educational level is related to hypertension, obesity, and access to the health care system.

People with low levels of education have high rates of death from cardiovascular disease. The most valid explanation for this observation is that: low educational levels cause CVD. high educational levels protect against CVD. educational level is related to hypertension, obesity, and access to the health care system. educational level is related to gender, which is related to amount of smoking, which is related to CVD.

Type I diabetes; Type II diabetes

Physical activity can be a useful treatment of _____ and may offer some protection against the development of _____. Type II diabetes; Type I diabetes Type I diabetes; Type II diabetes Type I diabetes; gestational diabetes Type I diabetes; Type I diabetes

33%

Physical activity confers a _____ reduction in risk of death due to all causes. 5% 12% 24% 33%

they begin a physical activity program early in their lives and maintain physical activity.

Physical activity is most likely to protect women against breast cancer if: they begin a physical activity program early in their lives and maintain physical activity. they postpone physical activity until after menopause. they begin a physical activity program early in life and then stop or greatly reduce exercise after menopause. they are married and have at least one child.

colon cancer.

Physical activity seems to offer some protection against: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. colon cancer. bone cancer. lung cancer.

2 years

Physically active people can expect to live, on average, _____ longer than physically inactive people. 2 years 5 years 10 years 15 years

obesity.

Possible risk factors for asthma include: high levels of physical fitness. being European American. living in a rural area. obesity.

improving their adherence to their treatment regimen.

Psychologists are most likely to help diabetic patients through: providing educational material. regulating their physical activity program. improving their adherence to their treatment regimen. teaching them how to self-administer insulin.

prevention and helping patients to cope with their illness.

Psychologists' involvement in cancer has centered mostly on: diagnosis and cure. diagnosis and prevention. neoplastic research and prevention. prevention and helping patients to cope with their illness.

isometric

Pushing muscles hard against an immovable object is an example of _____ exercise. aerobic anaerobic isokinetic isometric

breast

Recent evidence suggests that genetic factors play the biggest part in the development of _____ cancer. breast prostate lung colorectal

hostility.

Recent research concerning the Type A behavior pattern has indicated that one of the behaviors of the pattern may be more critical than the others as a predictor of heart disease. This behavior pattern is marked by: impatience. hostility. time urgency. greediness.

hypertension has no visible symptoms.

Reducing hypertension is difficult because: hypertension has no visible symptoms. no drugs have yet proven effective in lowering blood pressure. most cardiologists do not consider hypertension as a risk factor for heart disease. high cholesterol is a powerful side-effect of reductions in blood pressure.

those who changed from a sedentary to an active lifestyle.

Research has found that people who experienced the greatest benefits from physical activity were: those who changed from a sedentary to an active lifestyle. those who changed from an active to a more active lifestyle. women. children.

expression

Research has indicated that the _____ of anger is positively related to cardiac reactivity. experience nonexistence expression awareness

results in feelings of fear and anger.

Research indicates that a diagnosis of cancer often: results in feelings of fear and anger. leads to suicide in about 25% of patients. leads to significant psychosocial problems in about 60% of patients. leads to clinical depression in more than 50% of patients.

raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Research indicates that exercise protects against heart disease by: raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. raising total cholesterol. lowering total cholesterol. lowering high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

reduce the distress of cancer and treatment but not extend their lives.

Research indicates that psychotherapy can help cancer patients: make a good adjustment to their disease and extend their lives. reduce the distress of cancer and treatment but not extend their lives. accept their disease and become optimistic. attain a better level of integration of family and health care personnel.

begin in early adolescence

Research indicates that the effects of socioeconomic background on cardiovascular disease _____. begin in early adulthood begin in early adolescence begin in late adulthood are set from the time a person is born

both aerobic and nonaerobic exercise reduce state anxiety.

Research into the effects of exercise on anxiety have generally found that: aerobic exercise does not reduce state anxiety. weight lifting does not reduce anxiety. both aerobic and nonaerobic exercise reduce state anxiety. both a and b are true.

positively related to the development of heart disease but negatively related to its progression.

Research most strongly suggests that anxiety and depression are: negatively related to the development of heart disease. positively related to the development of heart disease. positively related to the development of heart disease but negatively related to its progression. unrelated to the development of heart disease.

both a and b.

Research on the effects of physical activity has generally found that a program of regular physical activity: can add as much as two years to people's lives. can lower levels of disability during old age. both a and b. results in more deaths than an inactive lifestyle.

all of these.

Researchers have found that physical activity is associated with lower levels of depression: in moderately depressed individuals. in people being treated for depression. similar to the effects of cognitive therapy. all of these.

ischemia.

Restriction of blood flow is called: arteriosclerosis. ischemia. arrhythmia. an embolism.

His perception of himself will change.

Russell has prostate cancer. What is MOST likely to be true of Russell? His perception of himself will change. He will experience few negative emotions. His relationship with his family will be unaffected. He will develop clinical depression.

increase; do not increase

School-based physical education programs _____ physical activity inside and _____ physical activity outside of the school. increase; decrease decrease; increase increase; do not increase decrease; do not increase

decreased dramatically.

Since 1960, death rates from cardiovascular disease have: increased gradually. increased sharply. decreased dramatically. remained about the same.

a drop in the incidence of AIDS.

Since 1993, death rates from AIDS in the United States have declined due to: a drop in the incidence of AIDS. a shorter survival time of AIDS patients. a decrease in the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual men. a decrease in the prevalence of HIV infection among heterosexual women.

decreased slightly.

Since about 1993, cancer death rates in the United States have: increased for men, but decreased for women. decreased slightly. increased sharply for women, but remained about the same for men. increased sharply for both men and women.

began to drop.

Since the mid-1990s, cancer deaths in the United States: remained quite constant. rose steadily. began to drop. leveled off.

light-skinned people.

Skin cancer is more common among: dark-skinned people. light-skinned people. light-skinned people who avoid the sun. people who live in Europe compared with people who live in the United States.

anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation, which is a risk for CVD.

Taking anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin lowers the risk for CVD because: anti-inflammatory drugs make the blood more acidic, which dissolves blood clots. anti-inflammatory drugs lower blood pressure, which is an important risk factor. anti-inflammatory drugs lower cholesterol, which is an important risk factor. anti-inflammatory drugs reduce inflammation, which is a risk for CVD.

understand that exercise will not accomplish spot reduction.

Tara is relatively satisfied with the looks of her upper body, but she wants to lose weight on her hips while retaining the rest of her body composition. Tara should: understand that exercise will not accomplish spot reduction. begin an aerobic exercise program. use isometric exercises. use isokinetic exercises.

organic fitness.

Tatum was considered a natural athlete in college, but she has not been active since she left college 10 years ago. Presently, the type of fitness that Tatum probably has is: dynamic fitness. organic fitness. both dynamic and organic fitness. neither dynamic nor organic fitness.

quit smoking.

Taylor is a 28-year-old stockbroker with a 6-year-old son. She smokes about 30 cigarettes a day and consumes about 5 to 10 alcoholic drinks during a week. Because her mother died of cancer of the esophagus at age 64, Taylor is trying to reduce her risk of cancer. Her best course of action would be to: change jobs. have another child. quit smoking. stop drinking.

varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking young men more often than older ones.

Testicular cancer: has age-related risks similar to other cancers. varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking middle-aged men more often than older men. varies from the age-related risk of other cancers, striking young men more often than older ones. has a higher mortality rate than lung or prostate cancer.

the Framingham Heart Study.

The 1964 Surgeon General's report on the dangers of smoking was one of the studies that led to widespread lifestyle changes and lowering of cardiovascular disease rates. The other influential study was: the 1965 Surgeon General's report. the Alameda County Study. the Framingham Heart Study. the Chattanooga Cardiovascular Prevention Trial.

women with a mutated form of this gene are vulnerable to breast cancer.

The BRCA gene is related to breast cancer: women with this gene are about 20 times as likely to develop breast cancer as women without this gene. women with a mutated form of this gene are vulnerable to breast cancer. this gene is responsible for about 50% of breast cancer cases. women with this gene will develop breast cancer, and 40% of them will do so before age 35.

diathesis-stress

The _____ model hypothesizes that genetic vulnerability interacts with environmental factors to stimulate asthmatic reactions. hardiness hierarchy of needs diathesis-stress allergy

islet cells

The _____ of the pancreas produce glucagon and insulin. islet cells mellitus cells diabetes cells both a and b

appear during childhood and persist over the lifespan.

The advantages of physical activity to protect against heart disease: appear in middle-aged individuals but not young adults. appear in older adults but not middle-aged or young adults. appear in young adults, but the benefits decrease over the lifespan. appear during childhood and persist over the lifespan.

heart disease.

The benefits of physical activity are most strongly evident with: heart disease. injuries. cancer. young children.

both a and b.

The circulation of blood permits: the transportation of oxygen to body cells. the removal of carbon dioxide from cells. both a and b. neither a nor b.

hostility.

The component of Type A personality that is most associated with risk for cardiovascular disease is: competitiveness. a sense of urgency. hostility. competitiveness, a sense of urgency, and hostility.

both a and b.

The concept of the "good death": includes some control over end-of-life issues. includes access to palliative care. includes continuing efforts to sustain life through life support. both a and b.

all of these.

The decline in deaths from cardiovascular disease during the last four decades of the 20th century was due to: better dietary practices. reduction in cigarette smoking. improvements in medical care. all of these.

improvements in early detection and treatment.

The decline in the breast cancer death rate is due mainly to: decline in alcohol consumption. decline in cigarette smoking. improvements in early detection and treatment. increase in women using hormone replacement therapy.

a stroke

The third most frequent cause of death is _____, which is the result of oxygen deprivation to the brain. hypertension angina pectoris a stroke a myocardial infarction

requires adaptation.

The diagnosis of a chronic disease may be seen as a crisis or a psychosocial transition, but both views acknowledge that such a diagnosis: requires adaptation. affects families more than individuals. is more difficult for women than for men. is more difficult for people with diabetes than Alzheimer's disease.

atherosclerosis.

The disorder that includes the formation of plaque in the arteries is: angina pectoris. atheromatous fatigue. atherosclerosis. arteriosclerosis.

exercise elevates metabolism.

The emphasis on exercise as a factor in weight control programs has come about because of research that found that: exercise elevates metabolism. exercise burns more calories than was previously believed. exercise acts differently on the muscle tissue of obese people. isometric exercise is the most advantageous type.

biology.

The factor LEAST likely to explain why people of different ethnic background have different rates of cancer deaths is: biology. knowledge about cancer and its treatment. access to medical care. level of adherence to health recommendations.

cleanliness

The hygiene hypothesis holds that asthma is a result of _____ that has become common in modern society. cleanliness cigarette smoking industrial pollution dust mites

male-male sexual contact.

The largest number of HIV cases in the United States has come through: male-male sexual contact. male-female sexual contact. injection drug use. blood transfusions.

age

The largest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease is _____. genetics age body weight all of the above

cardiovascular disease.

The leading cause of death for those with Type 2 diabetes is: renal failure. pancreatic cancer. cardiovascular disease. renal cell carcinoma.

adherence.

The lifestyle changes that are necessary to manage diabetes are essentially a problem of: adherence. stress management. weight control. exercise.

that malignant cells can invade surrounding tissues.

The main difference between benign and malignant tumors is: that malignant cells can invade surrounding tissues. the ability of benign tumors to metastasize. the size of the tumor each produces. that benign tumors attack nearly any tissue, whereas malignancies are specific to animal (including human) tissue cells.

cigarette smoking.

The number one preventable cause of death in the United States is: high serum cholesterol. cigarette smoking. AIDS. accidents.

a moderate amount.

The optimal level of physical activity for someone wanting protection from osteoporosis is: a moderate amount. at least 20 miles of jogging per week or its equivalent. at least 30 miles of running per week or its equivalent. none.

early childhood.

The optimal time for beginning an exercise program is during: early childhood. adolescence. young adulthood, that is, 25 to 30. middle age, that is, about 40 to 45.

maintaining adherence to medication.

The primary factor in asthma treatment is: maintaining adherence to medication. changing the patient's environment. smoking cessation. early hospitalization.

gay men.

The proportion of new HIV cases in the United States has decreased most for: Hispanic American women. injection drug users. African American women. gay men.

social support.

The psychosocial factor most strongly tied to poor diabetes management is: social support. depression. anxiety. weight.

helping patients make and sustain lifestyle changes to lower risk.

The role of the health psychologist in cardiac rehabilitation is MOST likely to include: assisting in surgery. implementing the exercise component of the program. helping patients make and sustain lifestyle changes to lower risk. designing and implementing dietary changes.

colorectal cancer.

The second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States is: lung cancer. breast cancer stomach cancer. colorectal cancer.

hypertension.

The single best predictor for heart attack and stroke is: obesity. hypertension. high cholesterol. lack of exercise.

hypertension.

The strongest physiological risk factor for cardiovascular disease is: lack of social support. hypertension. obesity. smoking.

physically active men had lower rates of heart disease than sedentary men.

Two early studies that examined the association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease found that: physically active men had lower rates of heart disease than sedentary men. physically active women had lower rates of heart disease than sedentary women. physically active men had lower rates of stroke than sedentary men. physically active men had lower rates of heart disease than physically active women.

The amount of oxygen consumption

What distinguishes anaerobic exercise from aerobic exercise? The amount of muscle contraction The amount of oxygen consumption The degree of joint rotation The amount of body movement

Gum disease

What health problem is NOT associated with diabetes? Cardiovascular disease Blindness Kidney disease Gum disease

Aerobic exercise is associated with a decrease in depression.

What is the relationship between exercise and depression in clinical patients? Isometric exercise decreases depression; aerobic exercise increases depression. Endorphins released during exercise cause depression to increase. Aerobic exercise is associated with a decrease in depression. Group psychotherapy is superior to exercise for treating mild depression.

Cardiovascular

What is the system that consists of the heart, arteries, and veins? Musculoskeletal Cardiovascular Endocrine Immune

Coronary heart disease

What is the term that refers to any damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply? Coronary heart disease Coronary artery disease Stroke Hypertension

Isokinetic

What type of exercise requires specialized equipment to promote muscle strength and muscle endurance? Isokinetic Isotonic Isometric Anaerobic

Music

What type of sensory stimulation therapy may be most beneficial for Alzheimer's patients? Music Aromatherapy Exposure to sunlight Muscle relaxation training

that most patients in the experimental group reduced the amount of plaque in their coronary arteries.

When Dean Ornish placed cardiac patients on a diet that allowed only 10% of calories from fat, he found: a higher mortality rate among those participants than among a control group. lower mortality rates for the experimental group, but no regression in coronary artery plaque. that most patients in the experimental group reduced the amount of plaque in their coronary arteries. drugs were more effective than diet in reducing coronary artery plaque.

surgery

When cancerous growth has not yet metastasized, _____ is most likely to be recommended. surgery hormonal therapy immunotherapy chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy

5-17 years olds

Which age group has the highest rates of asthma? 5-17 years olds 20-30 years olds 40-50 years olds 60+ year olds

Breast

Which cancer has the highest incidence (but not the highest death rate) for women in the United States? Lung Breast Cervical Colon

Low levels of total cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of less than 4.5 to 1

Which combination yields the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease? Moderate total levels of cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of more than 6 to 1 Moderate total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of total cholesterol to LDL Low levels of total cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of less than 4.5 to 1 Low total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of LDL to total cholesterol

African Americans

Which ethnic group has the highest rates of asthma? European Americans African Americans Asian Americans Hispanic Americans

African Americans

Which ethnic group has the highest risk for cardiovascular death? Native Americans Hispanic Americans African Americans Asian Americans

European Americans

Which ethnic group has the lowest risk for Type 2 diabetes? Native Americans African Americans Hispanic Americans European Americans

Male-male sexual contact

Which group currently accounts for more than half of HIV transmissions? Male-male sexual contact Male-female sexual contact Injection drug use Transmission from mother to baby

Large number of sex partners

Which is a risk factor for cancer of the cervix? Having a first child later in life Large number of sex partners Use of diaphragms and condoms High educational level

Spouses of those who died a "good death" experience less anger.

Which is true regarding how the quality of death affects those left behind? Spouses of those who died a "good death" experience less anger. Spouses of those who died a "good death" experience less yearning. Spouses of those who were not able to die a "good death" experienced less anger. Spouses and family of those who died a "good death" felt little grief.

Apolipoprotein ε

Which of the following has been shown to increase a person's susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease? Apolipoprotein ε Glucagon Insulin level White blood cell count

High educational level

Which of the following is NOT a risk for Alzheimer's disease? High educational level Type 2 diabetes Having a head injury Experiencing prolonged bouts of inflammation during one's life

Sharing eating utensils with someone who is infected.

Which of the following is NOT likely to result in HIV infection? Sharing eating utensils with someone who is infected. Receiving a blood transfusion from someone who is infected. Having sexual intercourse with someone who is infected. All of these are high-risk behaviors.

Diabetes Mellitus

_____ is the disorder caused by insulin deficiency. Pancreatitis Appendicitis Diabetes Mellitus Glucagon

Stress management makes a small but significant impact on blood glucose levels.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the research evidence? The number of stressful life events has a direct and powerful effect on blood glucose regulation. Stress management makes a small but significant impact on blood glucose levels. Stress management is not useful in the management of diabetes, even though stress affects blood glucose levels in most diabetics. No evidence has shown a relationship between stress and blood glucose levels.

Both a and c contributed to the drop

Which of these best explains the recent drop in cancer death rates in the U.S.? Better treatment procedures Better techniques for diagnosing cancer Changes in lifestyle Both a and c contributed to the drop

All of these

Which of these cancer treatments has serious and painful side effects? Radiation Surgery Chemotherapy All of these

African Americans

Which of these ethnic groups has the strongest risk for cancer deaths? Hispanic Americans European Americans African Americans Asian Americans

A job requiring constant decision making

Which of these is NOT part of the original Type A behavior pattern? A sense of time urgency A job requiring constant decision making Hostility A high level of competitiveness

Advancing age

Which of these is the strongest inherent risk factor for cancer? Advancing age Ethnic background Gender Family history

High protein diet

Which of these strategies would NOT ordinarily be recommended to heart patients? Resumption of sexual activities High protein diet Physical activity Reduction of calories from fat

Active coping

Which type of coping strategies tends to produce the best results when dealing with the stresses of chronic illness? Emotional coping Avoidant coping Active coping Both a and c

Social interventions

Which type of intervention aims to create a social environment that makes for adoption and maintenance of physical activity more successful? Informational interventions Behavioral interventions Social interventions Environmental interventions

Behavioral interventions

Which type of intervention aims to teach people the skills necessary for adoption and maintenance of physical activity? Informational interventions Behavioral interventions Social interventions Environmental interventions

"Point of decision" prompts

Which type of intervention is a cost-effective intervention that shows it can actually change people's behavior? Mass media campaigns "Point of decision" prompts Environmental interventions Individually tailored programs

Informational interventions

Which type of intervention is beneficial for increasing knowledge of the benefits of physical exercises but has not shown the same efficacy for getting individuals to adopt physical activity? Informational interventions Behavioral interventions Social interventions Environmental interventions

Informational interventions

Which type of intervention seeks to raise public awareness of the importance and benefits of physical activity? Informational interventions Behavioral interventions Social interventions Environmental interventions

more likely than during periods of rest.

While jogging, sudden death due to cardiac arrest is: about as likely as during periods of rest. more likely than during periods of rest. less likely than during periods of rest. not as likely as during tennis.

This program will help Wilford and his family adapt to the changes he needs to make in his life.

Wilford has just received a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes and has agreed to participate in a cognitive behavioral program to help him cope with his diabetes. This program will help Wilford develop emotion-focused coping strategies. This program will allow Wilford to discontinue his medication. This program will help Wilford and his family adapt to the changes he needs to make in his life. This type of program will not be as effective in helping Wilford as relaxation or hypnosis.

anaerobic.

Willa is a track star in college. Her specialties are the 100-meter dash and the 200-meter dash. The type of exercise she is receiving during these races is mostly: isometric. isotonic. isokinetic. anaerobic.

Exercise alone can produce weight loss.

With regard to diet, exercise, and weight loss, which statement is true? Exercise alone can produce weight loss. Dieters lose weight, but they also retain lean muscle tissue. Exercisers lose weight, but they lose mostly lean muscle tissue. Both a and b are true.

aerobic exercise can decrease depression.

With regard to exercise and depression in a clinical population, research suggests that: exercise increases depression. aerobic exercise can decrease depression. isotonic exercise (weight lifting) can decrease depression. exercise can decrease depression, but not to a degree that is clinically significant.

obesity is related to hypertension, which is related to heart disease.

With regard to obesity and heart disease, it can be stated that: obesity is causally related to heart disease. obesity is an independent risk factor in heart disease. obesity is related to hypertension, which is related to heart disease. obesity is unrelated to heart disease.

may be more of a risk for some women than for others.

With regard to physical activity and breast cancer, evidence suggests that a sedentary lifestyle: protects against breast cancer. is unrelated to breast cancer. may be more of a risk for some women than for others. protects against breast cancer in men but not in women.

long-time employment in a nuclear power plant increases cancer death rates.

With regard to radiation and cancer, evidence suggests that: any exposure to radiation greatly increases one's risk for cancer. any exposure to radiation slightly increases one's risk for cancer. dental and medical personnel who work with X-rays have a significantly greater risk of cancer. long-time employment in a nuclear power plant increases cancer death rates.

the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL may be more important than total cholesterol.

With regard to serum cholesterol levels and risk of heart disease among middle-aged people, research suggests that: cholesterol level may not be a risk factor. the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL may be more important than total cholesterol. low-density lipoprotein may protect against heart disease. a high ratio of total cholesterol to HDL is desirable.

exercise can reduce stress and help people cope.

With regard to stress and exercise, research suggests that: exercise is ineffective in protecting stressed people from getting sick. exercise provides a buffer against most diseases. exercise can reduce stress and help people cope. exercise probably increases stress, but it nevertheless acts as a buffer against cancer and heart disease.

have inaccurate beliefs about blood glucose levels.

With regard to the perception of glucose levels, most diabetics: develop effective strategies that allow them to predict their insulin needs. have inaccurate beliefs about blood glucose levels. with Type 1 diabetes have more accurate beliefs than those with Type 2 diabetes. would prefer to turn their care over to professionals rather than learn self-monitoring.

3+; day

Women who consume _____ drinks per _____ have a moderate to strong risk for breast cancer. 1-2; week 1-2; day 3-5; week 3+; day

have about the same rate of all-cause mortality as do men who exercise.

Women who exercise: have about the same rate of all-cause mortality as do men who exercise. have a lower risk of all-cause mortality than do men who exercise. have a higher risk of all-cause mortality than do men who exercise. have about the same risk of all-cause mortality as do men, but their rate of lung cancer is much higher than that of men who exercise.

about two times more likely to develop breast cancer.

Women whose mothers developed breast cancer before age 40, compared with those whose mothers did not have cancer, are: about two times more likely to develop breast cancer. about five to ten times as likely to develop breast cancer. no more likely to have breast cancer. much less likely to have breast cancer.

seven times; breast

Women with a mutated form of the BRCA 1 gene are as much as _____ as likely to develop _____ cancer as someone who has the non-mutated form of the gene. seven times; lung seven times; breast twice; breast twice; lung

structural social support

Women with greater _____ show slower cancer progression than women with less. emotional support structural social support problem-focused support invisible support

are an unmarried man.

You are MOST at risk for heart disease if you: are a woman. are an unmarried man. eat lots of fruits and vegetables. never or seldom become angry.

"Consult a trainer, who will probably tell you to start easy and gradually increase both speed and distance."

Your great aunt Inez is a healthy 85-year-old who has led an essentially sedentary lifestyle. Now she is thinking about walking in the shopping mall but comes to you for advice. What would you tell her? "Consult a trainer, who will probably tell you to start easy and gradually increase both speed and distance." "Walking is not sufficiently vigorous. You should start jogging." "It's too late to gain any benefit for physical activity." "Find a partner who will push you to raise your heart rate to 150 or above."

Osteoporosis

____ is a disorder characterized by a reduction in bone density due to calcium loss. Type II diabetes Endometrial cancer Osteoporosis Atherosclerosis

Optimism

____ is related to adjusting well to a diagnosis of cancer, but not necessarily survival of cancer. Optimism Social support Hardiness Physical energy

Unintentional injury; cancer

____ is the leading cause of death among children aged 1-14 years and _____ is the second leading cause of death for that age group. Cancer; unintentional injury Cancer; cardiovascular disease Unintentional injury; cancer Cardiovascular disease; cancer

Psychological functioning; physical functioning

_____ appears to matter more than _____ in determining the quality of life of someone who is coping with a chronic illness. Psychological functioning; physical functioning Psychological functioning; environmental functioning Physical functioning; psychological functioning Physical functioning; emotional functioning

Arteries; veins

_____ carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body, whereas _____ moves deoxygenated blood toward the heart. Veins; arteries Arteries; capillaries Arteries; veins Veins; arterioles

Type 2; 90-95%

_____ diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, representing _____ of all cases of diabetes. Type 1; 70-80% Type 1; 90-95% Type 2; 70-80% Type 2; 90-95%

Psychological

_____ functioning is the best predictor of quality of life in individuals who are coping with a chronic illness. Physical Psychological Physiological Environmental

Sarcoma

_____ is a form of cancer that arises from cells in connective tissues, such as bones or muscles. Leukemia Sarcoma Carcinoma Lymphoma

Loneliness

_____ is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and, in the elderly, is associated with the occurrence of a second, fatal heart attack. Loneliness Anxiety Gum disease Reactivity