36.1 & 36.2 World History Notes
French Revolution
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity." The democratic manifesto of the French Revolution was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Blitzkrieg
"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
Blitzkrieg
"Lightning war or sudden victory"
B
"Reaganomics" was a term used for a) the continuation of New Deal programs b) Reagan's "supply-side" economic proposals c) Reagan's tax hikes d) high military expenditures
Cecil Rhodes
"The Rhodes Colosus"; British man who went to Africa to get rich from gold and Diamonds
intifada
"The Uprising" against Israel by some Palestinians
Laissez-Faire
"let them do what they will"; oversimplification of Smith's ideas
English Liberalism
"poor stays poor"
Descamisados
"shirtless ones," Argentine poor who supported Juan and Eva Peron
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626) Co-formulator of the scientific method; famous for the saying, "Reading make the a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man"
Rene Decartes
(1596-1650) Co-formulator of the scientific method
Industrial Revolution
(1749-1780) England produced a variety of mechanical inventions and engineering feats
Seven Year's War
(1756-1763) Fought between France and England with their allies around the world; won by England with major accessions of territory to the Britain Empire
First IR
(1760-1820) British dominance, energy supplied by steam. Produced textiles and iron
Thomas Raffles
(1781-1826) founder of Singapore and the first European to take serious interests in the history and archaeology of the precolonial societies
American Revolution
(1783) "No taxation without representation"; It was the establishment of a free representative government without a monarchy. It was won with the help of the french but also with lack of enthusiasm in the British Parliament
France Constitution
(1791) was modeled loosely on that of the nation of England
Adam Smith
(1800 Scotsman) his concept of the "unseen hand" is operated through a free market in goods and services to bring the ultimate consumers what they needed and wanted at prices they were willing to pay
Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898) used nationalism to bring about the creation of a single, powerful national state-- Germany
Ptolemy
(90-168 AD) believed the earth was Geocentric
CFC
(Abbr.) Chemical compounds originally developed for use in refrigeration systems, now used widely in industry. When released into the air, they break down and release chlorine, which causes damage to the Earth's ozone layer and is responsible for creating the ozone hole.Cholorofluorocarbons
Tycho Brahe
(Danish, 1546-1601) Famous of his telescope and observatory; recorded all he could see in the sky; measured the plants rotation
William of Odkham
(English , late 1300s-mid 1400s)Believes the simplest explanation that answers a question should be preferred
Indirect Rule
(English) relied heavily on local assistance;attracted profit-seekers; tried to reduce administrative costs
Isaac Netwon
(English, 1642-1727) said that the bible was accurate; famous for the study of lights; his concept of the universe is often described as a machine of perfect order and laws
Philosophes
(French term) included men and women of both throughout and action, scientists and philosophers, who were committed tot he cause of reform; Frenchmen- Voltaire, Baron Montesquieu. J-J Rousseau; English- Adam Smith; Americans- Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams
Direct Rule
(French) Assimilation and Association; pressured Africans to learn French maneuvers and values
Johannes Kepler
(German) Assistant to Tycho; studied the planets; famous for discovering the orbits and ellipse
Galileo Galilei
(Italian, 1564-1642) hos discoveries supported Copernicus; improved the telescope, discovered moon orbits
Mutually Assured Destruction
(MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same
Nicholas Copernicus
(Polish, 1473-1543) Believed the sun was the center of the universe--Heliocentric
levee en masse
(army) first occurred in 1793 during the French Revolutionary
Second IR
(later 1900s) leadership shifted to Germany and US, energy supplied by electricity, chemical and petroleum industries
lynch
(of a mob) kill (someone), especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial.
Third IR
(present day) spread to many counties, moved to post-industrial society, services and information, symbolized and powered by computer
Nicholas 1
(ruled from 1825-1855) Tsar Alexander's successor; believer in God's designation of autocracy for Russia and a dyed in the wool reactionary and believed by riling by God's will; during his reign, Russia was called the Gendarme (policeman) of Europe, edger and ready to send troops to put down liberal agitation wherever it might rear its ugly head
L'ancien regime
(the old government) the pre-revolutionary style of government and society in France 1800s
What were some of the common traits and techniques of African nationalist leaders?
-Western education -Powerful speakers -Organized political parties
Mumbo Cult
-cult in Kenya during the second decade of the 20th century that rejected Christianity and predicted the disappearance of Europeans from the African continent
F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela
1) In 1989, white South Africans elected F.W. De Klerk as president. 2) De Klerk promised to share power with Black South Africans. 3) De Klerk ended apartheid, South Africa's system of racial segregation, and released Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid political prisoner, from prison. 4) In 1994, South Africa held elections which allowed all races to vote. 5) Nelson Mandela was elected as South Africa's first black president. De Klerk and Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize.
enterprise
A project or undertaking, typically one that is difficult or requires effort.
What services does the UN provide to aid world peace?
A public forum, private meeting places, skilled mediators, and soldiers
Politburo
A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia
Bone marrow
A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
World Bank
A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
creed
A system of Christian or other religious belief; a faith.
mau mau
A violent movement against European settlers that eventually led to Kenya's decolonization from Britain
berlin wall
A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany to keep citizens from escaping to the West
Green Revolution
A big increase in agricultural productivity from varieties of grains, use of pesticides and improved management techniques
barracks
A building or group of buildings used to house soldiers.
Land Reform
A change of the way land i held or owned
Solidarity was
A combined trade union and nationalist movement in Poland
Y2K
A computer glitch that only showed the year by the last two digits. It was feared that when the year changed from 1999 to 2000, computers would think it was really 1900 as it only read the last two digits.
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
cold war
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Ebola
A contagious viral disease originating in Western Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death. Currently has no vaccines.
Patriot Act
A controversial act passed after 9/11 as an antiterrorism measure.
The________ was formed to oppose domination is south africa
ANC
Nelson Mandela
ANC leader imprisoned for 27 years charged with inciting workers strikes and leaving the country without permission
Shock Therapy
Abrupt move by Boris Yeltsin to a free market economy in Russia and the CIS
Appeasement
Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict
In the 1800s, where did most of the 'The Great Game" occur in reference to British and Russian competition for ports and riches?
Afghanistan
Marcus Garvey
African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
North American Free Trade Agreement
Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries.
The Gulag Archipelago
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's trilogy on Siberian prison camps; the publication of this caused his exile to the United States
Frantz Fanon
Algerian man who wrote The Wretched of the Earth
Global Economy
All financial interactions among people, businesses, and governments that cross international borders
As a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward (China)
All of these above
How did the competitive space race carry the seeds for global cooperation?
All of these are true: -US and Soviet astronauts had to learn each other's languages -Pictures of earth from space reminded people that they all live on the same planet -US and Soviet scientist signed an agreement about docking Apollo and Soyuz
Battle of Stalingrad
A key Soviet victory during World War II that ended Hitler's effort to conquer the USSR.
Counteroffensive
A large-scale military counterattack by a force that was previously on the defensive.
Ross Perot
A master of publicity and public forum, ran as an independent candidate for president
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Human Trafficking
A modern form of slavery in which people are sold, coerced or forced under threat of violence to work agains their will for little or no pay. Has increased with the advent of globalization.
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
nonaligned movement
A movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the US Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.
Skeletal muscle
A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.
Emerging Nation
A nation beginning to show signs of industrialization
Jomo Kenyatta
A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya
neocolonialism
A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
Velvet Revolution
A peaceful protest by the Czech people that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia.
Refugee
A person who flees for safety or refuge - especially to a foreign country as in time of political upheaval, war, etc.
Joint
A place in the body where two bones come together
Perestroika
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
perestroika
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
Glasnost
A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.
Appeasement
A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.
detente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
Appeasement
A policy put into play by non-revisionist powers. They hoped conceding to demands from Hitler, peace would be kept in Europe.
pearl harbor
Base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which caused America to enter the war.
Why did many governments turn to one-party rule? What became of this political model?
Because they said multiparty systems encouraged disunity. Most one-party nations became authoritarian states.
Why did many African nations choose a socialist economic development plan? What problems stood in the way of these economies?
Because they wanted to control scare resources & hoped to end foreign economic influence & prevent inequalities between rich & poor. The problem was that laws imposed by the National government were poorly suited to local farming communities
Lebensraum
Clearing a space with undesirables to provide a living space for the Aryan race. (Invasion of Russia)
magic
Code name for U.S. code-breaking operations against the Japanese.
deng
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.
viet cong
Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam
fidel castro
Communist leader of Cuba
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of North Vietnam
rape of nanjing
Japanese attack on China when Japanese aggressors slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China.
World War II began with
Japanese attacks on China
Manchukuo
Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931
kamikaze
Japanese suicide pilots
Kamikaze
Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.
Kamikaze pilots
Japanese suicide pilots who would crash their planes into ships and military bases in order to cause lots of damage.
Warsaw
Jewish ghetto where an uprising took place against Germany
Kenyan Nationalist Leader
Jogo kenyatta
Tienanmen Square
June 4, 1989 - Beijing, China (Capitol city) about 100,000 Chinese students were protesting peacefully asking their Communistic government to move toward Democracy - Hundreds of students were shot and killed and thousands were injured - Tank Man-
D-Day
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
D-Day
June 6, 1944, the day that the Allied invasion of German-occupied France began.
What was the usual outcome when the Europeans began to use their colonies to produce crops for export ("cash crops")?
Just a few colonies with cash crops were better than a break even proposition for the home countries
India and Pakistan have been at odds with each other the most over
Kashmir
Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist leader in
Kenya
Led the independence movement in Gold Coast
Kwame Nkrumah
The leader of National movement in British controlled Gold Coast who helped it become the first independent nation in Africa (and changed its name to Ghana) was
Kwame Nkrumah
The leader of the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence, and the most important nationalist leader in Africa, was
Kwame Nkrumah.
Sudetenland
Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population. Area in western Czechoslovakia.
puyi
Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912
Carmen miranda
Latin american singing and dancing sensation, part of the us trying to develop a positive image of Latin america
Erwin Rommell (Desert Fox)
Leader of Afrika Korps, a tank-based division of the German army.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA
Jinnah
Leader of the Muslim League
Jiang Jieshi
Leader of the Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government
Francisco Franco
Led revolutionary forces in Spain
pemex
Mexico's state-owned oil monopoly.
VE Day
May 8, 1945
The U.S. victory in the Pacific that turned the tide against the Japanese was
Midway
Why has migration not solved the problems of farmers?
Migration hasn't solved the problems because it put now of a burden on the developing economies
Immigration
Migration made by humans to a new location
Definition of materialism, as the word is used in the chapter, is the
Mindset of placing a high value on acquiring material possessions
Who provided most of the health care to Africans under colonial rule?
Missionary groups
What kinds of government were adapted in most African nations upon independence? Why did national borders make unity difficult to achieve? Use Sudan as an example.
Modeled governments on those of departing colonial rulers (parliamentary). It was difficult because most nations had a patchwork of people with diverse cultures, languages, & histories. Sudan had a majority of Muslims in the north who dominated & persecuted minority & mostly Christian groups in the South.
The term genetic engineering refers to
Modifying the heredity units in an organism
The Tanzimat would be an example of
Ottoman reforms
The first Islamic state to attempt modernizing were the
Ottomans
Which is example of an action taken by government to preserve cultural identity?
Removing foreign words from a countries language
Diego Rivera
Mexican Muralist who created artworks in Mexico and the U.S. focusing on political messages.
G-20
Group of 20 leading economies; new great powers, International forum for constructive discussion between industrial and emerging market economies
Afrikaner National Party
Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.
Haile Selassie
Emperor of Ethiopia who fought the Italian invasion
Charles Dickens
English writer and social critic; He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era
The weakness of the League of Nations was revealed in its inability to take any substantial action in response to the Italian invasion
Ethiopia
Who were the sepoys?
European-trained Indian troops.
freed nelson mandella from prison 1990
F.W de klerk
After September 11, 2001, President Clinton supported the USA Patriot Act.
False
In 1950 the focus of the Cold War shifted to Africa with the start the Congo Rebellion.
False
Operation Barbarossa was the British plan for a counter invasion of Germany
False
The Egyptian leader who became the spokesman of the Arab world in 1950s and 1960s through his defiance of both the West and Israel during the Suez Crisis was Khomeini.
False
The Japanese finally surrendered in August 1945 in response to the surrender of Germany.
False
The Japanese goal in the bombing of Pearl Harbor was to take the first step in a planned invasion of the United States.
False
The Latin American countries, which the United States has sought to isolate since the 1960s because of its Communist-style government is Mexico.
False
The Maginot Line was created to defend Germany, during the WWII.
False
The Normandy invasion failed and Hitler was not able to conquer Britain.
False
The guiding idea of American foreign policy during the Cold War was imperialism.
False
The term used by Japanese to disguise the exploitative nature of its empire in Asia and the Pacific was League of Anti-Imperialist States.
False
World War II was similar to World War I because it led to the creation of many new nations in Europe.
False
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.
Alan Greenspan
Federal Reserve Chairman who was credited with the reversal of stagflation
nelson mandela
First black president of South Africa
Ngo Diem
First president of South Vietnam
soar
Fly or rise high in the air.
Dollar Diplomacy
Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Why was France so determined to hold onto Algeria? What were the methods of the National Liberation Front? How was independence finally achieved?
France was determined to hold onto Algeria because they saw it as part of their country & millions of Europeans had settled there. The FLN used guerrilla warfare. Public opinion in France turned against the war and the President began talks to end it.
Glasnost
Freedoms in the Soviet Union - a new OPENNESS - allowed churches to open - books that were banned (not legal to read) were now allowed, some dissidents were let out of prison too.
Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egyptian reforms were modeled on what society?
French
Algeria
French colony in Africa where 2 million citizens were
Simone De Beauvior
French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist
The Taliban movement in Afghanistan is an example of how politics and government can be controlled by
Fundamentalism
Indian political leader
Gandhi
Luftwaffe
German Air Force
Hitler
German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust
The European part of World War II began with the
German invasion of Poland
The cod name "Operation Barbarossa" was the
German plan for an invasion of the Soviet Union.
U-boats
German submarines used in World War I
U-boats
German submarines.
Abdul Hamid is noted for having initiated an alignment between his empire and
Germany
Battle of Britain
Germany's attack on Britain. Relied solely on air attacks. British efforts forced Hitler to abandon plans to invade Britain.
Anschluss
Germany's forced union with Austria. It was justified by Hitler as an attempt to reintegrate all Germans into a single homeland.
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan
The Tripartite Pact brought together
Germany, Italy, and Japan
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US
allied powers
Great Britain, France, Russia, China, Us
Population Bomb
Required only three things: a rapid rate of change, a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving the limit.Predicted that in the 1970s & 1980s hundreds of millions would starve to death; later proven false. Paul Ehrlich
First Estate
Roman Catholic Church clergy in France during the pre-revolutionary era
George Marshall
Roosevelt's top military advisor
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition.
After his experiences in the American Revolution, Lord Charles Cornwallis was put in charge of Indian possessions in 1786. What characterized his rule in India?
He dismissed corrupt officials and insisted Indian customs and religions were to be respected.
Nelson Mandela
He was Head of the African National Congress (ANC) spent 27 years in jail for being a dissident against his government - He became president of South Africa in the 90's
Mikhail Gorbachev
He was Leader of the Soviet Union 1982 - Their economy was terrible and he helped by implementing Glasnost and a policy called Perestroika.
Farouk
He was the last king of Egypt. He was overthrown in the Egyptian revolution by Nasser
napalm
Highly flammable chemical dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War.
Nathuram Godse
Hindu who Assassinated Gandhi
waffen ss
Hitler's elite military formation, anti communism
Lebensraum
Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people
final solution
Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people
The leader of North Vietnam was
Ho Chi Minh
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.
Charles de Gualle
Organized the Free French government
Dissident
Someone who causes trouble for the government - a revolutionary
Sharpeville Massacre
South African police opened fire on anti-apartheid protesters
Four Asian Dragons
South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong
The area(s) of the world where child labor is most prominent is/are
South and Southeast Asia
The Berlin Airlift was the result of
Soviet blockade of the West's access to Berlin
Khrushchev
Soviet leader, publicly denounced Stalin, free many political prisoners eased censorship, removed missiles from Cuba
Five Year Plan
Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine. China also had a version of this
Which colonial power had oversight of Vietnam beginning in the last half of the 1800s?
The French.
Most instrumental event in prompting the UN to issue the Universal declaration of human rights was
The Holocaust
NASA and the European space agency cooperated in the launch of
The Hubble Space Telescope
D
The Iran-Contra affair involved a) selling arms for hostages in Iran b) Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North c) secretly supporting the Nicaraguan rebels d) all of the above
What had become of the Kikuyu tribe in Kenya during British colonial rule? What methods emerged in Kenya despite the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta? What did the British do to suspected members of the Mau Mau?
The Kikuyu were displaced. Guerrilla warfare methods (burned farms & destroyed livestock) emerged hoping to scare white settlers into leaving. The British punished them by arresting and putting them into concentration camps & British bombers bombed them.
C
The Moral Majority lobbied for all of the following except a) reversing Roe v. Wade b) replacing evolution with creationism in school texts c) governmental aid for people with AIDS d) reducing the size of government
How did the Ottomans react to attempts by the grand vizier to reform the weakening empire's military in the 1730s?
The Ottomans revolted and executed the grand vizier
B
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) involved a) support of the Contras in Nicaragua b) an anti-missile defense system c) arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union d) a plan for peace in the Middle East.
B
The Tower Commission placed much of the blame for the Iran-Contra affair on a) the ineptitude of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Intelligence b) Reagan's aloofness and ignorance c) a lack of oversight by congressional committees d) the bad judgment of military leaders.
Which country was referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe"?
The Turkish-based Ottoman Empire
Bandung Conference
The conference in which representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World
Space Shuttle Tragedy 1986
The death of 7 crew mebers on the Challenger space shuttle 73 seconds after take off.
Proliferation
The growth, production or spread of nuclear weapons
welfare
The health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.
Prague Spring
The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
Globalization
The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.
Anschluss
The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.
Terrorism
The use of violence against people or property to force change or instill fear.
Holocaust
The vilification, persecution, and near destruction of Jews by Germany.
Iran-Iraq War
The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes
Revisionist Powers
These were powers that revised, overthrew the terms of the post-Great war peace treaties. Actions of the revisionist powers sparked the start of the Second World War.
How did the Cold War affect the progress of the new African nations?
They added power to the military which added to an unstable situation
How are the issues of drought, food, and civil wars tied together?
They all made rural poverty worse and unbearable
What is the advantage of using silicon chips in computers?
They are smaller than contact lenses and hold millions of microscopic circuits
How have reforms in Education, Health cafe, and the economy changed the outlook of some African nations?
They have created a path for education and urbanization to break the localism of the past
How did military leaders who staged coups against African governments justify their actions?
They justified their actions by saying that unlike greedy politicians they were motivated by a sense of duty to their country.
What two critical issues faced the newly independent nations of Africa?
They needed to create unified states with stable governments and needed to build productive economies that would improve standards of living
Since WWII international relations in the Middle East have been dominated by conflicts between the Jewish state of Israel and its Muslim neighbors.
True
The Atlantic Charter was a list of eight basic freedoms that included self-governance for all nations, made between Soviet Union and the United States, in August 1941.
True
The Holocaust refers to the Nazi efforts to kill all the Jews within Europe.
True
The People's Republic of China was established in 1949 and was a totalitarian, communist nation under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
True
The Soviet blockade of Berlin (1948-1949) failed to force the British, French, and Americans to vacate Berlin.
True
The goal of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika was to decentralize the state-run economy to make it more efficient.
True
The main goal of the Truman Doctrine was to halt the spread of Communism to new countries.
True
The most dramatic example of Eastern Europe resistance to Soviet control came in 1956 during the Hungarian Revolt.
True
The start of the Cold War in Europe was symbolized by the division of Germany into two separate states.
True
The term wangguan refers to the "net wall" that China has attempted to construct to keep out the Internet.
True
UN (The United Nations) was formed in 1945. It was hoped that the United Nations would be more effective than the League of Nations had been.
True
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.
Madeline Albright
U.S. Secretary of State who played a central role in the Kosovo crisis
the united fruit company
U.S. corporation that controlled the banana trade in much of Latin America
Guarda Nacional
US-trained National Guard in Nicaragua
C
Under President Reagan, organized labor a) grew because of the increasing number of jobs in the booming economy b) endorsed Reaganomics c) suffered from the defeat of the Air Traffic Controllers Union. d) enjoyed the support of the administration in most labor disputes.
A
Under a treaty signed with the Soviet Union in 1987, the United Sates agreed to a) eliminate intermediate -range nuclear forces b) withdraw support for the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) c) restrict biological and chemical warfare d) intervene in Afghanistan
anchluss
Union of Austria and Germany
Pearl Harbor
United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.
Containment
United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad; component of the Cold War; response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam
McCarthy
United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)
The term that describes the peaceful overthrow of Communism in Eastern Europe is
Velvet Revolution
Federal Republic of Germany
West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creations on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990
What has been a lasting effect of European colonization in the Americas, Asia, and Africa?
Western languages are spoken throughout the world
The Oil Boycott of 1973-74 was brought on by
Western support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War.
Blitzkrieg
What German word means "lightning war"?
Pokemon
What is one of the most popular japanese shows on tv? Proof of cultural globalizations
Jews
What religious group was persecuted mercilessly by the Nazis?
One similarity among Dr. Martin Luther King Junior, Rigoberta Menchu, and mother Teresa is that all three
Where awarded the Nobel peace prize
The "policy of détente" means
a reduction in hostility between nations.
iranian revolution
a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader
Primary resistance
a term applied by some historians for the initial, largely local form of resistance that usually followed soon after European occupation of territory in Africa
secondary resistance
a term some historians apply to the move delayed, regional, and supra-ethnic forms of armed resistance that occurred after European occupation of territories in Africa during the first few decades of the colonial era
In the Battle of Britain, the Germans hoped to defeat the English
almost solely through air attacks led by the Luftwaffe, it was an example of how "air power" could be used on both sides.
Vietnam War
also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam
James Byrd Jr.
an African American who was killed by white racists
Truman Doctrine
an American foreign policy to stop Soviet imperialism during the Cold War; announced to Congress when the president pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey
Betty Friedan
an American writer, activist, and feminist; leading figure in the women's movement in the United States
Rodney King
an african american motorist
Sudetenland
an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler
panzer
an armored vehicle or tank
Rape of Nanjing
an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Imperial Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Solidarity
an independent labor movement in Poland that challenged Soviet rule against the backdrop of a stagnant economy and low morale
nato
an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security
OPEC is
an oil-producing cartel.
labor union
an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests; legalized in England first
A complete rejection of the state and its powers is called
anarchism
goddess of love and beauty
aphrodite
The power of the military increased in many nations due to
arms supplied by superpowers
workers skilled in a craft, such as pottery, are called
artisans
Absolutism
asserts that kings rule by "Divine Rights"
Berlin Airlift
at the end of the Second World War, U.S., British, and Soviet military forces divided and occupied Germany; also divided Berlin (located far inside Soviet-controlled eastern Germany)
goddess of wisdom and art
athena
draco, solon, pesistratus, and cleisthenes were
athenian tyrants
France's Constitution
in 1791 and was modeled loosely on that of the nations of England
Margaret Thatcher
in 1979 this British Conservative leader began the longest-running prime-minister ship in 20th century British history, working to cut welfare and housing expenses and to promote free enterprise
New Markets and Industries
increase of raw materials and markets for finished goods; chemicals, oil refining, turbines, steamship building
Belgium, Germany, Portuguese, French, and Italy
major European powers that were intensely involved in the Scramble for Africa
Which of the following actually changed least during the 1800s?
medical care
Second Estate
members of the French Nobility during the l'ancien regime
Scientific Method
method of observation and experiment by which the physical sciences proceed to new knowledge
Haversian canals
minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone
Which of these groups were, according to your text, probably most important for the "evolution of African culture"?
missionaries
David Livingstone
missionary; advocated "legitimate trade" instead of slave trade
gassing
most "efficient" use for mass extermination
Which of the following is most accurate regarding the majority of Africans at the time of European Imperialism?
most Africans lived in rural areas
Falklands War
conflict between Britain and Argentina; a military junta claimed ownswership of the British colony sparking an international crisis. The British won the war and the military junta lost authority in Argentina
Britain
controlled India for the raw resources
European Nationalism
created conflict; "us vs. them" sense of cultural superiority, was culturally productive and tolerant
What has led nations to pursue collective security measures?
divisions and tensions created by the Cold War\ increase number of limited war since World War II
During the mid-1700s, most people believed that moving up in society during one's lifetime was
do-able if one worked hard
Culture System
dutch method of extracting wealth from Indonesian peasants by paying fixed and unfair prices for their crops
Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot
each are considered one of the Enlightenment philosophers
sustainable growth
economic growth and development that meet present needs without harming the needs of future generations
newly independent African nations often lacked
educated and experienced leaders
In the 1870s a dramatic change in technology allowed which of the following energy sources to become cheap and efficient?
electricity
The Second Industrial Revolution was powered by
electricity
Nikita Khrushchev
emerged from the committee pack to gain primary power, though without seeking to match Stalin's eminence and in fact condemning Stalin or the most part
Hirohito
emperor of Japan who surrendered
communialism
emphasizing religious over national identity
A nation that opposed the principles of free trade would
establish import taxes
wrote the emements of geometry
euclid
tragedian who wrote the trojan women, his writings focused on the qualities human beings possess that bring disaster on themselves
euripides
The English
experienced entrepreneurs in the 18th century and had early migration
Life under apartheid like for non white south africans
extremely restructive
Berlin Wall
faced with a widespread exodus to West Germany following suppression of a workers' revolt, the Soviets built this to stem the flow
Labor Unions
first legalized by England
Ghana
first sub-saharan African country to be independent
Henry Stanley
first to explore the Congo
long march
flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China, led by Mao Zedong
As leader of China Deng Xiaoping was responsible
for liberalizing China's economy and initiating a period of rapid growth
one factor in south africas move toward apartheid
foreign countries boycotted south africa
Korean War
fought from 1950-53; North supported by U.S.S.R. and later People's Republic of China; South supported by United States and small international United Nations force; ended in stalemate and continued division
mussolini
founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II and was executed by his own people.
nkrumah
founder of Ghana's independence, Ghana's First President
The concepts of laissez-faire, free trade, and limited government are associated with which of the following?
free enterprise
Battle of Trafalgar
frustrated a potential French invasion of England
Vo Nguyen Giap
general to Ho Chi Minh
GMOs
genetically modified organisms, genetic engineering used to breed helpful traits into crop strains
When Mikhail Gorbachev discussed the opening of Soviet society to public criticism and admission of past mistakes, he used the term
glasnost
The 1997 agreement at Kyoto was aimed at controlling which of the following threats to the world's environment?
global warming from the emission of greenhouse gasses
Bill Clinton
governor of Arkansas who challenged President Bush in the 1992 election
The Battle of the Coral Sea
halted Japan's march southward through the Pacific toward Australia, effectively turning the tide of the war
Akbar the Great
he and other powerful rulers had built a unified state out of the numerous smaller entities that had preceded them
people who were enslaved by the spartans and forced to do the farm work were called
helots
"the father of history", wrote the book Historia about the Persian Wars
herodotus
"father of medicine" believed that diseases had natural, not supernatural causes
hippocrates
anti-semitism
hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
torre
ideas led to aprismo, and supported the workers movement
the greek people never united under one government because
mountains made travel and communication difficult
ancient greece was formed from two civilizations-minyan and
mycenaean
one of the greatest sculptors of greece's golden age; sculpted the statue discus thrower
myron
guomindang
nationalist people's party
ahimsa
nonviolence
Italian industrialization was controlled by the
north
in charge of the parthenon's sculptures
phidias
a member of one of the noble families of ancient Rome
plebeian
Contract with America
pledged a balanced-budget amendment and other reforms
god of the sea
posedeidon
Decline of Ottoman Empire
prey to the West-Russians drove back frontiers and Balkan people rebelled; economic shift of trade routes; failed to keep up with the est in technology
German Reunification
process in which German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and Berlin was united into a single city
De-Stalinization
process of political reform in the Soviet Union that took place after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953; gradually loosened Stalinist cultural isolation
sun yat sen
proclaimed China as a republic and briefly assumed the office as the president
Reform Party
promised to change politics in the nation's capital
Napoleon Bonaparte
provided a modern,uniform basis for all French law, both civil and criminal
Nawab
provincial rulers of the Indian Mughal Empire and the Raj
John Locke
psychologist and political scientist; set forth his view of the mind in the immensely influential Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
Algeria finally won its freedom when...
public opinion in France turned against war
students of geometry love to study this mathematicians theorem about the hypotenuse of a right triangle
pythagoras
Consumer goods in Europe
ready made clothing
Government by Consent of the Governed
refers to the idea that a governments's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and legal when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised
what was mandelas role in the struggle against apartheid during time in prison
remained a popular leader
Bob Dole
republican candidate who was very victorious in the primaries
Which of the following best describes the way most Indians felt toward the British "civilizing" policies?
resentment
The "Brezhnev doctrine"
reserved the right of the Soviet Union to invade any socialist country that was deemed to be threatened by forces hostile to socialism.
the people of sparta
resisted change in their society
European Union
six western European nations set up this to begin to create a single economic entity across national political boundaries; originally called the European Economic Community or Common Market
the philosopher who taught by a question and answer method was
socrates
Robert Clive
soldier from Battle of Acrot and Plassey; served twice as the BEIC governor of Bengal
"Coca Cola-nization"
some spoke of this of Europe as U.S. soft drinks, jeans, gum, films, and television spread to the rest of the world
greek tragedian who accepted suffering as an unavoidable part of life, he also stressed human courage and compassion
sophocles
Power shared between king and parliament along the English lines, but with even stronger powers for the parliament
sources consulted and imitated by the French when they drafted the Constitution of 1791
During the early Industrial Age, middle class families
spent most of their time working and caring for each other.
Welfare State
the consolidation of democracy also entailed a general movement toward this; system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens
Popular Sovereignty
the doctrine that the people are sovereign and a government is subject to the will of the people
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
the epoch-making manifesto issued by the French Third Estate delegates of Versailles in 1789
Finances and taxation; bankruptcy
the events outside France just before the revolutions in Europe and the Americans
Waterloo
the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 after there turn from Elban exile
Cold War
the final new ingredient of Europe's diplomatic framework was this between the United States and the Soviet Union; had a more durable ongoing influence on politics and society within the West
Ngo Dinh Diem was
the first president of South Vietnam
Crimean War
the first real failure of the international system established bu the Vienna Treaty
Sputnik
the first space satellite; sent up in 1957 by the Soviet Union well in advance of its U.S. counterpart
Third Estate
the frat majority of Frenchmen; those neither clerical nor noble
All of the following were likely to migrate EXCEPT
the impoverished
gender inequality
the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status
Enlightenment
the intellectual reform movement in eighteenth-century Europe that challenged traditional ideas and policies in many areas of theory and practice
FW de Klerk
the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa. Known for engineering the end of apartheid
Qing
the last imperial dynasty of China
Europeans did not achieve much control in sub-Saharan Africa until
the late 1800s
New Imperialism
the late 1900 worldwide colonialism of European powers interested in strategic and market advantages
One of the few things that the French agreed on late in the 19th century was
the need to reclaim Alsace and Lorraine.
Nelson Mandela is associated with
the presidency of South Africa
Secularism
the rejection of supernatural religion as the arbiter of earthly action; emphasis on worldly and humanistic affairs
Green Movement
the rise of this in several countries in the 1970' signaled a new political tone, hostile to uncontrolled economic growth
Heliocentric
the sun is the center of the universe
Pan-Africanism
the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries
"The year of Africa" refers to
the winning of independence in 1960 of thirteen former European African colonies.
Maximilian Robespierre
theoretician of the revolution; executed by guillotine
What was the main reason Europeans were interested in the Belgian Congo?
they wanted to take advantage of its rich natural resources
what happened to Angola and Mozambique after gaining independence
they were torn by civil war
In early 19th century British factories, young girls were most often employed as machinists because
they would work for lower wages.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
this author was exiled to the United States after the publication of his trilogy on Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago
Eastern Bloc
this emerged that included Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary
Harry Truman
this new American president was less eager for smooth relations with the Soviets than Franklin Roosevelt had been; was emboldened by the U.S. development of the atomic bomb in 1945
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
this was formed in 1949, under U.S. leadership, to group most of the western European powers and Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression
Initiative on Race
to encourage people to discuss racial issues and concern
athenian boys were educated
to hold public office
Many African nations remained economically dependent because they had...
to import manufactured goods
NATO was formed
to protect Western Europe from the spread of communism.
Karl Marx
worked with Freidrich Engels; wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848; Marx's Capital insisted on scientific socialism, not utopia; his ultimate goal was a communist society
pasternak
wrote Doctor Zhivago and was not allowed to receive his Nobel piece prize
The Iron Law of Wages
wrote by David Ricardo
Essay on population
wrote by Malthus
Rudyard Kipling
wrote many famous writing including Jungle Book and the White Man's Burden said to be written to civilize the Asians and Africans
Most of the population that began migrating from rural to urban areas might be classified as
young
king of the gods
zeus
Islamic Modernization
Egypt was the first to modernize; military, schools, cash crops
An active policy of de-Stalinization was begun in 1956 by
Nikita Khrushchev.
In the Islamic world, roughly what percentage of women is in the workforce?
10
During the ten-year period just prior to World War I, about how many people emigrated from Europe to other countries?
12 million
Wannsee Conference
1942 conference in Germany concerning the plan to murder European Jews
Truman Doctrine
1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means
The Lexus and the Olive Tree
1999 book by Thomas L. Friedman that posits that the world is currently undergoing two struggles: the drive for prosperity and development, symbolized by the Lexus, and the desire to retain identity and traditions, symbolized by the olive tree
Immigration
60 million immigrants during the 19th century; 45% came to the US because of better economic conditions
Mukden Incident
A "Chinese" attack on a Japanese railway near the city of Mukden (had actually been carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese); used by Japan as an excuse to seize Manchuria
May Fourth Movement
A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and Japan's influence.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations
Hong Kong
A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997
marshall plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
seato
Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia
d day
Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944
Europe First
Allied strategy that would concentrate most of their forces on a European offensive, while initially fighting a defensive war against Japan in the Pacific.
ration
Allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity).
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.
Genetic Engineering
Altering genes to create life
The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence was modeled on the
American Declaration of Independence.
General Douglas MacArthur
American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army; Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II
Global student protests against NATO policies reached a peak in 1968, when the overriding issue was
American involvement in Vietnam.
USA Patriot Act
An act of congress signed in to law by George W. Bush to intercept information to prevent acts of terrorism
battle of britain
An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between Germany and Britain, which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.
Battle of Britain
An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
An agreement that states without nuclear weapons will refrain from obtaining them and will allow detailed inspections so that other states can be certain they are fulfilling their obligations.
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
Green Revolution
An attempt to increase food production worldwide. Increases yields, puts some small farmers out of business
Paul Ehrlich
An ecologist who warned that the greatest threat to the planet is overpopulation and that resources on earth would quickly become depleted as population grew, FAILED.
Recession
An economic decline
Global Warming
An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
World Trade Organizations
An international agency which encourages trade b/w member nations administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.
African National Congress
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.
anc
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.
multinational corporation
An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management
bay of pigs
An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
strife
Angry or bitter disagreement over fundamental issues; conflict.
Apartheid
Apart/separate - extreme segregation (separation) of the blacks and whites in South Africa
Jose Sarney
Appointed as vice-president of Brazil in January 1985. Took power after president died, then formed a new political party: Partido de Frente Liberal." Had unpopular economic measures, including freezing wages.
Juan Perón, a nationalistic militarist who was nonetheless popular with the poor, ruled
Argentina
Pearl Harbor
Attack by the Japanese Air Force to devastate US naval and air powers, but aircraft carriers were unaffected as they were out of the harbor at the time.
Adolf Hitler
Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.
Revisionist Powers
Axis powers. Used to define their drive by desire to change WWI peace settlements and affect of Great Depression. Violated world peace by breaking apart international cooperation. Re-militarized and conquered nations.
The U.S.-backed government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in Iran was overthrown in 1979 by
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
Juan Peron
Becomes dictator of Argentina in 1946 and provides sanctuary for Nazis fleeing from europe after WWII. ousted in 1955.
INGOs
Nonprofit, open membership organization that is not connected to any government and active in at least 3 states
The outstanding European statesman of the 19th century was
Bismarck
How did Britain and France respond to growing nationalist demands?
Britain and France adopted new policies toward their African colonies. Introduced political reforms, however realized that they could not dictate terms or pace of change.
The Mau Mau uprising was an attempt to free Kenya from control by the
British
BEIC
British East India Company; originally chartered in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth 1 to trade with the East Indies; however, driven out of the Indies by the Dutch, they concentrated on Mainland India, Afghanistan, and Burma
churchill
British Prime Minister
D-Day
British and US forces landed on the French coast of Normandy.
Balfour Declaration
British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI
india act
British modification of self-rule (1937) that was offered to India after policy of repression failed.
Early Railroad
British; steam power costly, some went bankrupt; railroads dramatically reduced the costs of shipping and personal travel
Dept. of Homeland Security
Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the U.S. from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.
D
Carter's most significant accomplishment in foreign policy was a) retaining complete control over the Panamal Canal b) an agreement with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) on oil prices c) opposition to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan d) brokering a treaty between Israel and Egypt.
zaldivar
Castro overthrew him
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers
Adolf Hitler
Chancellor of Germany who's aggressive foreign policies and revisionist actions led them into the WWII
Helmut Kohl
Chancellor of West Germany during the reunification of East and West Germany
In Malaya, most of the migrants brought into work by the British were
Chinese
mao zedong
Chinese communist leader
shanfei
Chinese girl, daughter of wealthy landowning man, advocated for women and communism
The major cause of damage to the atmospheres ozone layer is caused by
Chlorofluorocarbons
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Cities that were on the receiving end of the US's use of its revolutionary weapon, the Atomic bomb.
Hiroshima
City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb
vichy
City in central France where a German puppet state governed unoccupied France and the French colonies
Munich Conference
Conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.
internment
Confinement during wartime
Axis
Countries in this group included Germany, Italy and Japan.
Allies
Countries in this group included, but not limited to: Great Britain, The United States and the Soviet Union
Ernesto Guevara (Che) became personally involved in the ___ Revolution in 1959.
Cuban
The most dangerous moment of the Cold War, as far as potential direct nuclear confrontation between the superpowers was concerned, occurred during the
Cuban Missile Crisis
popular culture
Cultural elements reflecting a common background or appreciation such as music, television, and sports
popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Current president of Iran
The "velvet revolution" brought change to
Czechoslovakia
Pearl Harbor Day
December 7, 1941
Battle of the Nations
Decisive defeat of the army of Napoleon by combining forces of Prussia, Austria, and Russia in October 1813 at Leipzigo in Eastern Germany
dienbienphu
Decisive victory that ended the French occupation of Vietnam
freedom charter
Declaration of principles issued by ANC in 1956; advocated racial equality, free education and medical care, public ownership of mines, banks and big industry
B
Demographic forces favorable to Reagan and conservatism included growth in the a) young adult population b) Sunbelt population c) working-class population in the urban Northeast d) number of immigrants from Latin America
James Watt
Designed steam engines in the 1800s
Tim Berners
Devloped the world wide web
38th Parallel
Dividing line between North and South Korea
leningrad
During World War II, it was surrounded and besieged by the German Wehrmacht, which cut off all supplies going into the city and trapping the people inside
Geocentric
Earth centered; theory of cosmos that erroneously held Earth to be its center
In the 1950s and 1960s, The civil rights movement's struggle against segregation focused on the type of segregation that was
Imposed by law
Edwin Chadwick
In 1842 he wrote a report on the terrible conditions in the slums and how they might by corrected through modern sewage and water purification systems
Negative economic impact was felt by industrialized nations because of the global development?
Industries move to developing nations, raising unemployment in developed nations
D
In 1989, a) Chinese authorities crushed the Tiananmen Square demonstration b) the Berlin Wall came down c) Communist rule ended in Poland and Hungary d) all of the above
First Gulf War
In 1991 was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations led by the United States and mandated by the United Nations in order to liberate Kuwait.
Chechnya
In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from russia. In 2002, chechen rebels and seize theater in Moscow, in 2004, chechen terrorist massacre 333 people at a school. This causes ecomonic problems, leading to unstable politics
Vincente Fox
In 2000, was a member of PAN was elected president, marking an end to over 70 years of one party rule by PRI.
Explain the weaknesses in Africa's post-colonial economy.
In most countries small number of elite enjoyed wealth & privileges while most lived in poverty
PRI
Institutional Revolutionary Party, controls government; fraud, corruption mar elections in mexico
Inukai Tsuyoshi
Japanese Prime Minister, lowered price of Japanese goods to level economy, assassinated by right-wing extremists
supranational organization
Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives.
Solidarity Movement
Independent trade movement of Poland breaking free from Russia
For Britain, the post-World War II decolonization was crowned by the release of _________ in 1947.
India
Major Islamic States
India, Persia, Ottomans, North Africa, and Egypt
One of the noteworthy results of British efforts to educate Indians was which of the following?
Indians took European ideas to argue for independence.
The Indian leader who attempted to control the massive population growth in India by ordering involuntary sterilization was
Indira Gandhi.
Rajiv Gandhi
Indira's son and was prime minister of India 1985-1989. Had some reform of economy and gov't but also faced rebellion and was assassinated
Revisionist Powers
Japan, Germany, and Italy wanted to overthrow the terms of Post-WWI peace by remilitarizing and conquering useful territories
IMF
International Monetary Fund//a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies.
What negative consequences resulted from the green revolution?
Introduced dangerous pesticides and chemical fertilizers
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body
In what country was the U.S.-backed government overthrown in a revolution in 1979 that brought to power Islamic conservatives led by Ayatollah Khomeini?
Iran
In the golf war, 39 allied nations fought against the nation of
Iraq
Second Gulf War
Iraq expels inspectors overseeing destrction of banned weapons, UN threatens "severe consequences" if iraq stops inspectors' return. In 2003, U.S. and britain lead a coalition to disadm Iraq by force.
Most of island Southeast Asians followed which of the following?
Islam
Undermining the old ways of Africa
Islam had more prestige adherents than Christianity; cities grew but people stayed rural; simple living, grew traditional crops; when forced to grow cash crops, poverty and social disruption resulted
sharia
Islamic law
Yitzhak Rabin
Israeli prime minister signed a peace accord, in which Israel and the PLO officially recognized each other
Impact has television a mass media had globally?
It has provided a visual record of current worldwide events
English is referred to as the premier international language because
It is the most widespread of any language
What was one impact of the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001?
It lead to an international effort to combat terrorism
Why was a sense of 'national unity' so difficult for these newly formed nations?
It was difficult because a log of them had been colonial territories that had been created by Europeans without regards to which tribes lived there & had imposed their culture.
Benito Mussolini
Italian dictator who promised to bring glory to Italy by the acquisition of territory that had been denied them after the Great War.
Ethiopia
Italy invades this nation with a lot of force and wins
revisionist powers
Japan, Germany, and Italy wanted to overthrow the terms of Post-WWI peace by re-militarizing and conquering useful territories
What was the primary aim of industrial production?
Lessen the unit cost of production through improved technology
"exceptions to the rule" in 1900
Liberia and Ethiopia because the new borders disregarded existing ethnic and social affiliations
Mu'ammar Gadhafi
Libya's leader who was linked to an attack at a West Berlin nightclub
A developed nation is usually lower than a developing nation in the area of
Likelihood of political instability
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
In 1965, which U.S. president ordered a bombing campaign against North Vietnam and sent American ground troops to bolster the South Vietnam army?
Lyndon Johnson
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Mao Zedong's great effort in the mid-1960s to weed out capitalist tendencies that he believed had developed in China.
Ronald Reagan
Margaret Thatcher's U.S. counterpart; did not fully dismantle the welfare state, but did reduce its impact
During the Cold War, what American leader copied Gandhi's policies to win civil and political rights for African-Americans?
Martin Luther King
mariategui
Marxist intellectual who talked about the leaders in power in Peru, was exiled to Europe
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
hum
Make a low, steady continuous sound like that of a bee.
Who said, "The only solution to India's problem is Pakistan"?
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Which of the Ottoman viceroys of Egypt is known for his modernization of the armed forces and his longevity as ruler?
Muhammad Ali Pasha
Cardiac muscle
Muscle of the heart
Popular culture
Music, sports, movies, fashion, foods, and hobbies SHARED GLOBALLY
nehru
Muslim congress leader , for non alignment
What were the influences on Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana? What methods did he use?
Nkrumah organized a radical political party. He tried to win concessions through strikes & boycotts. He was imprisoned but his "positive action" movement continued and he eventually became Prime Minister
London
Name the city that was constantly bombed during the Battle of Britain.
The height of Japanese atrocity in China was reached at the Rape of
Nanjing
Civil Code of 1804
Napoleonic law code reforming and centralizing French legal theory and procedures
Used Guerilla warfare to win freedom in france
National Liberation Front
fln
National Liberation Front -- underground movement by Algerian Muslims to gain independence from France.
Final Solution
Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people.
The leader of the African National Congress was
Nelson Mandela
_____ was elected president of south Africa first multicultural elections
Nelson Mandella
unprecedented
Never done or known before.
The U.S.-backed Somoza family ruled what country for more than forty years?
Nicaragua
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement, eliminated trade restrictions among US, Mexico, and Canada.
The Korean War began in 1950 when
North Korea invaded South Korea
What were the different views of freedom between the young and old of Africa?
Old people thought of it as the old lives they had before Europeans and young people thought of it as casting down all present laws with replacement to do whatever one wants
December 7, 1941
On what date was Pearl Harbor bombed by Japanese?
Which of these was not commonly a part of Africans' "secondary resistance" to the Europeans?
Openly practicing Christianity to gain concessions
oau
Organization of African Unity, promoted cooperation among members, supported independence and wanted peaceful settlements of disputes
Periosteum
Outer covering of bone
Rape of Nanjing
Over two months, Seven thousand women were raped, hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians were killed, and a third of homes burned by Japanese troops.
Yasir Arafat
Palestinian Leader
Common Sense
Pamphlet by Thomas Pain that was influential is hastening the American was of Independence against Britain; had first fueled the fires of revolution in the American colonies
Estates General
Parliament of France; composed of delegates from 3 social orders: clergy, nobility, and commoners
In 1851 in London, the world's first international trade fair was held to promote what major philosophy of English liberals?
Peace through work and free trade.
Refugees
People who leave their country to find safety in another.
D
Phyllis Schlafly was a leader in the a) Carter reelection campaign in 1980 b) development of the Strategic Defense Initiative c) Air Traffic Controllers' Union d) campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Kamikaze
Pilots who "volunteered" to fly and dive-bomb planes into allied ships.
Which of the following is not an effect of non-western ideas on the west?
Placing a high value on material possessions
When Hitler's war machine rolled into Poland on September 1, 1939,
Poland fell to the Germans very quickly, and Stalin's troops entered Poland from the east and occupied that part of the country.
The green revolution was an effort to
Produce food more efficiently
Which country was the first European power in India and Southeast Asia?
Portugal
Multinational Corporations
Powerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production as well as distributin operations in man different countris. Multinationals surged in the decades after World War II
Josef Stalin
Premier of the Soviet Union who suspected the Great Britain and France of conspiring to deflect German aggression towards the Soviet Union.
Vietnamization
President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
F.D. Roosevelt
President during WWII who died in office and was replaced by his Vice President
Juan Peron
President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.
juan peron
President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.
nasser
President of Egypt who nationalized the Suez Canal, opposed Israel
Hussein
President of Iraq, attacked Iran
Lazaro Cardenas
President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry
cardenas
President of Mexico who applied reforms from the constitution of 1917 and nationalized the oil industry
Boris Yeltsin
President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.
F.D.Roosevelt
President of the US during the war.
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Previously had 8 ethnic groups in a federatiom of 6 republics. Serbian leader tries to impose control on the whole country. Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing. In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Britain during the War
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII
Indira Ghandi
Prime minister of India who supported the Green Revolution, involuntary sterilization
Neville Chamberlain
Prime minister of who gave in to Hitler's demands.
Benjamin Disraeli
Prime minister; arranged to have Queen Victoria crowned as the Empress of India to prevent mutinies
The main purpose of the Marshall Plan was to:
Promote economic recovery of Europe after the World War II
Manchuria
Province in China invaded by Japan
Jacobins
Radical revolutionaries during the French Revolution; organized in clubs headquartered in Paris
C
Reagan sent Marines to Grenada to a) eliminate the influence of the Contras b) disrupt the Latin American drug trade with respect to the United Sates c) overthrow a government with Communist ties d) fulfill the terms of the Iran-Contra deal
C
Reagan won the election of 1980 because of all of the following except a) a revival in eveangical religion b) Carter's failure to free the hostages in Iran c) his deep intellectual abilities d) his charm and star quality
Count Camillo Cavour
Realpolitik
sandino
Rebel leader of Nicaragua who opposed U.S intervention
Cultural trait least likely to be significantly affected by popular culture is
Religious beliefs
fsln
Sandinista National Liberation Front
1900 health conditions
Sanitation was the most urgent problem; overcrowding of homes, doctors not knowing what they are doing, high death rates; all got better over time
Internet was originally developed for use in
Scientific research
Apartheid
Seperation of races, the government set up reserves called homelands for blacks in 1959 in South Africa enacted by the National Party in 1948
Slobodan Milosevic
Serbian President
Slobodan Milosevic and "ethnic cleansing"
Serbian president who started the civil war by trying to unite a "greater Serbia" and ethnically cleanse non Serbs (Bosnians) he became the leader of Yugoslavia in 1987 and then waged a war against both Croatia and Bosnia during the 1990s
Kosovo crisis
Serbian troops killed thousands of Kosovo's and eventually NATO got involved and launch air strikes
makeshift
Serving as a temporary substitute; sufficient for the time being.
Ayatollah Khomeini
Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.
Ottoman Turkey
Sick man of Europe
Tripartite Pact
Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Signed by the German and Soviet Union foreign minsters to keep Germany from attacking the Soviet Union and vice versa.
Joseph Stalin
Signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Hitler
Tiananmen Square
Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.
Okinawa
Site of important battle near Japanese mainland; last battle before atomic bombs; Allies won
Great Leap Forward
Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.
Three Principles of the People
Sunyatsen wrote, opposes communism
What name is used for the concept of preserving the environment and conserving resources while still meeting current economic needs?
Sustainable development
true
T/F The Indian national league had Hindus and Muslims in it at first
false
T/F World War 2 did not change what a woman could do in society
Which of the following was NOT one of the "little tigers"?
Thailand
How were tribal differences aggravated by actions of colonial rulers such as the British?
The British ruled African colonies through "Tribal" leaders & assigned Africans in each colony to tribes and then chase one tribe to rule others
Russia embarked on a war to push Turkey out of southeastern Europe. This war, which also involved England and France, was known by what name?
The Crimean War
A
The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 a) cut personal income taxes by 25 percent b) reduced the national debt by one third c) raised capital gains taxes on the most wealthy citizens d) all of the above
Iwo Jima
The US captured this island via amphibious tactics, to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands.
D
The United Sates boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow because of the a) seizure of the Mayaguez b) presidential elections c) taking of U.S. hostages in Tehran d) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
expenditure
The action of spending funds.
rhetoric
The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.
Precision Bombing
The bombing of specific targets.
How are the needs of the rural farmer and the low-income city dweller tied together?
The city dwellers needed cheap food but the farmers would only grow good crops if they received good prices for them
Operation Overlord
The codename of the Allies Invasion of Normandy, France
What symbolizes and powers the currently ongoing Third Industrial Revolution?
The computer
berlin airlift
airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
Although nationalism started out with generally positive goals, it later degenerated into a zero-sum game concept. What was the conviction that grew out of the latter concept of nationalism?
The idea of cultural superiority over other nations
What is meant by global independence?
The idea that nations are dependent on other nations and affected by the actions of others far away
Rwandan Genocide
The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994.
Ethnic cleansing (genocide)
The killing or extermination of people or an entire nation
Warsaw Ghetto
The largest of the overcrowded small sections of cities that could be walled off and guarded, established by the Nazis. Located in Poland.
Battle of the Bulge
The last German offensive on the western front.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
The last two heavily defended Japanese islands conquered by the United States in 1945
Saturation Bombing
The rapid release of a large number of bombs over a wide area.
Axis Powers
The name of the alignment formed by Japan, Germany, and Italy, along with their conquered territories. It was also used to include Germany's allies in the WWII.
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east.
Dubai
The rapidly expanding commercial and business capital of the middle east; in the united arab emirates
Battle of the Atlantic
The struggle for control of the sea routes around the United Kingdom during World War II.
Genocide
The systematic killing of a racial, political, or cultural group.
Okinawa
This island was also captured via amphibious landing. It resulted in the largest casualties for the Allied forces in the war with the introduction of the Japanese Kamikazes.
Nicolae Ceausescu
This militant communist leader of Romania attempted to keep his power by force, but was defeated and sent to the Hague to be executed by demand of a military court
Sudetenland
This was the Western part of Czechoslovakia that the Germans attempted to gain control of.
Allied Powers
This was the alignment formed by France and its empire, Great Britain and its Empire and Commonwealth allies, the Soviet Union, China and the United States and its allies in Latin America.
first scientific historian, wrote about the Peloponnesian war completely rejecting the idea that deities played a part in human history
Thucydides
Why was the world trade organization established?
To supervise free trade practices by all nations
Harry Truman
Took over as president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died.
In the 1800s in England, a conflict of opinion regarding labor reform involved the two main political parties. What were those political parties called?
Tories and Whigs.
Free Trade -
Trade between countries with NO TAXES/tariffs NAFTA
Cell Phones
Transmit and receive signals using high frequency microwaves. Signals are sent as microwaves to towers that then send the signal to a HUB. The HUB then transmits the signal to the receiving cell phone.
"Ich bin ein Berliner" is a quotation from a June 26, 1963 speech by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in West Berlin.
True
A key feature of terrorism is the deliberate and systematic use of violence against civilians with the aim of advancing political, religious, or ideological causes.
True
As result of the German invasions in Europe in 1939-1940, Japan decided the moment was to seize European territories in Asia.
True
By the Truman Doctrine (1947), the United States pledged to preserve friendly governments from communism.
True
Comfort women are best described as Chinese and Korean women forced into prostitution by the Japanese.
True
During the Cold War Era (1945-1990) the United States and the Soviet Union were reluctant to become involved in direct military conflict mainly because of the danger of nuclear destruction.
True
In 1949 Chiang Kai Shek and the Kuomintang government and its supporters fled mainland China for Taiwan.
True
In 1961, Ga·ga·rin Yuri Alekseyevich (1934-1968), a Soviet cosmonaut became the first person to travel in space.
True
In March 1938, Hitler forced Anschluss with Austria, justifying the annexation as an attempt to reintegrate all Germans into a single homeland.
True
In return for their support during the WWI, British proclaimed support for Jewish "homeland" in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917).
True
In the 1950s the Cold War helped inspire the "space race" when the Russians lunched the first satellite Sputnik.
True
India's second leader, Jawaharlal Nehru, differed from its first, Mahatma Gandhi, in that he believed Western-style industrialization was the way for India to avoid social anarchy at home.
True
International trade has proved to be a key driving force behind economic globalization.
True
Italian invasion of Ethiopia and the Japanese invasion of China were similar because they both used brutal warfare against civilians to achieve victory.
True
NATO and Warsaw Pact are both military alliance systems dominated by their respective "superpower."
True
One of the main reasons the Russians were able to defeat the Germans in World War II after loosing to them in World War I is because the country became more industrialized.
True
President Ronald Reagan's cold war rhetoric and budgets challenged détente and the Soviet ability to match U.S. spending, but internal changes in the communist world worked most effectively to bring an end to the communist system and the cold war.
True
Iron Curtain
Winston Churchill coined this phrase to describe the division between free and repressed societies that he saw taking shape in Europe
Waves
Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy
waves
Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy
Which of these organizations has developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes?
World Trade Organization
What impact did World War II have on nationalist movements in Africa?
World War II impacted nationalist movements in Africa by sharpening them. Ex-soldiers made easy recruits and workers who were working in cities for defense industries became easy nationalist recruits.
1939
Year world war 2 started
The only European nation to escape Soviet domination after World War II was
Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito
Technocrat
a new breed of bureaucrat, often called this because of intense training in engineering or economics and because of a devotion to the power of national planning, came to the fore in government offices
Divine Right
a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subjects to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God
became the rule of greece and macedon at the age o f20, extremely well educated, tutored by aristotle
alexander the great
Constitutionalism
all are under the law; sees government as ruling by "the consent of the governed"
Dependency Theory
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones, by Prebisch
The Second Sex
a 1949 book by the French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir; one of her best-known books, it deals with the treatment of women throughout history and is often regarded as a major work
The Feminine Mystique
a 1963 book by Betty Friedan which is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States
Perestroika
a POLICY of economic restructuring
Iwo Jima
a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)
The U.S. secret weapon in the Pacific campaign was
a code-breaking operation known as Magic.
Alliance of 1778
a diplomatic treaty under which France aided the American Revolutionaries in their was against Britain
Holocaust
a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.
The German Blitzkrieg referred to
a lightning war
government officials in athens were chosen by
a lottery
after 507 BC, the rights of citizenship in athens were granted to
all free men
The European nation with best area in Africa in terms of natural resources was
a. Italy c. France d. Belgium e. Portugal
At the beginning of the 20th century, in which country did the reformist non-Marxist Labour Party became an important force?
a. Spain. b. France. c. Britain. d. The United States.
How did the Mughal leaders respond in the 1600s to the arrival of the first Europeans, especially the British?
a. The Mughals thought the foreigners were a significant threat but could not do anything about it. b. The Mughals converted the newcomers to Islam which reduced the possibility of conflict. c. The Mughals settled into a comfortable trade relationship with the Europeans. e. The Mughals rose up in armed rebellion against the intruders.
Berlin Airlift
airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
The governing class in Western European cities in the 18th century was composed of
a. the military commanders responsible to the royal government. b. the aristocracy and the wealthiest commoners, who had intermarried. d. the masses of urban commoners who had obtained the vote. e. the few young people who were financially able to attend universities.
After European colonization, prestige in African villages shifted to
a. those who acquired wealth. b. individuals from respected lineages. c. those owning large herds of cattle. d. families which controlled land.
According to Mao, the Soviet leadership after Stalin
abandoned the true path of Marxism.
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome, attacks the immune system, weakening the body's defenses. Sub-Saharan Africa has by far the most cases and deaths.
first of the greek writers of tragedies, wrote over 90 plays including oresteia
aeschylus
military life for spartan boys started at age 7 and lasted until
age 60
All of the following contributed to the development of industrialization in the United States EXCEPT
b. individuals willing, even eager, to take risks in business. c. a shortage of risk capital.
comecon
communist alternative to the Marshall plan
In 1947, the United Nations proposed that Palestine should
be divided into Jewish and Arabic halves.
Newt Gingrich
became speaker of the house
negritude
blackness
Comfort Women
women forcibly recruited by the Japanese army to serve in military brothels
King Leopold II
called Africa"this magnificent African cake"; Congo
day of direct action
called for by Indian Muslim League during Indian negotiations w/ Brits for independence; this was basically a day of Muslim demonstrations that ended in the Great Calcutta Killing
The new age of global interconnectedness
carries the threat of mass media acting as a vehicle for cultural imperialism.
hasten
cause (something) to happen sooner than it otherwise would.
spanish civil war
civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government
Operating Barbarossa
code name for the axis June invasion of the Soviet Union
Napoleonic Settlement
collective name for the degrees and actions by napoleon between 1800-1808 that legalized and systematized many elements of the French Revolution
Anastacio Garcia
commander of the National guard of Nicaragua
cash crop
crops that are grown for sale rather than for consumption
What is meant by popular culture
cultural elements that reflect a group's common background and changing interests
Which of the following best describes the attention Europeans paid to traditional African ways?
disregard
Raj
period of British rule in India
aswan dam
dam across the Nile River in Egypt. Created Lake Nassar and helps to create more farmland. Built between 1960 and 1970.
Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika referred to
decentralizing the economy
colonial powers expected newly independent countries to become
democratic
The Japanese goal in the bombing of Pearl Harbor was to
destroy the United States' naval capacity.
Blood Diamonds
diamonds that are sold on the black market, with the proceeds going to provide guns and ammunition for violent conflicts
vargas
dictator president of Brazil who turned his nation into a new state
the best known cynic, famous quote "get out of my sunlight"
diogenes
god of wine and fertility
dionysus
During the early 1900s, revisionists attempted to
introduce reforms through parliamentary acts rather than revolution.
how did gov. react to ANC boycotts and strikes
jailed nelson mandella
In the Battle of Okinawa, the Japanese introduced
kamikaze pilots
Steam
key to industrialization as a mechanical process
Amritsar Massacre
killing by British troops of nearly 400 Indians
aushwitz
largest Nazi death camp
Navigation Acts
laws regulating commerce with the British colonies in North America in favor of British
Financial Crisis
lead tot eh French Revolution and was set off by Frances participation in the American Revolution
Pahlavi
leader of Iran who was put into power by the CIA
Who put the most pressure on Britain and Germany to find new markets during the late 1800s?
leading industrialists
financial crisis
leading to the French Revolution and was set off by Frances participation in the American Revolution
The Suez Canal crisis of 1956, when the Egyptian government nationalized the canal
left Gamal Abdel Nasser as the leading figure in the Arab world.
Blitzkrieg
lightning war
evita
little Eva
Lebensraum
living space
Women's Revolution
loose alliance of women and feminist thinking that emerged in the United States and other developed countries during the late 1960s and persisted throughout the 1970s
Nelson Mandela
who had spent years as a prisoner in South Africa, won the Presidency
5
number of countries that have permanent veto power
Effective Occupation
of the principles established during the Berlin Conference of 1884 for recognizing colonial claims; Essentially , it required that for a claim to be made, an effective administrative and police presence had to be established in the territory in question
liberal
open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.
Deng Xiaoping
opened China to foreign, capitalist values.
Marco Polo Bridge
opening move of Japan in its undeclared war against China
vivisection
operation on a living animal for scientific investigation. Japan's unit 731 did this
United Nations
organization founded in 1945 to promote peace and security
the exiling of an undesirable athenian politician was called
ostracism
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
one problem caused by artificial colonial borders was that
people ignored borders
jihad
right and duty to defend Islam
In the years following French colonization there, Vietnam became a major exporter of
rubber and rice
Evita Peron
second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón and served as the First Lady of Argentina. Eva Perón used her position as first lady to fight for women's suffrage and improving the lives of the poor, and became a legendary figure in Argentine politics
Apartheid
separateness
Joint stock companies of the late 19th century brought about, most significantly,
separation of ownership and management.
Hillary Rodham Clinton
served on several influential committees, including one that developed a ground-breaking education-reform program
Declaration of Independence
severed the political connections between the thirteen original American colonies and Great Britain ; author- Thomas Jefferson
A massacre at_______________ caused ANC to move from nonviolent protest to armed struggle
sharpeville
What was the new source of energy that was key to industrialization as a mechanical process?
steam power
Nationalist leader in Gold Coast first tried to win independence from Britain using...
strikes and boycotts
Cartilage
strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
unterseeboote
submarines used by Germans
Utilitarianism
taught that the greater good is whatever is best for the greatest number of people
Directory
the 5 member executive organ that governed France from 1795-1799 after the overthrow of the Jacobin
Cuban leader Fidel Castro asked for military help from the Soviets after
the Bay of Pigs invasion.
In the Balfour Declaration of 1917,
the British government committed itself to supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine
Luftwaffe
the German air force before and during World War II
Which of these was most responsible for the beginning of European recovery after World War II?
the Marshall Plan
The high point of appeasement was
the Munich agreement
Holocaust
the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
At the Wannsee Conference,
the Nazis decided to implement the "final solution" and murder all European Jews.
the city-state of sparta was located on a peninsula known as
the Peloponnesus
The earliest nongovernmental organization was
the Red Cross
The turning point of the World War II in Europe and Russian army came when
the Russians held the city of Stalingrad and pushed the Germans back, putting them on the defensive - the Battle of Stalingrad, 1942-1943.
Warsaw Pact
the Soviet Union organized this among its eastern European satellites in response to NATO
An important event took place in 1869 when
the Suez Canal opened
Marshall Plan
the U.S. proclaimed this, designed to provide loans to help Western nations rebuild from the war's devastation
The English and French were forced to withdraw from controlling the Suez Canal during the crisis in 1956 because
the United States condemned the attack and forced them to withdraw.
harijans
the Untouchables, "children of God"
Of these late 19th century developments, the one which most improved the daily lives of the average population was
the application of electrical power.
The United States' "war on terror" began in the wake of which of the following events?
the attacks on the U.S. World Trade Center and Pentagon
During the mid-1800s, Michael Bakunin developed what he called the "propaganda of the deed," which held that
the best and quickest way to draw people to anarchism was to provide a violent, dramatic act or acts to cause governments to tumble
Operation Restore Hope
to provide relief to famine-stricken Somalia
Reunification
to put back together (Germany)
In Iran, the most important crop to the British was which of the following?
tobacco
a greek play with an unhappy ending was a
tragedy
Under FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, the United States
treated Latin countries more like sovereign countries than like colonies.
an ancient roman official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights against the wealthy
tribune
Satyagraha
truth and firmness
Ligament
type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Tendon
type of connective tissue that connects muscles to bone
Before the IR
used man power to work
Empirical Method
using empirical data to establish scientific truth
The Bandung Conference
was a precursor to the Nonalignment Movement.
Kenneth Starr
was an Independent Counsel member who investigated Clinton
The Warsaw Pact
was formed in response to NATO
Lord Charles Corwallis
was put in charge of the Indian possessions in 1786; fired all corrupt company employees
Democratic Manifesto
was the declaration of Right of Man and Citizen of the French Revolution
New Feminism
wave of women's rights agitation that emphasized literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female
WMDs
weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological, and chemical)
In 18th-19th century Europe, servants
were found only in upper-class households.
Great Calcutta Killing
were four days of massive Hindu-Muslim riots in the capital of Bengal, India, resulting in 5,000 to 10,000 dead, and some 15,000 wounded, between August 16 and 19, 1946. These riots are probably the most notorious single massacre of the 1946-47 period, during which large-scale violence occurred in many parts of India
Los Angeles Riot
were in response to the acquitted beating of Rodney King which disheartened many people
females in the polis of sparta
were trained in gymnastics