36.1 & 36.2 World History Notes

French Revolution

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity." The democratic manifesto of the French Revolution was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Blitzkrieg

"Lightning war or sudden victory"

B

"Reaganomics" was a term used for a) the continuation of New Deal programs b) Reagan's "supply-side" economic proposals c) Reagan's tax hikes d) high military expenditures

Cecil Rhodes

"The Rhodes Colosus"; British man who went to Africa to get rich from gold and Diamonds

intifada

"The Uprising" against Israel by some Palestinians

Laissez-Faire

"let them do what they will"; oversimplification of Smith's ideas

English Liberalism

"poor stays poor"

Descamisados

"shirtless ones," Argentine poor who supported Juan and Eva Peron

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) Co-formulator of the scientific method; famous for the saying, "Reading make the a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man"

Rene Decartes

(1596-1650) Co-formulator of the scientific method

Industrial Revolution

(1749-1780) England produced a variety of mechanical inventions and engineering feats

Seven Year's War

(1756-1763) Fought between France and England with their allies around the world; won by England with major accessions of territory to the Britain Empire

First IR

(1760-1820) British dominance, energy supplied by steam. Produced textiles and iron

Thomas Raffles

(1781-1826) founder of Singapore and the first European to take serious interests in the history and archaeology of the precolonial societies

American Revolution

(1783) "No taxation without representation"; It was the establishment of a free representative government without a monarchy. It was won with the help of the french but also with lack of enthusiasm in the British Parliament

France Constitution

(1791) was modeled loosely on that of the nation of England

Adam Smith

(1800 Scotsman) his concept of the "unseen hand" is operated through a free market in goods and services to bring the ultimate consumers what they needed and wanted at prices they were willing to pay

Otto von Bismarck

(1815-1898) used nationalism to bring about the creation of a single, powerful national state-- Germany

Ptolemy

(90-168 AD) believed the earth was Geocentric

CFC

(Abbr.) Chemical compounds originally developed for use in refrigeration systems, now used widely in industry. When released into the air, they break down and release chlorine, which causes damage to the Earth's ozone layer and is responsible for creating the ozone hole.Cholorofluorocarbons

Tycho Brahe

(Danish, 1546-1601) Famous of his telescope and observatory; recorded all he could see in the sky; measured the plants rotation

William of Odkham

(English , late 1300s-mid 1400s)Believes the simplest explanation that answers a question should be preferred

Indirect Rule

(English) relied heavily on local assistance;attracted profit-seekers; tried to reduce administrative costs

Isaac Netwon

(English, 1642-1727) said that the bible was accurate; famous for the study of lights; his concept of the universe is often described as a machine of perfect order and laws

Philosophes

(French term) included men and women of both throughout and action, scientists and philosophers, who were committed tot he cause of reform; Frenchmen- Voltaire, Baron Montesquieu. J-J Rousseau; English- Adam Smith; Americans- Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams

Direct Rule

(French) Assimilation and Association; pressured Africans to learn French maneuvers and values

Johannes Kepler

(German) Assistant to Tycho; studied the planets; famous for discovering the orbits and ellipse

Galileo Galilei

(Italian, 1564-1642) hos discoveries supported Copernicus; improved the telescope, discovered moon orbits

Mutually Assured Destruction

(MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

Nicholas Copernicus

(Polish, 1473-1543) Believed the sun was the center of the universe--Heliocentric

levee en masse

(army) first occurred in 1793 during the French Revolutionary

Second IR

(later 1900s) leadership shifted to Germany and US, energy supplied by electricity, chemical and petroleum industries

lynch

(of a mob) kill (someone), especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial.

Third IR

(present day) spread to many counties, moved to post-industrial society, services and information, symbolized and powered by computer

Nicholas 1

(ruled from 1825-1855) Tsar Alexander's successor; believer in God's designation of autocracy for Russia and a dyed in the wool reactionary and believed by riling by God's will; during his reign, Russia was called the Gendarme (policeman) of Europe, edger and ready to send troops to put down liberal agitation wherever it might rear its ugly head

L'ancien regime

(the old government) the pre-revolutionary style of government and society in France 1800s

What were some of the common traits and techniques of African nationalist leaders?

-Western education -Powerful speakers -Organized political parties

Mumbo Cult

-cult in Kenya during the second decade of the 20th century that rejected Christianity and predicted the disappearance of Europeans from the African continent

F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela

1) In 1989, white South Africans elected F.W. De Klerk as president. 2) De Klerk promised to share power with Black South Africans. 3) De Klerk ended apartheid, South Africa's system of racial segregation, and released Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid political prisoner, from prison. 4) In 1994, South Africa held elections which allowed all races to vote. 5) Nelson Mandela was elected as South Africa's first black president. De Klerk and Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize.

enterprise

A project or undertaking, typically one that is difficult or requires effort.

What services does the UN provide to aid world peace?

A public forum, private meeting places, skilled mediators, and soldiers

Politburo

A seven-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party in Russia

Bone marrow

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

creed

A system of Christian or other religious belief; a faith.

mau mau

A violent movement against European settlers that eventually led to Kenya's decolonization from Britain

berlin wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Green Revolution

A big increase in agricultural productivity from varieties of grains, use of pesticides and improved management techniques

barracks

A building or group of buildings used to house soldiers.

Land Reform

A change of the way land i held or owned

Solidarity was

A combined trade union and nationalist movement in Poland

Y2K

A computer glitch that only showed the year by the last two digits. It was feared that when the year changed from 1999 to 2000, computers would think it was really 1900 as it only read the last two digits.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

cold war

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Ebola

A contagious viral disease originating in Western Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death. Currently has no vaccines.

Patriot Act

A controversial act passed after 9/11 as an antiterrorism measure.

The________ was formed to oppose domination is south africa

ANC

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned for 27 years charged with inciting workers strikes and leaving the country without permission

Shock Therapy

Abrupt move by Boris Yeltsin to a free market economy in Russia and the CIS

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

In the 1800s, where did most of the 'The Great Game" occur in reference to British and Russian competition for ports and riches?

Afghanistan

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Agreement entered into by Canada, Mexico, and the United States in December 1992 and which took effect on January 1, 1994 to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the cross-border movement of goods and services between the countries.

The Gulag Archipelago

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's trilogy on Siberian prison camps; the publication of this caused his exile to the United States

Frantz Fanon

Algerian man who wrote The Wretched of the Earth

Global Economy

All financial interactions among people, businesses, and governments that cross international borders

As a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward (China)

All of these above

How did the competitive space race carry the seeds for global cooperation?

All of these are true: -US and Soviet astronauts had to learn each other's languages -Pictures of earth from space reminded people that they all live on the same planet -US and Soviet scientist signed an agreement about docking Apollo and Soyuz

Battle of Stalingrad

A key Soviet victory during World War II that ended Hitler's effort to conquer the USSR.

Counteroffensive

A large-scale military counterattack by a force that was previously on the defensive.

Ross Perot

A master of publicity and public forum, ran as an independent candidate for president

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Human Trafficking

A modern form of slavery in which people are sold, coerced or forced under threat of violence to work agains their will for little or no pay. Has increased with the advent of globalization.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

nonaligned movement

A movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the US Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.

Skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

Emerging Nation

A nation beginning to show signs of industrialization

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

neocolonialism

A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Velvet Revolution

A peaceful protest by the Czech people that led to the smooth end of communism in Czechoslovakia.

Refugee

A person who flees for safety or refuge - especially to a foreign country as in time of political upheaval, war, etc.

Joint

A place in the body where two bones come together

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Appeasement

A policy put into play by non-revisionist powers. They hoped conceding to demands from Hitler, peace would be kept in Europe.

pearl harbor

Base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which caused America to enter the war.

Why did many governments turn to one-party rule? What became of this political model?

Because they said multiparty systems encouraged disunity. Most one-party nations became authoritarian states.

Why did many African nations choose a socialist economic development plan? What problems stood in the way of these economies?

Because they wanted to control scare resources & hoped to end foreign economic influence & prevent inequalities between rich & poor. The problem was that laws imposed by the National government were poorly suited to local farming communities

Lebensraum

Clearing a space with undesirables to provide a living space for the Aryan race. (Invasion of Russia)

magic

Code name for U.S. code-breaking operations against the Japanese.

deng

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.

viet cong

Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam

fidel castro

Communist leader of Cuba

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

rape of nanjing

Japanese attack on China when Japanese aggressors slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China.

World War II began with

Japanese attacks on China

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931

kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Kamikaze pilots

Japanese suicide pilots who would crash their planes into ships and military bases in order to cause lots of damage.

Warsaw

Jewish ghetto where an uprising took place against Germany

Kenyan Nationalist Leader

Jogo kenyatta

Tienanmen Square

June 4, 1989 - Beijing, China (Capitol city) about 100,000 Chinese students were protesting peacefully asking their Communistic government to move toward Democracy - Hundreds of students were shot and killed and thousands were injured - Tank Man-

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the day that the Allied invasion of German-occupied France began.

What was the usual outcome when the Europeans began to use their colonies to produce crops for export ("cash crops")?

Just a few colonies with cash crops were better than a break even proposition for the home countries

India and Pakistan have been at odds with each other the most over

Kashmir

Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist leader in

Kenya

Led the independence movement in Gold Coast

Kwame Nkrumah

The leader of National movement in British controlled Gold Coast who helped it become the first independent nation in Africa (and changed its name to Ghana) was

Kwame Nkrumah

The leader of the first sub-Saharan African nation to gain independence, and the most important nationalist leader in Africa, was

Kwame Nkrumah.

Sudetenland

Land that Germany thought was rightfully theirs due to the large German speaking population. Area in western Czechoslovakia.

puyi

Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912

Carmen miranda

Latin american singing and dancing sensation, part of the us trying to develop a positive image of Latin america

Erwin Rommell (Desert Fox)

Leader of Afrika Korps, a tank-based division of the German army.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA

Jinnah

Leader of the Muslim League

Jiang Jieshi

Leader of the Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government

Francisco Franco

Led revolutionary forces in Spain

pemex

Mexico's state-owned oil monopoly.

VE Day

May 8, 1945

The U.S. victory in the Pacific that turned the tide against the Japanese was

Midway

Why has migration not solved the problems of farmers?

Migration hasn't solved the problems because it put now of a burden on the developing economies

Immigration

Migration made by humans to a new location

Definition of materialism, as the word is used in the chapter, is the

Mindset of placing a high value on acquiring material possessions

Who provided most of the health care to Africans under colonial rule?

Missionary groups

What kinds of government were adapted in most African nations upon independence? Why did national borders make unity difficult to achieve? Use Sudan as an example.

Modeled governments on those of departing colonial rulers (parliamentary). It was difficult because most nations had a patchwork of people with diverse cultures, languages, & histories. Sudan had a majority of Muslims in the north who dominated & persecuted minority & mostly Christian groups in the South.

The term genetic engineering refers to

Modifying the heredity units in an organism

The Tanzimat would be an example of

Ottoman reforms

The first Islamic state to attempt modernizing were the

Ottomans

Which is example of an action taken by government to preserve cultural identity?

Removing foreign words from a countries language

Diego Rivera

Mexican Muralist who created artworks in Mexico and the U.S. focusing on political messages.

G-20

Group of 20 leading economies; new great powers, International forum for constructive discussion between industrial and emerging market economies

Afrikaner National Party

Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia who fought the Italian invasion

Charles Dickens

English writer and social critic; He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era

The weakness of the League of Nations was revealed in its inability to take any substantial action in response to the Italian invasion

Ethiopia

Who were the sepoys?

European-trained Indian troops.

freed nelson mandella from prison 1990

F.W de klerk

After September 11, 2001, President Clinton supported the USA Patriot Act.

False

In 1950 the focus of the Cold War shifted to Africa with the start the Congo Rebellion.

False

Operation Barbarossa was the British plan for a counter invasion of Germany

False

The Egyptian leader who became the spokesman of the Arab world in 1950s and 1960s through his defiance of both the West and Israel during the Suez Crisis was Khomeini.

False

The Japanese finally surrendered in August 1945 in response to the surrender of Germany.

False

The Japanese goal in the bombing of Pearl Harbor was to take the first step in a planned invasion of the United States.

False

The Latin American countries, which the United States has sought to isolate since the 1960s because of its Communist-style government is Mexico.

False

The Maginot Line was created to defend Germany, during the WWII.

False

The Normandy invasion failed and Hitler was not able to conquer Britain.

False

The guiding idea of American foreign policy during the Cold War was imperialism.

False

The term used by Japanese to disguise the exploitative nature of its empire in Asia and the Pacific was League of Anti-Imperialist States.

False

World War II was similar to World War I because it led to the creation of many new nations in Europe.

False

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Alan Greenspan

Federal Reserve Chairman who was credited with the reversal of stagflation

nelson mandela

First black president of South Africa

Ngo Diem

First president of South Vietnam

soar

Fly or rise high in the air.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Why was France so determined to hold onto Algeria? What were the methods of the National Liberation Front? How was independence finally achieved?

France was determined to hold onto Algeria because they saw it as part of their country & millions of Europeans had settled there. The FLN used guerrilla warfare. Public opinion in France turned against the war and the President began talks to end it.

Glasnost

Freedoms in the Soviet Union - a new OPENNESS - allowed churches to open - books that were banned (not legal to read) were now allowed, some dissidents were let out of prison too.

Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egyptian reforms were modeled on what society?

French

Algeria

French colony in Africa where 2 million citizens were

Simone De Beauvior

French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist

The Taliban movement in Afghanistan is an example of how politics and government can be controlled by

Fundamentalism

Indian political leader

Gandhi

Luftwaffe

German Air Force

Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust

The European part of World War II began with the

German invasion of Poland

The cod name "Operation Barbarossa" was the

German plan for an invasion of the Soviet Union.

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I

U-boats

German submarines.

Abdul Hamid is noted for having initiated an alignment between his empire and

Germany

Battle of Britain

Germany's attack on Britain. Relied solely on air attacks. British efforts forced Hitler to abandon plans to invade Britain.

Anschluss

Germany's forced union with Austria. It was justified by Hitler as an attempt to reintegrate all Germans into a single homeland.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

The Tripartite Pact brought together

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US

allied powers

Great Britain, France, Russia, China, Us

Population Bomb

Required only three things: a rapid rate of change, a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving the limit.Predicted that in the 1970s & 1980s hundreds of millions would starve to death; later proven false. Paul Ehrlich

First Estate

Roman Catholic Church clergy in France during the pre-revolutionary era

George Marshall

Roosevelt's top military advisor

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition.

After his experiences in the American Revolution, Lord Charles Cornwallis was put in charge of Indian possessions in 1786. What characterized his rule in India?

He dismissed corrupt officials and insisted Indian customs and religions were to be respected.

Nelson Mandela

He was Head of the African National Congress (ANC) spent 27 years in jail for being a dissident against his government - He became president of South Africa in the 90's

Mikhail Gorbachev

He was Leader of the Soviet Union 1982 - Their economy was terrible and he helped by implementing Glasnost and a policy called Perestroika.

Farouk

He was the last king of Egypt. He was overthrown in the Egyptian revolution by Nasser

napalm

Highly flammable chemical dropped from US planes in firebombing attacks during the Vietnam War.

Nathuram Godse

Hindu who Assassinated Gandhi

waffen ss

Hitler's elite military formation, anti communism

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

final solution

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

The leader of North Vietnam was

Ho Chi Minh

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Organized in the fall of 1960 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. as a student civil rights movement inspired by sit-ins, it challenged the status quo and walked the back roads of Mississippi and Georgia to encourage Blacks to resist segregation and to register to vote.

Charles de Gualle

Organized the Free French government

Dissident

Someone who causes trouble for the government - a revolutionary

Sharpeville Massacre

South African police opened fire on anti-apartheid protesters

Four Asian Dragons

South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong

The area(s) of the world where child labor is most prominent is/are

South and Southeast Asia

The Berlin Airlift was the result of

Soviet blockade of the West's access to Berlin

Khrushchev

Soviet leader, publicly denounced Stalin, free many political prisoners eased censorship, removed missiles from Cuba

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine. China also had a version of this

Which colonial power had oversight of Vietnam beginning in the last half of the 1800s?

The French.

Most instrumental event in prompting the UN to issue the Universal declaration of human rights was

The Holocaust

NASA and the European space agency cooperated in the launch of

The Hubble Space Telescope

D

The Iran-Contra affair involved a) selling arms for hostages in Iran b) Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North c) secretly supporting the Nicaraguan rebels d) all of the above

What had become of the Kikuyu tribe in Kenya during British colonial rule? What methods emerged in Kenya despite the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta? What did the British do to suspected members of the Mau Mau?

The Kikuyu were displaced. Guerrilla warfare methods (burned farms & destroyed livestock) emerged hoping to scare white settlers into leaving. The British punished them by arresting and putting them into concentration camps & British bombers bombed them.

C

The Moral Majority lobbied for all of the following except a) reversing Roe v. Wade b) replacing evolution with creationism in school texts c) governmental aid for people with AIDS d) reducing the size of government

How did the Ottomans react to attempts by the grand vizier to reform the weakening empire's military in the 1730s?

The Ottomans revolted and executed the grand vizier

B

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) involved a) support of the Contras in Nicaragua b) an anti-missile defense system c) arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union d) a plan for peace in the Middle East.

B

The Tower Commission placed much of the blame for the Iran-Contra affair on a) the ineptitude of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Intelligence b) Reagan's aloofness and ignorance c) a lack of oversight by congressional committees d) the bad judgment of military leaders.

Which country was referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe"?

The Turkish-based Ottoman Empire

Bandung Conference

The conference in which representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World

Space Shuttle Tragedy 1986

The death of 7 crew mebers on the Challenger space shuttle 73 seconds after take off.

Proliferation

The growth, production or spread of nuclear weapons

welfare

The health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.

Prague Spring

The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Globalization

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

Anschluss

The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938.

Terrorism

The use of violence against people or property to force change or instill fear.

Holocaust

The vilification, persecution, and near destruction of Jews by Germany.

Iran-Iraq War

The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes

Revisionist Powers

These were powers that revised, overthrew the terms of the post-Great war peace treaties. Actions of the revisionist powers sparked the start of the Second World War.

How did the Cold War affect the progress of the new African nations?

They added power to the military which added to an unstable situation

How are the issues of drought, food, and civil wars tied together?

They all made rural poverty worse and unbearable

What is the advantage of using silicon chips in computers?

They are smaller than contact lenses and hold millions of microscopic circuits

How have reforms in Education, Health cafe, and the economy changed the outlook of some African nations?

They have created a path for education and urbanization to break the localism of the past

How did military leaders who staged coups against African governments justify their actions?

They justified their actions by saying that unlike greedy politicians they were motivated by a sense of duty to their country.

What two critical issues faced the newly independent nations of Africa?

They needed to create unified states with stable governments and needed to build productive economies that would improve standards of living

Since WWII international relations in the Middle East have been dominated by conflicts between the Jewish state of Israel and its Muslim neighbors.

True

The Atlantic Charter was a list of eight basic freedoms that included self-governance for all nations, made between Soviet Union and the United States, in August 1941.

True

The Holocaust refers to the Nazi efforts to kill all the Jews within Europe.

True

The People's Republic of China was established in 1949 and was a totalitarian, communist nation under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

True

The Soviet blockade of Berlin (1948-1949) failed to force the British, French, and Americans to vacate Berlin.

True

The goal of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika was to decentralize the state-run economy to make it more efficient.

True

The main goal of the Truman Doctrine was to halt the spread of Communism to new countries.

True

The most dramatic example of Eastern Europe resistance to Soviet control came in 1956 during the Hungarian Revolt.

True

The start of the Cold War in Europe was symbolized by the division of Germany into two separate states.

True

The term wangguan refers to the "net wall" that China has attempted to construct to keep out the Internet.

True

UN (The United Nations) was formed in 1945. It was hoped that the United Nations would be more effective than the League of Nations had been.

True

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Madeline Albright

U.S. Secretary of State who played a central role in the Kosovo crisis

the united fruit company

U.S. corporation that controlled the banana trade in much of Latin America

Guarda Nacional

US-trained National Guard in Nicaragua

C

Under President Reagan, organized labor a) grew because of the increasing number of jobs in the booming economy b) endorsed Reaganomics c) suffered from the defeat of the Air Traffic Controllers Union. d) enjoyed the support of the administration in most labor disputes.

A

Under a treaty signed with the Soviet Union in 1987, the United Sates agreed to a) eliminate intermediate -range nuclear forces b) withdraw support for the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) c) restrict biological and chemical warfare d) intervene in Afghanistan

anchluss

Union of Austria and Germany

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Containment

United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad; component of the Cold War; response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam

McCarthy

United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)

The term that describes the peaceful overthrow of Communism in Eastern Europe is

Velvet Revolution

Federal Republic of Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creations on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990

What has been a lasting effect of European colonization in the Americas, Asia, and Africa?

Western languages are spoken throughout the world

The Oil Boycott of 1973-74 was brought on by

Western support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War.

Blitzkrieg

What German word means "lightning war"?

Pokemon

What is one of the most popular japanese shows on tv? Proof of cultural globalizations

Jews

What religious group was persecuted mercilessly by the Nazis?

One similarity among Dr. Martin Luther King Junior, Rigoberta Menchu, and mother Teresa is that all three

Where awarded the Nobel peace prize

The "policy of détente" means

a reduction in hostility between nations.

iranian revolution

a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Primary resistance

a term applied by some historians for the initial, largely local form of resistance that usually followed soon after European occupation of territory in Africa

secondary resistance

a term some historians apply to the move delayed, regional, and supra-ethnic forms of armed resistance that occurred after European occupation of territories in Africa during the first few decades of the colonial era

In the Battle of Britain, the Germans hoped to defeat the English

almost solely through air attacks led by the Luftwaffe, it was an example of how "air power" could be used on both sides.

Vietnam War

also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam

James Byrd Jr.

an African American who was killed by white racists

Truman Doctrine

an American foreign policy to stop Soviet imperialism during the Cold War; announced to Congress when the president pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey

Betty Friedan

an American writer, activist, and feminist; leading figure in the women's movement in the United States

Rodney King

an african american motorist

Sudetenland

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

panzer

an armored vehicle or tank

Rape of Nanjing

an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Imperial Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War

Solidarity

an independent labor movement in Poland that challenged Soviet rule against the backdrop of a stagnant economy and low morale

nato

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

OPEC is

an oil-producing cartel.

labor union

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests; legalized in England first

A complete rejection of the state and its powers is called

anarchism

goddess of love and beauty

aphrodite

The power of the military increased in many nations due to

arms supplied by superpowers

workers skilled in a craft, such as pottery, are called

artisans

Absolutism

asserts that kings rule by "Divine Rights"

Berlin Airlift

at the end of the Second World War, U.S., British, and Soviet military forces divided and occupied Germany; also divided Berlin (located far inside Soviet-controlled eastern Germany)

goddess of wisdom and art

athena

draco, solon, pesistratus, and cleisthenes were

athenian tyrants

France's Constitution

in 1791 and was modeled loosely on that of the nations of England

Margaret Thatcher

in 1979 this British Conservative leader began the longest-running prime-minister ship in 20th century British history, working to cut welfare and housing expenses and to promote free enterprise

New Markets and Industries

increase of raw materials and markets for finished goods; chemicals, oil refining, turbines, steamship building

Belgium, Germany, Portuguese, French, and Italy

major European powers that were intensely involved in the Scramble for Africa

Which of the following actually changed least during the 1800s?

medical care

Second Estate

members of the French Nobility during the l'ancien regime

Scientific Method

method of observation and experiment by which the physical sciences proceed to new knowledge

Haversian canals

minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone

Which of these groups were, according to your text, probably most important for the "evolution of African culture"?

missionaries

David Livingstone

missionary; advocated "legitimate trade" instead of slave trade

gassing

most "efficient" use for mass extermination

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the majority of Africans at the time of European Imperialism?

most Africans lived in rural areas

Falklands War

conflict between Britain and Argentina; a military junta claimed ownswership of the British colony sparking an international crisis. The British won the war and the military junta lost authority in Argentina

Britain

controlled India for the raw resources

European Nationalism

created conflict; "us vs. them" sense of cultural superiority, was culturally productive and tolerant

What has led nations to pursue collective security measures?

divisions and tensions created by the Cold War\ increase number of limited war since World War II

During the mid-1700s, most people believed that moving up in society during one's lifetime was

do-able if one worked hard

Culture System

dutch method of extracting wealth from Indonesian peasants by paying fixed and unfair prices for their crops

Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot

each are considered one of the Enlightenment philosophers

sustainable growth

economic growth and development that meet present needs without harming the needs of future generations

newly independent African nations often lacked

educated and experienced leaders

In the 1870s a dramatic change in technology allowed which of the following energy sources to become cheap and efficient?

electricity

The Second Industrial Revolution was powered by

electricity

Nikita Khrushchev

emerged from the committee pack to gain primary power, though without seeking to match Stalin's eminence and in fact condemning Stalin or the most part

Hirohito

emperor of Japan who surrendered

communialism

emphasizing religious over national identity

A nation that opposed the principles of free trade would

establish import taxes

wrote the emements of geometry

euclid

tragedian who wrote the trojan women, his writings focused on the qualities human beings possess that bring disaster on themselves

euripides

The English

experienced entrepreneurs in the 18th century and had early migration

Life under apartheid like for non white south africans

extremely restructive

Berlin Wall

faced with a widespread exodus to West Germany following suppression of a workers' revolt, the Soviets built this to stem the flow

Labor Unions

first legalized by England

Ghana

first sub-saharan African country to be independent

Henry Stanley

first to explore the Congo

long march

flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China, led by Mao Zedong

As leader of China Deng Xiaoping was responsible

for liberalizing China's economy and initiating a period of rapid growth

one factor in south africas move toward apartheid

foreign countries boycotted south africa

Korean War

fought from 1950-53; North supported by U.S.S.R. and later People's Republic of China; South supported by United States and small international United Nations force; ended in stalemate and continued division

mussolini

founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II and was executed by his own people.

nkrumah

founder of Ghana's independence, Ghana's First President

The concepts of laissez-faire, free trade, and limited government are associated with which of the following?

free enterprise

Battle of Trafalgar

frustrated a potential French invasion of England

Vo Nguyen Giap

general to Ho Chi Minh

GMOs

genetically modified organisms, genetic engineering used to breed helpful traits into crop strains

When Mikhail Gorbachev discussed the opening of Soviet society to public criticism and admission of past mistakes, he used the term

glasnost

The 1997 agreement at Kyoto was aimed at controlling which of the following threats to the world's environment?

global warming from the emission of greenhouse gasses

Bill Clinton

governor of Arkansas who challenged President Bush in the 1992 election

The Battle of the Coral Sea

halted Japan's march southward through the Pacific toward Australia, effectively turning the tide of the war

Akbar the Great

he and other powerful rulers had built a unified state out of the numerous smaller entities that had preceded them

people who were enslaved by the spartans and forced to do the farm work were called

helots

"the father of history", wrote the book Historia about the Persian Wars

herodotus

"father of medicine" believed that diseases had natural, not supernatural causes

hippocrates

anti-semitism

hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.

torre

ideas led to aprismo, and supported the workers movement

the greek people never united under one government because

mountains made travel and communication difficult

ancient greece was formed from two civilizations-minyan and

mycenaean

one of the greatest sculptors of greece's golden age; sculpted the statue discus thrower

myron

guomindang

nationalist people's party

ahimsa

nonviolence

Italian industrialization was controlled by the

north

in charge of the parthenon's sculptures

phidias

a member of one of the noble families of ancient Rome

plebeian

Contract with America

pledged a balanced-budget amendment and other reforms

god of the sea

posedeidon

Decline of Ottoman Empire

prey to the West-Russians drove back frontiers and Balkan people rebelled; economic shift of trade routes; failed to keep up with the est in technology

German Reunification

process in which German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and Berlin was united into a single city

De-Stalinization

process of political reform in the Soviet Union that took place after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953; gradually loosened Stalinist cultural isolation

sun yat sen

proclaimed China as a republic and briefly assumed the office as the president

Reform Party

promised to change politics in the nation's capital

Napoleon Bonaparte

provided a modern,uniform basis for all French law, both civil and criminal

Nawab

provincial rulers of the Indian Mughal Empire and the Raj

John Locke

psychologist and political scientist; set forth his view of the mind in the immensely influential Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Algeria finally won its freedom when...

public opinion in France turned against war

students of geometry love to study this mathematicians theorem about the hypotenuse of a right triangle

pythagoras

Consumer goods in Europe

ready made clothing

Government by Consent of the Governed

refers to the idea that a governments's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and legal when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised

what was mandelas role in the struggle against apartheid during time in prison

remained a popular leader

Bob Dole

republican candidate who was very victorious in the primaries

Which of the following best describes the way most Indians felt toward the British "civilizing" policies?

resentment

The "Brezhnev doctrine"

reserved the right of the Soviet Union to invade any socialist country that was deemed to be threatened by forces hostile to socialism.

the people of sparta

resisted change in their society

European Union

six western European nations set up this to begin to create a single economic entity across national political boundaries; originally called the European Economic Community or Common Market

the philosopher who taught by a question and answer method was

socrates

Robert Clive

soldier from Battle of Acrot and Plassey; served twice as the BEIC governor of Bengal

"Coca Cola-nization"

some spoke of this of Europe as U.S. soft drinks, jeans, gum, films, and television spread to the rest of the world

greek tragedian who accepted suffering as an unavoidable part of life, he also stressed human courage and compassion

sophocles

Power shared between king and parliament along the English lines, but with even stronger powers for the parliament

sources consulted and imitated by the French when they drafted the Constitution of 1791

During the early Industrial Age, middle class families

spent most of their time working and caring for each other.

Welfare State

the consolidation of democracy also entailed a general movement toward this; system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens

Popular Sovereignty

the doctrine that the people are sovereign and a government is subject to the will of the people

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

the epoch-making manifesto issued by the French Third Estate delegates of Versailles in 1789

Finances and taxation; bankruptcy

the events outside France just before the revolutions in Europe and the Americans

Waterloo

the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 after there turn from Elban exile

Cold War

the final new ingredient of Europe's diplomatic framework was this between the United States and the Soviet Union; had a more durable ongoing influence on politics and society within the West

Ngo Dinh Diem was

the first president of South Vietnam

Crimean War

the first real failure of the international system established bu the Vienna Treaty

Sputnik

the first space satellite; sent up in 1957 by the Soviet Union well in advance of its U.S. counterpart

Third Estate

the frat majority of Frenchmen; those neither clerical nor noble

All of the following were likely to migrate EXCEPT

the impoverished

gender inequality

the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status

Enlightenment

the intellectual reform movement in eighteenth-century Europe that challenged traditional ideas and policies in many areas of theory and practice

FW de Klerk

the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa. Known for engineering the end of apartheid

Qing

the last imperial dynasty of China

Europeans did not achieve much control in sub-Saharan Africa until

the late 1800s

New Imperialism

the late 1900 worldwide colonialism of European powers interested in strategic and market advantages

One of the few things that the French agreed on late in the 19th century was

the need to reclaim Alsace and Lorraine.

Nelson Mandela is associated with

the presidency of South Africa

Secularism

the rejection of supernatural religion as the arbiter of earthly action; emphasis on worldly and humanistic affairs

Green Movement

the rise of this in several countries in the 1970' signaled a new political tone, hostile to uncontrolled economic growth

Heliocentric

the sun is the center of the universe

Pan-Africanism

the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

"The year of Africa" refers to

the winning of independence in 1960 of thirteen former European African colonies.

Maximilian Robespierre

theoretician of the revolution; executed by guillotine

What was the main reason Europeans were interested in the Belgian Congo?

they wanted to take advantage of its rich natural resources

what happened to Angola and Mozambique after gaining independence

they were torn by civil war

In early 19th century British factories, young girls were most often employed as machinists because

they would work for lower wages.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

this author was exiled to the United States after the publication of his trilogy on Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago

Eastern Bloc

this emerged that included Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary

Harry Truman

this new American president was less eager for smooth relations with the Soviets than Franklin Roosevelt had been; was emboldened by the U.S. development of the atomic bomb in 1945

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

this was formed in 1949, under U.S. leadership, to group most of the western European powers and Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression

Initiative on Race

to encourage people to discuss racial issues and concern

athenian boys were educated

to hold public office

Many African nations remained economically dependent because they had...

to import manufactured goods

NATO was formed

to protect Western Europe from the spread of communism.

Karl Marx

worked with Freidrich Engels; wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848; Marx's Capital insisted on scientific socialism, not utopia; his ultimate goal was a communist society

pasternak

wrote Doctor Zhivago and was not allowed to receive his Nobel piece prize

The Iron Law of Wages

wrote by David Ricardo

Essay on population

wrote by Malthus

Rudyard Kipling

wrote many famous writing including Jungle Book and the White Man's Burden said to be written to civilize the Asians and Africans

Most of the population that began migrating from rural to urban areas might be classified as

young

king of the gods

zeus

Islamic Modernization

Egypt was the first to modernize; military, schools, cash crops

An active policy of de-Stalinization was begun in 1956 by

Nikita Khrushchev.

In the Islamic world, roughly what percentage of women is in the workforce?

10

During the ten-year period just prior to World War I, about how many people emigrated from Europe to other countries?

12 million

Wannsee Conference

1942 conference in Germany concerning the plan to murder European Jews

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

The Lexus and the Olive Tree

1999 book by Thomas L. Friedman that posits that the world is currently undergoing two struggles: the drive for prosperity and development, symbolized by the Lexus, and the desire to retain identity and traditions, symbolized by the olive tree

Immigration

60 million immigrants during the 19th century; 45% came to the US because of better economic conditions

Mukden Incident

A "Chinese" attack on a Japanese railway near the city of Mukden (had actually been carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese); used by Japan as an excuse to seize Manchuria

May Fourth Movement

A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and Japan's influence.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

Hong Kong

A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997

marshall plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

seato

Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia

d day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Europe First

Allied strategy that would concentrate most of their forces on a European offensive, while initially fighting a defensive war against Japan in the Pacific.

ration

Allow each person to have only a fixed amount of (a particular commodity).

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Allows open trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada.

Genetic Engineering

Altering genes to create life

The Vietnamese Declaration of Independence was modeled on the

American Declaration of Independence.

General Douglas MacArthur

American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army; Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II

Global student protests against NATO policies reached a peak in 1968, when the overriding issue was

American involvement in Vietnam.

USA Patriot Act

An act of congress signed in to law by George W. Bush to intercept information to prevent acts of terrorism

battle of britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between Germany and Britain, which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

An agreement that states without nuclear weapons will refrain from obtaining them and will allow detailed inspections so that other states can be certain they are fulfilling their obligations.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Green Revolution

An attempt to increase food production worldwide. Increases yields, puts some small farmers out of business

Paul Ehrlich

An ecologist who warned that the greatest threat to the planet is overpopulation and that resources on earth would quickly become depleted as population grew, FAILED.

Recession

An economic decline

Global Warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

World Trade Organizations

An international agency which encourages trade b/w member nations administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

anc

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

multinational corporation

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

bay of pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

strife

Angry or bitter disagreement over fundamental issues; conflict.

Apartheid

Apart/separate - extreme segregation (separation) of the blacks and whites in South Africa

Jose Sarney

Appointed as vice-president of Brazil in January 1985. Took power after president died, then formed a new political party: Partido de Frente Liberal." Had unpopular economic measures, including freezing wages.

Juan Perón, a nationalistic militarist who was nonetheless popular with the poor, ruled

Argentina

Pearl Harbor

Attack by the Japanese Air Force to devastate US naval and air powers, but aircraft carriers were unaffected as they were out of the harbor at the time.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Revisionist Powers

Axis powers. Used to define their drive by desire to change WWI peace settlements and affect of Great Depression. Violated world peace by breaking apart international cooperation. Re-militarized and conquered nations.

The U.S.-backed government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in Iran was overthrown in 1979 by

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

Juan Peron

Becomes dictator of Argentina in 1946 and provides sanctuary for Nazis fleeing from europe after WWII. ousted in 1955.

INGOs

Nonprofit, open membership organization that is not connected to any government and active in at least 3 states

The outstanding European statesman of the 19th century was

Bismarck

How did Britain and France respond to growing nationalist demands?

Britain and France adopted new policies toward their African colonies. Introduced political reforms, however realized that they could not dictate terms or pace of change.

The Mau Mau uprising was an attempt to free Kenya from control by the

British

BEIC

British East India Company; originally chartered in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth 1 to trade with the East Indies; however, driven out of the Indies by the Dutch, they concentrated on Mainland India, Afghanistan, and Burma

churchill

British Prime Minister

D-Day

British and US forces landed on the French coast of Normandy.

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

india act

British modification of self-rule (1937) that was offered to India after policy of repression failed.

Early Railroad

British; steam power costly, some went bankrupt; railroads dramatically reduced the costs of shipping and personal travel

Dept. of Homeland Security

Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the U.S. from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters.

D

Carter's most significant accomplishment in foreign policy was a) retaining complete control over the Panamal Canal b) an agreement with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) on oil prices c) opposition to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan d) brokering a treaty between Israel and Egypt.

zaldivar

Castro overthrew him

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers

Adolf Hitler

Chancellor of Germany who's aggressive foreign policies and revisionist actions led them into the WWII

Helmut Kohl

Chancellor of West Germany during the reunification of East and West Germany

In Malaya, most of the migrants brought into work by the British were

Chinese

mao zedong

Chinese communist leader

shanfei

Chinese girl, daughter of wealthy landowning man, advocated for women and communism

The major cause of damage to the atmospheres ozone layer is caused by

Chlorofluorocarbons

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Cities that were on the receiving end of the US's use of its revolutionary weapon, the Atomic bomb.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb

vichy

City in central France where a German puppet state governed unoccupied France and the French colonies

Munich Conference

Conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

internment

Confinement during wartime

Axis

Countries in this group included Germany, Italy and Japan.

Allies

Countries in this group included, but not limited to: Great Britain, The United States and the Soviet Union

Ernesto Guevara (Che) became personally involved in the ___ Revolution in 1959.

Cuban

The most dangerous moment of the Cold War, as far as potential direct nuclear confrontation between the superpowers was concerned, occurred during the

Cuban Missile Crisis

popular culture

Cultural elements reflecting a common background or appreciation such as music, television, and sports

popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Current president of Iran

The "velvet revolution" brought change to

Czechoslovakia

Pearl Harbor Day

December 7, 1941

Battle of the Nations

Decisive defeat of the army of Napoleon by combining forces of Prussia, Austria, and Russia in October 1813 at Leipzigo in Eastern Germany

dienbienphu

Decisive victory that ended the French occupation of Vietnam

freedom charter

Declaration of principles issued by ANC in 1956; advocated racial equality, free education and medical care, public ownership of mines, banks and big industry

B

Demographic forces favorable to Reagan and conservatism included growth in the a) young adult population b) Sunbelt population c) working-class population in the urban Northeast d) number of immigrants from Latin America

James Watt

Designed steam engines in the 1800s

Tim Berners

Devloped the world wide web

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

leningrad

During World War II, it was surrounded and besieged by the German Wehrmacht, which cut off all supplies going into the city and trapping the people inside

Geocentric

Earth centered; theory of cosmos that erroneously held Earth to be its center

In the 1950s and 1960s, The civil rights movement's struggle against segregation focused on the type of segregation that was

Imposed by law

Edwin Chadwick

In 1842 he wrote a report on the terrible conditions in the slums and how they might by corrected through modern sewage and water purification systems

Negative economic impact was felt by industrialized nations because of the global development?

Industries move to developing nations, raising unemployment in developed nations

D

In 1989, a) Chinese authorities crushed the Tiananmen Square demonstration b) the Berlin Wall came down c) Communist rule ended in Poland and Hungary d) all of the above

First Gulf War

In 1991 was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations led by the United States and mandated by the United Nations in order to liberate Kuwait.

Chechnya

In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from russia. In 2002, chechen rebels and seize theater in Moscow, in 2004, chechen terrorist massacre 333 people at a school. This causes ecomonic problems, leading to unstable politics

Vincente Fox

In 2000, was a member of PAN was elected president, marking an end to over 70 years of one party rule by PRI.

Explain the weaknesses in Africa's post-colonial economy.

In most countries small number of elite enjoyed wealth & privileges while most lived in poverty

PRI

Institutional Revolutionary Party, controls government; fraud, corruption mar elections in mexico

Inukai Tsuyoshi

Japanese Prime Minister, lowered price of Japanese goods to level economy, assassinated by right-wing extremists

supranational organization

Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives.

Solidarity Movement

Independent trade movement of Poland breaking free from Russia

For Britain, the post-World War II decolonization was crowned by the release of _________ in 1947.

India

Major Islamic States

India, Persia, Ottomans, North Africa, and Egypt

One of the noteworthy results of British efforts to educate Indians was which of the following?

Indians took European ideas to argue for independence.

The Indian leader who attempted to control the massive population growth in India by ordering involuntary sterilization was

Indira Gandhi.

Rajiv Gandhi

Indira's son and was prime minister of India 1985-1989. Had some reform of economy and gov't but also faced rebellion and was assassinated

Revisionist Powers

Japan, Germany, and Italy wanted to overthrow the terms of Post-WWI peace by remilitarizing and conquering useful territories

IMF

International Monetary Fund//a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies.

What negative consequences resulted from the green revolution?

Introduced dangerous pesticides and chemical fertilizers

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

In what country was the U.S.-backed government overthrown in a revolution in 1979 that brought to power Islamic conservatives led by Ayatollah Khomeini?

Iran

In the golf war, 39 allied nations fought against the nation of

Iraq

Second Gulf War

Iraq expels inspectors overseeing destrction of banned weapons, UN threatens "severe consequences" if iraq stops inspectors' return. In 2003, U.S. and britain lead a coalition to disadm Iraq by force.

Most of island Southeast Asians followed which of the following?

Islam

Undermining the old ways of Africa

Islam had more prestige adherents than Christianity; cities grew but people stayed rural; simple living, grew traditional crops; when forced to grow cash crops, poverty and social disruption resulted

sharia

Islamic law

Yitzhak Rabin

Israeli prime minister signed a peace accord, in which Israel and the PLO officially recognized each other

Impact has television a mass media had globally?

It has provided a visual record of current worldwide events

English is referred to as the premier international language because

It is the most widespread of any language

What was one impact of the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001?

It lead to an international effort to combat terrorism

Why was a sense of 'national unity' so difficult for these newly formed nations?

It was difficult because a log of them had been colonial territories that had been created by Europeans without regards to which tribes lived there & had imposed their culture.

Benito Mussolini

Italian dictator who promised to bring glory to Italy by the acquisition of territory that had been denied them after the Great War.

Ethiopia

Italy invades this nation with a lot of force and wins

revisionist powers

Japan, Germany, and Italy wanted to overthrow the terms of Post-WWI peace by re-militarizing and conquering useful territories

What was the primary aim of industrial production?

Lessen the unit cost of production through improved technology

"exceptions to the rule" in 1900

Liberia and Ethiopia because the new borders disregarded existing ethnic and social affiliations

Mu'ammar Gadhafi

Libya's leader who was linked to an attack at a West Berlin nightclub

A developed nation is usually lower than a developing nation in the area of

Likelihood of political instability

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

In 1965, which U.S. president ordered a bombing campaign against North Vietnam and sent American ground troops to bolster the South Vietnam army?

Lyndon Johnson

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Mao Zedong's great effort in the mid-1960s to weed out capitalist tendencies that he believed had developed in China.

Ronald Reagan

Margaret Thatcher's U.S. counterpart; did not fully dismantle the welfare state, but did reduce its impact

During the Cold War, what American leader copied Gandhi's policies to win civil and political rights for African-Americans?

Martin Luther King

mariategui

Marxist intellectual who talked about the leaders in power in Peru, was exiled to Europe

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

hum

Make a low, steady continuous sound like that of a bee.

Who said, "The only solution to India's problem is Pakistan"?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Which of the Ottoman viceroys of Egypt is known for his modernization of the armed forces and his longevity as ruler?

Muhammad Ali Pasha

Cardiac muscle

Muscle of the heart

Popular culture

Music, sports, movies, fashion, foods, and hobbies SHARED GLOBALLY

nehru

Muslim congress leader , for non alignment

What were the influences on Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana? What methods did he use?

Nkrumah organized a radical political party. He tried to win concessions through strikes & boycotts. He was imprisoned but his "positive action" movement continued and he eventually became Prime Minister

London

Name the city that was constantly bombed during the Battle of Britain.

The height of Japanese atrocity in China was reached at the Rape of

Nanjing

Civil Code of 1804

Napoleonic law code reforming and centralizing French legal theory and procedures

Used Guerilla warfare to win freedom in france

National Liberation Front

fln

National Liberation Front -- underground movement by Algerian Muslims to gain independence from France.

Final Solution

Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people.

The leader of the African National Congress was

Nelson Mandela

_____ was elected president of south Africa first multicultural elections

Nelson Mandella

unprecedented

Never done or known before.

The U.S.-backed Somoza family ruled what country for more than forty years?

Nicaragua

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement, eliminated trade restrictions among US, Mexico, and Canada.

The Korean War began in 1950 when

North Korea invaded South Korea

What were the different views of freedom between the young and old of Africa?

Old people thought of it as the old lives they had before Europeans and young people thought of it as casting down all present laws with replacement to do whatever one wants

December 7, 1941

On what date was Pearl Harbor bombed by Japanese?

Which of these was not commonly a part of Africans' "secondary resistance" to the Europeans?

Openly practicing Christianity to gain concessions

oau

Organization of African Unity, promoted cooperation among members, supported independence and wanted peaceful settlements of disputes

Periosteum

Outer covering of bone

Rape of Nanjing

Over two months, Seven thousand women were raped, hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers and civilians were killed, and a third of homes burned by Japanese troops.

Yasir Arafat

Palestinian Leader

Common Sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Pain that was influential is hastening the American was of Independence against Britain; had first fueled the fires of revolution in the American colonies

Estates General

Parliament of France; composed of delegates from 3 social orders: clergy, nobility, and commoners

In 1851 in London, the world's first international trade fair was held to promote what major philosophy of English liberals?

Peace through work and free trade.

Refugees

People who leave their country to find safety in another.

D

Phyllis Schlafly was a leader in the a) Carter reelection campaign in 1980 b) development of the Strategic Defense Initiative c) Air Traffic Controllers' Union d) campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Kamikaze

Pilots who "volunteered" to fly and dive-bomb planes into allied ships.

Which of the following is not an effect of non-western ideas on the west?

Placing a high value on material possessions

When Hitler's war machine rolled into Poland on September 1, 1939,

Poland fell to the Germans very quickly, and Stalin's troops entered Poland from the east and occupied that part of the country.

The green revolution was an effort to

Produce food more efficiently

Which country was the first European power in India and Southeast Asia?

Portugal

Multinational Corporations

Powerful companies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with production as well as distributin operations in man different countris. Multinationals surged in the decades after World War II

Josef Stalin

Premier of the Soviet Union who suspected the Great Britain and France of conspiring to deflect German aggression towards the Soviet Union.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

F.D. Roosevelt

President during WWII who died in office and was replaced by his Vice President

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.

juan peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.

nasser

President of Egypt who nationalized the Suez Canal, opposed Israel

Hussein

President of Iraq, attacked Iran

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry

cardenas

President of Mexico who applied reforms from the constitution of 1917 and nationalized the oil industry

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

F.D.Roosevelt

President of the US during the war.

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Previously had 8 ethnic groups in a federatiom of 6 republics. Serbian leader tries to impose control on the whole country. Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing. In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up multiethnic government

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Britain during the War

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

Indira Ghandi

Prime minister of India who supported the Green Revolution, involuntary sterilization

Neville Chamberlain

Prime minister of who gave in to Hitler's demands.

Benjamin Disraeli

Prime minister; arranged to have Queen Victoria crowned as the Empress of India to prevent mutinies

The main purpose of the Marshall Plan was to:

Promote economic recovery of Europe after the World War II

Manchuria

Province in China invaded by Japan

Jacobins

Radical revolutionaries during the French Revolution; organized in clubs headquartered in Paris

C

Reagan sent Marines to Grenada to a) eliminate the influence of the Contras b) disrupt the Latin American drug trade with respect to the United Sates c) overthrow a government with Communist ties d) fulfill the terms of the Iran-Contra deal

C

Reagan won the election of 1980 because of all of the following except a) a revival in eveangical religion b) Carter's failure to free the hostages in Iran c) his deep intellectual abilities d) his charm and star quality

Count Camillo Cavour

Realpolitik

sandino

Rebel leader of Nicaragua who opposed U.S intervention

Cultural trait least likely to be significantly affected by popular culture is

Religious beliefs

fsln

Sandinista National Liberation Front

1900 health conditions

Sanitation was the most urgent problem; overcrowding of homes, doctors not knowing what they are doing, high death rates; all got better over time

Internet was originally developed for use in

Scientific research

Apartheid

Seperation of races, the government set up reserves called homelands for blacks in 1959 in South Africa enacted by the National Party in 1948

Slobodan Milosevic

Serbian President

Slobodan Milosevic and "ethnic cleansing"

Serbian president who started the civil war by trying to unite a "greater Serbia" and ethnically cleanse non Serbs (Bosnians) he became the leader of Yugoslavia in 1987 and then waged a war against both Croatia and Bosnia during the 1990s

Kosovo crisis

Serbian troops killed thousands of Kosovo's and eventually NATO got involved and launch air strikes

makeshift

Serving as a temporary substitute; sufficient for the time being.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.

Ottoman Turkey

Sick man of Europe

Tripartite Pact

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Signed by the German and Soviet Union foreign minsters to keep Germany from attacking the Soviet Union and vice versa.

Joseph Stalin

Signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Hitler

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Okinawa

Site of important battle near Japanese mainland; last battle before atomic bombs; Allies won

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Three Principles of the People

Sunyatsen wrote, opposes communism

What name is used for the concept of preserving the environment and conserving resources while still meeting current economic needs?

Sustainable development

true

T/F The Indian national league had Hindus and Muslims in it at first

false

T/F World War 2 did not change what a woman could do in society

Which of the following was NOT one of the "little tigers"?

Thailand

How were tribal differences aggravated by actions of colonial rulers such as the British?

The British ruled African colonies through "Tribal" leaders & assigned Africans in each colony to tribes and then chase one tribe to rule others

Russia embarked on a war to push Turkey out of southeastern Europe. This war, which also involved England and France, was known by what name?

The Crimean War

A

The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 a) cut personal income taxes by 25 percent b) reduced the national debt by one third c) raised capital gains taxes on the most wealthy citizens d) all of the above

Iwo Jima

The US captured this island via amphibious tactics, to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands.

D

The United Sates boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow because of the a) seizure of the Mayaguez b) presidential elections c) taking of U.S. hostages in Tehran d) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

expenditure

The action of spending funds.

rhetoric

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

Precision Bombing

The bombing of specific targets.

How are the needs of the rural farmer and the low-income city dweller tied together?

The city dwellers needed cheap food but the farmers would only grow good crops if they received good prices for them

Operation Overlord

The codename of the Allies Invasion of Normandy, France

What symbolizes and powers the currently ongoing Third Industrial Revolution?

The computer

berlin airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Although nationalism started out with generally positive goals, it later degenerated into a zero-sum game concept. What was the conviction that grew out of the latter concept of nationalism?

The idea of cultural superiority over other nations

What is meant by global independence?

The idea that nations are dependent on other nations and affected by the actions of others far away

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994.

Ethnic cleansing (genocide)

The killing or extermination of people or an entire nation

Warsaw Ghetto

The largest of the overcrowded small sections of cities that could be walled off and guarded, established by the Nazis. Located in Poland.

Battle of the Bulge

The last German offensive on the western front.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

The last two heavily defended Japanese islands conquered by the United States in 1945

Saturation Bombing

The rapid release of a large number of bombs over a wide area.

Axis Powers

The name of the alignment formed by Japan, Germany, and Italy, along with their conquered territories. It was also used to include Germany's allies in the WWII.

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east.

Dubai

The rapidly expanding commercial and business capital of the middle east; in the united arab emirates

Battle of the Atlantic

The struggle for control of the sea routes around the United Kingdom during World War II.

Genocide

The systematic killing of a racial, political, or cultural group.

Okinawa

This island was also captured via amphibious landing. It resulted in the largest casualties for the Allied forces in the war with the introduction of the Japanese Kamikazes.

Nicolae Ceausescu

This militant communist leader of Romania attempted to keep his power by force, but was defeated and sent to the Hague to be executed by demand of a military court

Sudetenland

This was the Western part of Czechoslovakia that the Germans attempted to gain control of.

Allied Powers

This was the alignment formed by France and its empire, Great Britain and its Empire and Commonwealth allies, the Soviet Union, China and the United States and its allies in Latin America.

first scientific historian, wrote about the Peloponnesian war completely rejecting the idea that deities played a part in human history

Thucydides

Why was the world trade organization established?

To supervise free trade practices by all nations

Harry Truman

Took over as president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died.

In the 1800s in England, a conflict of opinion regarding labor reform involved the two main political parties. What were those political parties called?

Tories and Whigs.

Free Trade -

Trade between countries with NO TAXES/tariffs NAFTA

Cell Phones

Transmit and receive signals using high frequency microwaves. Signals are sent as microwaves to towers that then send the signal to a HUB. The HUB then transmits the signal to the receiving cell phone.

"Ich bin ein Berliner" is a quotation from a June 26, 1963 speech by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in West Berlin.

True

A key feature of terrorism is the deliberate and systematic use of violence against civilians with the aim of advancing political, religious, or ideological causes.

True

As result of the German invasions in Europe in 1939-1940, Japan decided the moment was to seize European territories in Asia.

True

By the Truman Doctrine (1947), the United States pledged to preserve friendly governments from communism.

True

Comfort women are best described as Chinese and Korean women forced into prostitution by the Japanese.

True

During the Cold War Era (1945-1990) the United States and the Soviet Union were reluctant to become involved in direct military conflict mainly because of the danger of nuclear destruction.

True

In 1949 Chiang Kai Shek and the Kuomintang government and its supporters fled mainland China for Taiwan.

True

In 1961, Ga·ga·rin Yuri Alekseyevich (1934-1968), a Soviet cosmonaut became the first person to travel in space.

True

In March 1938, Hitler forced Anschluss with Austria, justifying the annexation as an attempt to reintegrate all Germans into a single homeland.

True

In return for their support during the WWI, British proclaimed support for Jewish "homeland" in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917).

True

In the 1950s the Cold War helped inspire the "space race" when the Russians lunched the first satellite Sputnik.

True

India's second leader, Jawaharlal Nehru, differed from its first, Mahatma Gandhi, in that he believed Western-style industrialization was the way for India to avoid social anarchy at home.

True

International trade has proved to be a key driving force behind economic globalization.

True

Italian invasion of Ethiopia and the Japanese invasion of China were similar because they both used brutal warfare against civilians to achieve victory.

True

NATO and Warsaw Pact are both military alliance systems dominated by their respective "superpower."

True

One of the main reasons the Russians were able to defeat the Germans in World War II after loosing to them in World War I is because the country became more industrialized.

True

President Ronald Reagan's cold war rhetoric and budgets challenged détente and the Soviet ability to match U.S. spending, but internal changes in the communist world worked most effectively to bring an end to the communist system and the cold war.

True

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill coined this phrase to describe the division between free and repressed societies that he saw taking shape in Europe

Waves

Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy

waves

Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy

Which of these organizations has developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes?

World Trade Organization

What impact did World War II have on nationalist movements in Africa?

World War II impacted nationalist movements in Africa by sharpening them. Ex-soldiers made easy recruits and workers who were working in cities for defense industries became easy nationalist recruits.

1939

Year world war 2 started

The only European nation to escape Soviet domination after World War II was

Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito

Technocrat

a new breed of bureaucrat, often called this because of intense training in engineering or economics and because of a devotion to the power of national planning, came to the fore in government offices

Divine Right

a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subjects to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God

became the rule of greece and macedon at the age o f20, extremely well educated, tutored by aristotle

alexander the great

Constitutionalism

all are under the law; sees government as ruling by "the consent of the governed"

Dependency Theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones, by Prebisch

The Second Sex

a 1949 book by the French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir; one of her best-known books, it deals with the treatment of women throughout history and is often regarded as a major work

The Feminine Mystique

a 1963 book by Betty Friedan which is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States

Perestroika

a POLICY of economic restructuring

Iwo Jima

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

The U.S. secret weapon in the Pacific campaign was

a code-breaking operation known as Magic.

Alliance of 1778

a diplomatic treaty under which France aided the American Revolutionaries in their was against Britain

Holocaust

a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

The German Blitzkrieg referred to

a lightning war

government officials in athens were chosen by

a lottery

after 507 BC, the rights of citizenship in athens were granted to

all free men

The European nation with best area in Africa in terms of natural resources was

a. Italy c. France d. Belgium e. Portugal

At the beginning of the 20th century, in which country did the reformist non-Marxist Labour Party became an important force?

a. Spain. b. France. c. Britain. d. The United States.

How did the Mughal leaders respond in the 1600s to the arrival of the first Europeans, especially the British?

a. The Mughals thought the foreigners were a significant threat but could not do anything about it. b. The Mughals converted the newcomers to Islam which reduced the possibility of conflict. c. The Mughals settled into a comfortable trade relationship with the Europeans. e. The Mughals rose up in armed rebellion against the intruders.

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

The governing class in Western European cities in the 18th century was composed of

a. the military commanders responsible to the royal government. b. the aristocracy and the wealthiest commoners, who had intermarried. d. the masses of urban commoners who had obtained the vote. e. the few young people who were financially able to attend universities.

After European colonization, prestige in African villages shifted to

a. those who acquired wealth. b. individuals from respected lineages. c. those owning large herds of cattle. d. families which controlled land.

According to Mao, the Soviet leadership after Stalin

abandoned the true path of Marxism.

AIDS

acquired immune deficiency syndrome, attacks the immune system, weakening the body's defenses. Sub-Saharan Africa has by far the most cases and deaths.

first of the greek writers of tragedies, wrote over 90 plays including oresteia

aeschylus

military life for spartan boys started at age 7 and lasted until

age 60

All of the following contributed to the development of industrialization in the United States EXCEPT

b. individuals willing, even eager, to take risks in business. c. a shortage of risk capital.

comecon

communist alternative to the Marshall plan

In 1947, the United Nations proposed that Palestine should

be divided into Jewish and Arabic halves.

Newt Gingrich

became speaker of the house

negritude

blackness

Comfort Women

women forcibly recruited by the Japanese army to serve in military brothels

King Leopold II

called Africa"this magnificent African cake"; Congo

day of direct action

called for by Indian Muslim League during Indian negotiations w/ Brits for independence; this was basically a day of Muslim demonstrations that ended in the Great Calcutta Killing

The new age of global interconnectedness

carries the threat of mass media acting as a vehicle for cultural imperialism.

hasten

cause (something) to happen sooner than it otherwise would.

spanish civil war

civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government

Operating Barbarossa

code name for the axis June invasion of the Soviet Union

Napoleonic Settlement

collective name for the degrees and actions by napoleon between 1800-1808 that legalized and systematized many elements of the French Revolution

Anastacio Garcia

commander of the National guard of Nicaragua

cash crop

crops that are grown for sale rather than for consumption

What is meant by popular culture

cultural elements that reflect a group's common background and changing interests

Which of the following best describes the attention Europeans paid to traditional African ways?

disregard

Raj

period of British rule in India

aswan dam

dam across the Nile River in Egypt. Created Lake Nassar and helps to create more farmland. Built between 1960 and 1970.

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika referred to

decentralizing the economy

colonial powers expected newly independent countries to become

democratic

The Japanese goal in the bombing of Pearl Harbor was to

destroy the United States' naval capacity.

Blood Diamonds

diamonds that are sold on the black market, with the proceeds going to provide guns and ammunition for violent conflicts

vargas

dictator president of Brazil who turned his nation into a new state

the best known cynic, famous quote "get out of my sunlight"

diogenes

god of wine and fertility

dionysus

During the early 1900s, revisionists attempted to

introduce reforms through parliamentary acts rather than revolution.

how did gov. react to ANC boycotts and strikes

jailed nelson mandella

In the Battle of Okinawa, the Japanese introduced

kamikaze pilots

Steam

key to industrialization as a mechanical process

Amritsar Massacre

killing by British troops of nearly 400 Indians

aushwitz

largest Nazi death camp

Navigation Acts

laws regulating commerce with the British colonies in North America in favor of British

Financial Crisis

lead tot eh French Revolution and was set off by Frances participation in the American Revolution

Pahlavi

leader of Iran who was put into power by the CIA

Who put the most pressure on Britain and Germany to find new markets during the late 1800s?

leading industrialists

financial crisis

leading to the French Revolution and was set off by Frances participation in the American Revolution

The Suez Canal crisis of 1956, when the Egyptian government nationalized the canal

left Gamal Abdel Nasser as the leading figure in the Arab world.

Blitzkrieg

lightning war

evita

little Eva

Lebensraum

living space

Women's Revolution

loose alliance of women and feminist thinking that emerged in the United States and other developed countries during the late 1960s and persisted throughout the 1970s

Nelson Mandela

who had spent years as a prisoner in South Africa, won the Presidency

5

number of countries that have permanent veto power

Effective Occupation

of the principles established during the Berlin Conference of 1884 for recognizing colonial claims; Essentially , it required that for a claim to be made, an effective administrative and police presence had to be established in the territory in question

liberal

open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.

Deng Xiaoping

opened China to foreign, capitalist values.

Marco Polo Bridge

opening move of Japan in its undeclared war against China

vivisection

operation on a living animal for scientific investigation. Japan's unit 731 did this

United Nations

organization founded in 1945 to promote peace and security

the exiling of an undesirable athenian politician was called

ostracism

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

one problem caused by artificial colonial borders was that

people ignored borders

jihad

right and duty to defend Islam

In the years following French colonization there, Vietnam became a major exporter of

rubber and rice

Evita Peron

second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón and served as the First Lady of Argentina. Eva Perón used her position as first lady to fight for women's suffrage and improving the lives of the poor, and became a legendary figure in Argentine politics

Apartheid

separateness

Joint stock companies of the late 19th century brought about, most significantly,

separation of ownership and management.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

served on several influential committees, including one that developed a ground-breaking education-reform program

Declaration of Independence

severed the political connections between the thirteen original American colonies and Great Britain ; author- Thomas Jefferson

A massacre at_______________ caused ANC to move from nonviolent protest to armed struggle

sharpeville

What was the new source of energy that was key to industrialization as a mechanical process?

steam power

Nationalist leader in Gold Coast first tried to win independence from Britain using...

strikes and boycotts

Cartilage

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

unterseeboote

submarines used by Germans

Utilitarianism

taught that the greater good is whatever is best for the greatest number of people

Directory

the 5 member executive organ that governed France from 1795-1799 after the overthrow of the Jacobin

Cuban leader Fidel Castro asked for military help from the Soviets after

the Bay of Pigs invasion.

In the Balfour Declaration of 1917,

the British government committed itself to supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Luftwaffe

the German air force before and during World War II

Which of these was most responsible for the beginning of European recovery after World War II?

the Marshall Plan

The high point of appeasement was

the Munich agreement

Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

At the Wannsee Conference,

the Nazis decided to implement the "final solution" and murder all European Jews.

the city-state of sparta was located on a peninsula known as

the Peloponnesus

The earliest nongovernmental organization was

the Red Cross

The turning point of the World War II in Europe and Russian army came when

the Russians held the city of Stalingrad and pushed the Germans back, putting them on the defensive - the Battle of Stalingrad, 1942-1943.

Warsaw Pact

the Soviet Union organized this among its eastern European satellites in response to NATO

An important event took place in 1869 when

the Suez Canal opened

Marshall Plan

the U.S. proclaimed this, designed to provide loans to help Western nations rebuild from the war's devastation

The English and French were forced to withdraw from controlling the Suez Canal during the crisis in 1956 because

the United States condemned the attack and forced them to withdraw.

harijans

the Untouchables, "children of God"

Of these late 19th century developments, the one which most improved the daily lives of the average population was

the application of electrical power.

The United States' "war on terror" began in the wake of which of the following events?

the attacks on the U.S. World Trade Center and Pentagon

During the mid-1800s, Michael Bakunin developed what he called the "propaganda of the deed," which held that

the best and quickest way to draw people to anarchism was to provide a violent, dramatic act or acts to cause governments to tumble

Operation Restore Hope

to provide relief to famine-stricken Somalia

Reunification

to put back together (Germany)

In Iran, the most important crop to the British was which of the following?

tobacco

a greek play with an unhappy ending was a

tragedy

Under FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, the United States

treated Latin countries more like sovereign countries than like colonies.

an ancient roman official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights against the wealthy

tribune

Satyagraha

truth and firmness

Ligament

type of connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Tendon

type of connective tissue that connects muscles to bone

Before the IR

used man power to work

Empirical Method

using empirical data to establish scientific truth

The Bandung Conference

was a precursor to the Nonalignment Movement.

Kenneth Starr

was an Independent Counsel member who investigated Clinton

The Warsaw Pact

was formed in response to NATO

Lord Charles Corwallis

was put in charge of the Indian possessions in 1786; fired all corrupt company employees

Democratic Manifesto

was the declaration of Right of Man and Citizen of the French Revolution

New Feminism

wave of women's rights agitation that emphasized literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female

WMDs

weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological, and chemical)

In 18th-19th century Europe, servants

were found only in upper-class households.

Great Calcutta Killing

were four days of massive Hindu-Muslim riots in the capital of Bengal, India, resulting in 5,000 to 10,000 dead, and some 15,000 wounded, between August 16 and 19, 1946. These riots are probably the most notorious single massacre of the 1946-47 period, during which large-scale violence occurred in many parts of India

Los Angeles Riot

were in response to the acquitted beating of Rodney King which disheartened many people

females in the polis of sparta

were trained in gymnastics