373 Midterm 1

Which neuron would be strongly stimulated the stretch of a muscle? Question 8 options: 1a afferent Alpha motor neuron 1b afferent Gamma motor neuron

1a afferent

You have decided to put your best foot forward, the right one. Put the following structures in the order that describes the direction that neural information travels for this voluntary movement. 1. Lateral corticospinal tract 2. Ventral horn gray matter 3. Medulla 4. Primary motor cortex 5. Midbrain 6. Ventral root Question 10 options: a) 4, 5, 3, 1, 2, 6 b) 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 6 c) 4, 3, 5, 1, 6, 2 d) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6 e) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3, 6

a) 4, 5, 3, 1, 2, 6

the intensity of a stimulus is typically communicated to the CNS by... a) frequency of action potentials b) amplitude of action potentials c) graded potentials

a) frequency of action potentials

The brainstem consists of the ... Question 6 options: a) midbrain, pons, medulla b) pons, medulla and cerebellum c) midbrain, pons, medulla, spinal cord d) thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla e) pons, medulla and spinal cord

a) midbrain, pons, medulla

The cutaneous sensory receptors that would be used for reading *Braille would have _____ receptive fields, and ascend to the brain via the ________. *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille Question 3 options: a) large, spinothalamic tract b) small, dorsal columns c) small, corticospinal tract d) large, dorsal columns e) small, spinothalamic tract

b) small, dorsal columns

Which of the following is/are true about the fovea? Question 10 options: a) Sensitivity in low light conditions is achieved by having many photoreceptor cells at the fovea converge on a given ganglion cell b) It is densely populated with rods c) Receptive fields are very small d) a and c e) a, b and c

c) Receptive fields are very small

A hormone traveling in the bloodstream... Question 4 options: a) Travels only to cells with receptors for that hormone b) Is drawn to cells bearing its receptors by chemical forces c) Travels to all cells but elicits responses only in cells with receptors for that hormone

c) Travels to all cells but elicits responses only in cells with receptors for that hormone

Paracrine and endocrine regulation can be distinguished by... a) location of the receptor on the target cell b) cell type that responds to the signal c) method of transport from secreting cell to target cell

c) method of transport from secreting cell to target cell

The blood-brain barrier... a) consists of specialized blood vessels in the neck, in which the endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions b) refers to a narrowing of the carotid arteries that regulate what can enter the brain c) refers to tightly sealed capillaries which are surrounded by the foot processes of glial cells called astrocytes

c) refers to tightly sealed capillaries which are surrounded by the foot processes of glial cells called astrocytes

Muscle tension is monitored by... Question 7 options: a) muscle spindles b) tendons c) extrafusal muscle fibres d) Golgi tendon organs

d) Golgi tendon organs

You are a passenger in a car driving down Columbia at a constant speed. Upon spotting a family of geese crossing the road, the driver hits the brakes. Hair cells in the ______ would be strongly stimulated by this event. Question 7 options: a) cochlear duct b) semicircular canals c) retina d) utricle e) both b and d

d) utricle

The olfactory bulb is... Question 1 options: a) The first structure encountered by olfactory information entering the brain b) The sensory epithelium that lines the back of the nasal cavity c) The structure in which second order neurons that have received neural input form olfactory receptor neurons continue on to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory tract d) The region of the cerebral cortex in which olfactory information is processed e) Both a and c

e) Both a and c

Both norepinephrine (NE) and phenylephrine, a drug used as a decongestant, bind to alpha1 adrenergic receptors and elicit the same response. In this context, NE is _____ of phenylephrine. Question 10 options: a) An agonist b) An inhibitor c) An agonist and blocker d) An antagonist e) An antagonist and competitor

a) An agonist

You are at home cooking some pasta with tomato sauce when all of a sudden you spill some scalding sauce on your LEFT foot! Choose the option that best describes the pathway taken by the sensory information that will be interpreted as pain. Dorsal root -> 1. Dorsal columns 2. Dorsal horn gray matter 3. Synapse in medulla 4. Left somatosensory cortex 5. Right somatosensory cortex 6. Left spinothalamic tract 7. Right spinothalamic tract 8. Synapse in thalamus Question 5 options: a) 2, 6, 3, 8, 4 b) 2, 7, 8, 5 c) 2, 6, 3, 8, 5 d) 2, 7, 3, 8, 5 e) 2, 1, 3, 8, 5

b) 2, 7, 8, 5

Information detected by fine touch receptors in the right hand travel via the ___________ to the ______________. Question 4 options: a) dorsal columns, frontal lobe b) dorsal columns, somatosensory cortex c) dorsal columns, primary motor cortex d) corticospinal tract, somatosensory cortex e) spinothalamic tract, temporal lobe

b) dorsal columns, somatosensory cortex

During embryonic development, the neural tissue rolls up into a tube, forming a hollow neural tube that will form the _______. Question 1 options: a) brain b) spinal cord c) central nervous system d) autonomic nervous system e) peripheral nervous system

c) central nervous system

In the mammalian retina, action potentials are generated in... Question 9 options: a) rods and cones b) bipolar cells c) ganglion cells d) a and c e) a, b and c

c) ganglion cells

The mammalian retina is said to be 'inverted' because... Question 8 options: a) Photoreceptor cells are depolarized in the dark, and respond to light by releasing less neurotransmitter b) Neural information flows through retinal neurons backwards, from axons to dendrites c) The image that forms on the retina is upside down or inverted d) The photoreceptor cells are at the back of the retina, furthest from light entering the eye, with their light-sensing ends facing away from entering light

d) The photoreceptor cells are at the back of the retina, furthest from light entering the eye, with their light-sensing ends facing away from entering light

When a rod cell is being stimulated by light... Question 11 options: a) The chromophore retinal is in the all trans form b) Cyclic GMP levels are high c) Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels close d) a and c e) a, b and c

d) a and c

Second messengers can be... Question 6 options: a) Modified nucleotides b) Produced from membrane phospholipids c) Ions d) All of the above

d) All of the above

The blood-brain barrier ... Question 3 options: a) consists of cerebral capillaries that are more tightly sealed than other capillaries in the body b) is a major barrier to lipophilic substances that do not have carrier proteins / channels to take them across endothelial cells c) involves a relationship between glial cells called astrocytes and endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries d) a and c e) a, b and c

d) a and c

Wilder Penfield is known for ... Question 8 options: a) a neurosurgical procedure for the treatment of severe epilepsy. b) his contributions to the varsity basketball program at Princeton. c) creating maps of the sensory and motor cortices of the brain. d) a and c e) a, b and c

d) a and c

cool sensation associated with mint detected by.... a) free nerve endings expressing TRP channels b) taste receptor cells in taste buds at edges of tongue expressing capsaicin receptors c) sensory neurons that also respond to cool temps d) a and c e) all of the above

d) a and c

Glucagon, a protein hormone, acts via a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that acts via increasing intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. In the situation above, which components would be considered the first and second messengers, respectively? Question 8 options: a) Glucagon, cyclic AMP b) G-protein, cyclic AMP c) G-protein coupled receptor, adenylyl cyclase d) G-protein, Gα subunit e) Glucagon, adenylyl cyclase

a) Glucagon, cyclic AMP

You are snow-blowing your land lady's driveway in exchange for a rent reduction. The ________ are the cutaneous sensory receptors that are most strongly stimulated by the vibration. Question 2 options: a) Pacinian corpuscles b) Meissner's corpuscles c) free nerve endings d) Merkel receptors e) muscle spindles

a) Pacinian corpuscles

A second messenger participates in a signal transduction pathway by... Question 7 options: a) Relaying a message from the cytosolic side of the membrane throughout the cytosol b) Dampening the message once the signal molecule has left the receptor c) Transporting a signal molecule through the hydrophobic plasma membrane d) Relaying a signal from the outside to the inside of the plasma membrane e) Relaying a message by phosphorylating downstream proteins

a) Relaying a message from the cytosolic side of the membrane throughout the cytosol

Afferent fibres that transmit information about a dull ache in your arm are likely to be... Question 6 options: a) Small diameter and unmyelinated b) Large diameter and. myelinated c) Small diameter and myelinated d) Large diameter and unmyelinated

a) Small diameter and unmyelinated

Sweet tastes are detected when ... Question 3 options: a) Sugars bind to G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the membranes of taste receptor cells and initiate a signal transduction cascade leading to Ca influx and release of ATP that acts on the primary afferent neuron b) Sugars bind to and bend mechano-sensitive membrane proteins on taste receptor hair cells, causing opening of mechanically-gated channels, Ca influx and release of ATP that acts on the primary afferent neuron c) Sugars enter taste receptor cells, depolarizing the cells and leading to release of release of ATP that acts on the primary afferent neuron d) Sugars bind to ion channel proteins expressed on the plasma membranes of taste receptor cells leading to Ca influx and release of ATP that acts on the primary afferent neuron

a) Sugars bind to G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the membranes of taste receptor cells and initiate a signal transduction cascade leading to Ca influx and release of ATP that acts on the primary afferent neuron

The first order or upper motor neuron carrying information that will direct voluntary movement of the right foot will travel in the spinal cord in the ________, crossing at the level of the ______. Question 11 options: a) lateral corticospinal tract, medulla b) anterior (ventromedial) corticospinal tract, spinal segment c) dorsal columns, medulla d) anterior (ventromedial) corticospinal tract, medulla e) lateral corticospinal tract, spinal segment

a) lateral corticospinal tract, medulla

A blockage of the median aperture of the fourth ventricle would be expected to cause ... Question 2 options: a) increased intracranial pressure b) enlargement of ventricles c) hydrocephalus d) Any/all of the above

d) Any/all of the above

Once it enters intestinal epithelial cells, cholera toxin will... Question 9 options: a) Act on a trimeric G protein to prevent dissociation of the α subunit from the βγ subunit b) Inhibit secretion of water into the intestinal lumen c) Inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity d) Block GTPase activity of the Gα subunit e) b and d

d) Block GTPase activity of the Gα subunit

Rank the following senses with respect to how slowly their information travels to the CNS (slowest to fastest). Fast pain, Fine touch, Muscle length Question 10 options: a) Fine touch < fast pain < muscle length b) Muscle length < fine touch < fast pain c) Fine touch < muscle length < fast pain d) Fast pain < fine touch < muscle length e) Muscle length < fast pain < fine touch

d) Fast pain < fine touch < muscle length

What event is common to ALL signal transduction pathways? Question 3 options: a) Protons are transferred between molecules b) Calcium ions bind to/activate proteins c) Phosphates are transferred between molecules d) Proteins change in conformation/activity e Cyclic nucleotides are formed

d) Proteins change in conformation/activity

Activation of gamma motor neurons... Question 9 options: a) Tightens the intrafusal muscle fibres b) Inhibits muscle contraction in certain reflexes c) Typically occurs when the associated alpha motor neurons are activated d) a and c e) a, b and c

d) a and c

detection of sound, the ion channels that transduce mechanical stimulation into receptor potentials are located on the... a) stereocilia of cochlear hair cells b) tectorial membrane c) hair cells of the semicircular canals d) primary afferent neurons e) basilar membrane

a) stereocilia of cochlear hair cells

A given signal molecule... Question 1 options: a) Will elicit the same response regardless of the receptor type b) May elicit different responses in different target cells or after binding with different receptor types c) Will elicit the same response regardless of the target cell type

b) May elicit different responses in different target cells or after binding with different receptor types

Which of the following is/are TRUE about olfaction? Question 2 options: a) Olfaction is mediated by modified epithelial cells that synapse with primary afferent neurons b) Olfactory receptor neurons express one unique type of odorant receptor protein c) Olfactory information travels from the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity to a thalamic relay en route to the olfactory bulb d) Each odour binds to and activates one unique type of odorant receptor protein e) Both b and d are true

b) Olfactory receptor neurons express one unique type of odorant receptor protein

Sympathetic preganglionic fibres originate in ... Question 5 options: a) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, white matter b) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter c) the brainstem d) cranial and sacral segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter e) Both b and d

b) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord, lateral horn gray matter

Would a person who is blind due to trauma to the occipital lobe have a normal pupillary light reflex? Question 12 options: a) No, the pupil of the eye that is directly exposed to the light would constrict, but there would be no consensual response of the other eye b) Yes, but only if they are exposed to particularly bright light c) Yes, their pupils would likely be 'equal and reactive to light' d) No, no blind person could possibly have a reflex response to light

c) Yes, their pupils would likely be 'equal and reactive to light'

A signal molecule needs a second messenger if... Question 5 options: a) It travels to its target via the bloodstream b) It readily crosses the plasma membrane and binds to a receptor in the cytosol c) It cannot cross the plasma membrane d) Both (b) and (c) are true

c) It cannot cross the plasma membrane

What is a key difference between a local (paracrine) regulator and a hormone? Question 2 options: a) The signal transduction pathways of local regulators do not involve second messengers; pathways triggered by hormones do involve second messengers b) Local regulators are small, hydrophobic molecules; hormones are either large polypeptides or steroids c) Local regulators diffuse to neighbouring cells; hormones usually travel throughout the body to distant target cells d) Local regulators initiate short-term responses; hormones trigger longer-lasting responses e) Local regulators often open ligand-gated channels and affect ion concentrations in cells; hormones bind with intracellular receptors and affect gene expression

c) Local regulators diffuse to neighbouring cells; hormones usually travel throughout the body to distant target cells

The event most closely associated with the initiation of the pressure wave within the perilymph of the vestibular duct is... Question 4 options: a) Movement of movement of the basilar membrane b) Vibration of the tympanic membrane c) Vibration of the oval window d) Movement of the bony ossicles e) Vibration of the round window

c) Vibration of the oval window

Spinal nerves... a) are associated with each segment of the spinal cord b) exit the brain stem as cranial nerves c) contain axons of both sensory and motor neurons d) a and c e) all of the above

d) a and c

detection of odors (versus sweetness) a) receptor proteins that detect odorants expressed on bipolar neurons (vs modified epithelial cells) b) olfactory information transduced via GPCRs (vs ligand-gated ion channels) c) olfactory information goes to the relevant cortical region without a thalamic relay (vs with thalamic relay) d) a and c e) all of the above

d) a and c

The corticospinal tracts carry ... Question 7 options: a) ascending motor information in the white matter of the spinal cord b) ascending sensory information in the white matter of the spinal cord c) descending sensory information in the white matter of the spinal cord d) descending motor information in the white matter of the spinal cord

d) descending motor information in the white matter of the spinal cord

You have stepped on a tack with your bare left foot. What type of receptors would detect the information related to pain you experience? Question 1 options: a) Ruffini corpuscles b) Pacinian corpuscles c) Merkel receptors d) Meissner's corpuscles e) Free nerve endings

e) Free nerve endings

Factors believed to contribute to the perceived pitch of a sound include... Question 6 options: a) The location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane b) The amplitude of action potentials travelling in primary afferent neurons in the auditory nerve c) The frequency of action potentials travelling in primary afferent neurons in the auditory nerve d) The direction of bend of hair cell stereocilia e) a and c

e) a and c

The cerebrum refers to ... Question 9 options: a) the region in the brain that receives somatosensory information b) a deep brain structure involved in integrating sensory information and memory c) the highly folded outermost layer of gray matter surrounding the brain d) a brain region best known for coordination of motor function. e) a large forebrain region that features a thin, highly folded layer of gray matter on the outside and several subcortical structures within

e) a large forebrain region that features a thin, highly folded layer of gray matter on the outside and several subcortical structures within

Which statement(s) is/are true about the stimulation of hair cells in the organ of Corti? Question 5 options: a) Vibration of the oval window causes a fluid pressure wave within the vestibular duct b) The fluid pressure wave pushes on the tectorial membrane, bending the hair cell cilia that are embedded in it c) Bending of stereocilia as a result of the fluid wave causes opening or closing of ion channels, a change in neurotransmitter release and a change in action potential frequency in the primary afferent neuron d) a and c e) a, b and c

e) a, b and c

shining a light into the right eye would result in... a) APs along fibers in optic nerve to right eye b) APs along fibers in oculomotor nerves of both eyes c) constriction of the circular (sphincter) muscles regulating the pupils of both eyes d) a and c e) all of the above

e) all of the above

The dorsal root ganglia contain... Question 4 options: a) ascending sensory tracts b) cell bodies of somatic motor neurons c) descending motor tracts d) cell bodies of autonomic effector neurons e) cell bodies of somatosensory neurons

e) cell bodies of somatosensory neurons