3810 - Final Exam
Orronoko, or, the Royal Slave Aphra Behn
" 'And why,' said he, 'my dear friends and fellow sufferers, should we be slaves to an unknown people? Have they vanquished us nobly in fight? Have they won us in honorable battle? And are we by the chance of war become their slaves? This would not anger a noble heart, this would not animate a soldier's soul; no, ut we are bought and sold like apes or monkeys, to be the sport of women, fools, and cowards, and the support of rogues, runagades, that have abandoned their own countries for rapine, murders, thefts, and villainies.' "
On the Morning of Christ's Nativity (John Milton)
25: "He feels from Judah's land The dreaded Infant's hand, The rays of Bethlehem blind his dusky eyne; Nor all the gods beside Longer dare abide, Not Typhon huge, ending in snaky twine; Our Babe, to show his godhead true Can in his swaddling bands control the damned crew." Notes: - how the gods recognize how a real god came into a world, not actually God's but demons - End of poem is showing that Christ is not the only god who dies - all the other gods die with him
On the Morning of Christ's Nativity (John Milton)
7: "And though the shady gloom Had given day her room, The sun himself withheld his wonted speed, And hid his head for shame As his inferior flame The new-enlightened world no more should need; He saw a greater Sun appear Than his bright throne or burning axletree could bear" Notes: - Milton is knitting together pastural - one son is giving way with another son
A Lady's Dressing Room (Jonathan Swift)
"But oh! it ruined poor Strephon's bowels, When he beheld and melt the towels" Notes: - does he really no know what he is going to find?
The Holdfast (George Herbert) (1st two stanzas)
"I threatened to observe the strict decree Of my dear God with all my power and might. But I was told by one, it could not be; Yet I might trust in God to be my light. Then will I trust, said I, in him alone. Nay, ev'n to trust in him, was also his; We must confess, that nothing is our own. Then I confess that he may succor is." Notes: - line 6-7 "Nay, even to trust in him, was also his..." - responding voice, nothing is our own, God puts your faith in him
Inviting a Friend to Supper Ben Jonson Author Audience
"I'll tell you of more, and lie, so you will come: of partridge, pheasant, woodcock, of which some may yet be there; and godwit if we can, knot rail, and ruff too."
Prayer (1) (George Herbert)
"Prayer, the church's banquet; angels' age, God's breath in man returning to his birth; The soul in paraphrase, heart in pilgrimage; The Christian plummet, sounding heaven and earth" Notes: - is this sincere? Herbert was insanely religious, so not sure if this is sincere - this poem is a list of things that are all definitions of 'prayer' - the concept of prayer changes as the poem progresses - a verb that is not present throughout the poem: "is"
Orronoko, or, the Royal Slave Aphra Behn
"So that they being, on all occasions, very useful to us, we find it absolutely necessary to caress 'em as friends, and not to treat 'em as slaves; nor dare we do other, their numbers so far surpassing ours in that continent."
Volpone, or The Fox Ben Jonson Volpone Mosca
"Such are thy beauties and our loves. Dear saint, riches, the dumb god, that givs't all men tongues, that canst do naught and yet maks't men do all things, the price of souls; even hell, with thee to boot, is made worth heaven! Thou art virtue, fame, honor, and all things else. Who can get thee, he shall be noble, valiant, honest, wise-- And what he will sir, riches are in fortune a greater good than wisdom is in nature"
On the Morning of Christ's Nativity (John Milton)
19: "The oracles are dumb; No voice or hideous hum Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving." Notes: - melancholy in these lost rituals - good news: deceptions are gone
Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (C:2685)
Machinery: effeminization of cosmos that whole other world is the spirit of ladies Both appropriated miltonic machinery, but says it's just what happens to women Taxonomy of women on earth; and all other wordly taxonomy of women('s spirits)
Orronoko, or, the Royal Slave
Aphra Behn
Jordan (1) (George Herbert) (B:1712): author
George Herbert
Notes on the State of Virginia
Thomas Jefferson
On Being Brought from Africa to America Phyllis Wheatley Phyllis Wheatley Audience
"'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, taught my benighted soul to understand that there's a God, there's a Savior too: once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, "Their color is a diabolic die." Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, May be refin'd and join th' angelic train"
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"...to dress herself as near as she could in the fashion of those women who make sale of their favors" Notes - wonders what it would be like to be a prostitute - she is innocent because she wonders why she should not act and dress like a prostitute - she is drawn to this world of prostitution so her innocence is taken away from her
Two Treatises of Government (John Locke) chap. IX, "Of the Ends of Political Society and Government"
"123. If a man in the state of nature be so free, as has been said; if he be absolute lord of his own person and possessions, equal to the greatest and subject to body, why will be part with his freedom? Why will he give up this empire, and subject himself to the minion and control of any other power? To which is obvious to answer that though in the state os nature he hath such a right, yet the enjoyment of it is very uncertain and constantly exposed to the invasion of others; for all being kinds as much as he, every man his equal, and the greater part no strict observers of equity and justice, the enjoyment of the property he has in this state is very unsafe, very insecure. This makes him willing to quit this condition, which however free is full of ears and continual dangers: and that not without reason that he seeks out and is willing to join in society with torahs who are already united or have a mind to unite for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties, and estates, which I call by the general name, property." Notes: - you give up extreme form of freedom in order to work with others - why would anyone leave the state of nature? - Milton's questions - "lives, liberty, and estates, which I call by the general name, property" - frameworks of the Declaration of Independence and other documents
Two Treatises of Government (John Locke) chap. IX, "Of the Ends of Political Society and Government"
"130. Secondly, the power of punishing he wholly gives up, and engages his natural force, which he might before employ in the execution of the law of nature, by his own single authority, as he thought fit, to assist the executive power of the society, as the law thereof shall require. For being now in a new state wherein he is to enjoy many conveniences from the labor, assistance, and society of others int eh same community, as well as protection from its whole strength; he is to part also with as much of his natural liberty in providing for himself, as the good, property, and safety of the society shall require; which is not only necessary but just, since the other members of the society do the like." Notes: - Milockian view: Milton and Locke's view - new state --> political or social state - Locke's vision of the social world
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"And shook his throne. What though the field be lost? All is not lost; the unconquerable will, And study of revenge, mortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome? That glory never shall his wrath or might Exort from me. To bow and sue for grace With suppliant knee, and deify his power Who from the terror of this arm so late Doubted his empire, that were low indeed, That were an ignominy and shame beneath This downfall; since by fate the strength of gods And this empyreal substance cannot fail, Since through experience of this great event In arms not worse, in foresight much advanced We may with more successful hope resolve To wage by force our guile eternal war Irreconcilable, to our grand foe, Who now triumph, and in h'excess of joy Sole reigning holds the tyranny of Heav'n." notes: - "sole reigning holds the tyranny of Heav'n" - particular clarity in last line, Milton's impatience with Monarchy
Two Treatises of Government (John Locke), chap. IV, "Of Slavery"
"22. The natural liberty of an is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of nature for his rule. The liberty of man in society is to be under no other legislative power, but that established, by consent, in the common-wealth; nor under the dominion of any will, or restraint of any law, but what that legislative shall enact, according to the trust put in it. Freedom then is not what Sir R. F. tells us, O.A. 55 'A liberty for every one to do what he lists, to live as he pleases, and not to be tied by any laws': but freedom of men under government is to have a standing rule to live by, common to every one of that society, and made by the legislative power erected in it, a liberty to follow my own will in all things, where the rule prescribes not, not to be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, arbitrary will of another man; as freedom of nature is to be under no other restraint but the law of nature" Notes: - Locke is imagining human beginnings (not language of Adam and Eve) - type of freedom - no natural hierarchy in the natural world - the word "but" is used many times throughout this paragraph - meaning behind this: you are not completely free because of the constraint of nature - man is free by nature, we need to restore our original selves with our social and political selves
Two Treatises of Government (John Locke), chap. IV, "Of Slavery"
"23. This freedom from absolute, arbitrary power is so necessary to and closely joined with a man's preservation that he cannot part with it but by what forfeits his preservation and life together. For a man, not having the power of his own life, cannot by compact or his own consent enslave himself to any one, nor put himself under the absolute, arbitrary power of another, to take away his life when he pleases. Nobody can give more power than he has himself; and he that cannot take away his own life cannot give another power over it. Indeed having, by his fault, forfeited his own life by some act that deserves death; he to whom he has forfeited it may (when he has him in his power) to delay to take it, and make use of him to his own service and he does him no injury by it. For whenever he finds the hardship of his slavery out-weigh the value of his life, tis in his power by resisting the will of his master to draw on himself the death he desires. 24. This is the perfect condition for slavery, which is nothing else but the state of war continued between a lawful conqueror and a captive." Notes: - according to Locke, we are all the same - this is why you can't injure someone who has been enslaved, because slavery has injured them emotionally enough - you can voluntarily give up your freedoms but natural law will not let you give yourself up to slavery because this is more unnatural than suicide - 24.: saw this in Oronooko
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"A nice and subtle happiness I see Thou to thyself proposest, in the choice Of thy associates, Adam, and wilt taste NO pleasure, though in pleasure, solitary. What thunk's thou then of me, and this my state? Notes: - Speaker: God - Addressee: Adam - well if you think you're lonely, how do you think I feel?
Fantomina: (Eliza Haywood)
"A young lady of distinguished birth, beauty, wit, and spirit, happened to be in a box one night at the playhouse; where, though there were a great number of celebrated toasts, she perceived several gentlemen extremely pleased themselves with entertaining a woman who sat in a corner of the put and, by her air and manner of receiving them, might easily be known to be one of those who come there for no other purpose, than to create acquaintance with as many as seem desirous of it. She could not help testifying her contempt of men who, regardless either roof the play or circle, throw away their time in such a manner, to some ladies that sat by her. By they, either less surprised by being more accustomed to such sights than she who had been bred for the most part in the country, or not of he disposition to consider anything very deeply, took but little notice of it." Notes: - Free and direct discourse (3rd person) - We don't know who this woman is
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself
"After we had discharged our cargo there we took in live cargo, as we call a cargo of slaves. Here I sold my goods tolerably well; but, not being able to layout all my money in this small island to as much advantage as in many other places, I laid out only part, and the remainder I brought away with me neat." Notes: - He takes on live cargo - people do this so they can buy cheap and sell for more (name of the game) - The only thing available is the to buy is slaves - He only laid out some of his money, meaning he didn't want to buy as many slaves as he could have (because he is putting himself in the place he already was) - He is seeing a vision of his future (melancholy side/dark side of the story) - shows how closed the capitalist system is and how you can never get out of it
The Passionate Shepard to His Love (Marlowe): p. 1126 line 9-12
"And I will make thee beds of roses And a thousand fragrant posies A cap of flowers, and a kirtle Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle A gown made of the finest wool Which from our pretty lambs we pull; Fair linèd slippers for the cold, With buckles of the purest gold; A belt of straw and ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs: And if these pleasures may thee move, Come live with me, and be my love." Notes: - 'erotic wonderland' of beds and roses - offering her clothes - "leaves of myrtle" - leaves of myrtle will be sewed into the dress - "A belt" - question is whether this is a pretty dress that had the pattern of leaves embroidered or if the leaves are physically sewed into it - talking about clothes because you know that under the clothes are nakedness so clothes are sexy - **we don't know if his persuasion worked
Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (C:2685)
"And now unveiled the toilet stands displayed, each silver vase in mystic order laid. First, robed in white, the nymph intent adores, with head uncovered, the cosmetic powers.A heavenly image in the glass appears, to that she bends, to that her eyes she rears. The inferior priestess, at her altar's side, trembling begins the sacred rites of Pride" pope imitating moments when even comes to consciousness Fetishism Cosmetic activity : network of exploitation and retail Degree to which femininity is totally artificial; almost histrionic in its depiction Nothing natural about it To always look blushing→ USE BLUSH Acting like body is a blank slate We should always look a little in shock; innocent; as if we heard something crude and our small, innocent selves can't help but blush
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"Hail holy Light, offspring of Heav'n firstborn, Or of h'Eternal coeternal beam May I express thee unblamed? Since God is light"
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"As I bent down to look, just opposite, A shape within the wat'ry gleam appeared Bending to look on me, I started back, It started back, but pleased I soon returned, Pleased it returned as soon with answering looks Of sympathy and love; there I had fixed Mine eyes till now, and pined with vain desire, Had not a voice thus warned me, 'What thou sees, What there thou sees fair creature is thyself, With thee it came and goes: but follow me, And I will bring thee where no shadow stays Thy coming, and thy soft embraces, he Whose image thou art, him thou shall enjoy Inseparably thine, to him shalt bear Multitudes like thyself, and thence be called Mother of human race': what could I do, But follow straight invisibly thus led? Till I espied thee, fair indeed and tall, Under a plantan, yet methought less fair, Less winning soft, less amiably mild, Than that smooth wat'ry image; back I turned, Thou following cried't aloud, 'Return fair Eve, Whom fli'st thou? Whom thou fli'st, of him thou art, His flesh, his bone; tog I've thee being I lent Out of my side to thee, nearest my heart Substantial life, to have thee by my side Henceforth an individual solace dear; Part of my soul I seek thee, and thee claim My other half: with that thy gentle hand Seized mine, I yielded, and from that time see How beauty is excelled by manly grace And wisdom, which alone is truly fair." Notes: - line 465-472: "Of sympathy and love; there i had fixed..." - learning about how women are naturally inferior - can't help but acknowledge other parts of the poem that show that women aren't inferior enough - line 472-475: "Whose image thou art, him thou shall enjoy..." - Correction: angel shows Eve that she is just an image of someone else and that she will do better if she goes back into the hierarchy and has kids - line 485-491: "Substantial life, to have thee by my side..." - Eve knows what she wants, he has been named and she has not, Adam needs her to be whole
Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift (Jonathan Swift):
"As Rochefoucauld his maxims drew From nature, I believe 'em true: They argue no corrupted mind In him; the fault is in mankind." Notes: - starts by defending satirist - already a debate - self meditation on self describing nature - problem is not with him, it's with mankind
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (Thomas Gray)
"Beneath those rugged elms, that yew tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap, Each in his narrow cell forever laid, The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep. The creepy call of incense-breathing Morn, The shallow twittering from the straw-built shed, The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, Or buy housewife play her evening care; No children run to lisp their sire's return, Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share. Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke; How jocund did they drive their team afield! How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!"
The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd (Sir Walter Ralegh)
"But could youth last and love still breed, had joys no date nor age no need, Then these delights my ind might move To live with thee and be thy love." Notes: - Ralegh leaves open the possibility that if we tell the truth and if we live forever get together - the pleasures he talks about, he is talking Marlow - pleasures = beds of roses, etc. - not only is Marlow's logic wrong but it's a lie - Marlow: what seems is a no, turns it around and makes it a yes (we are going to die, so we should get together)
Notes on the State of Virginia Thomas Jefferson Jefferson Audience
"But never yet could I find that a black had uttered a thought above the level of plain narration; never see even an elementary trait of painting or sculpture. In music they are more generally gifted than the whites with accurate ears for tune and time, and they have been found capable of imagining a small catch. Whether they will be equal to the composition of a more extensive run of melody, or of complicate harmony, is yet to be proved. Misery is often the parent of the most affecting touches in poetry.--Among blacks is misery enough. God knows, but no poetry."
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"Each thing on earth; and other care perhaps May have diverted from continual watch Our great Forbidder, safe with all his spies About him. But to Adam in what sort Shall I appear? Shall I to him make known As yet my change, and give him to partake Full happiness with me, or rather not, But keep the odds of knowledge in my power Without copartner? so to add what wants In female sex, the more to draw his love, And render me more equal, and perhaps, A thing not undesirable, sometime Superior; for inferior who is free?" Notes: - Eve thinks that if she doesn't let him eat the apple, that her and Adam will be equal - she retains knowledge from him - Certain instances will be his superior (wants sovereignty) - Eve tries to put herself at the top of the hierarchy
A Lady's Dressing Room (Jonathan Swift)
"Five hours (and who can do it less in?) By haughty Celia spent in dressing, The goddess from her chamber issues, Arrayed in lace, brocade, and tissues. Strephon, who found the room was void, And Betty otherwise employed, Stole in, and took a strict survey Of all the litter as it lay; Whereof, to make the matter clear, an inventory follows here." Notes: - line 1-3: "Five hours (and who can do it less in?)..." - satire happening - Celia thinks she's a goddess - The narrator describes the foundation at which femininity is raised
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"Fortune in this export was extremely on her side; there were no others of the male sex in the house than an old gentleman who had lost the use of his limbs with the rheumatism, and had come thither for the benefit of the waters, and her beloved Beaplaisir; so that she was in no apprehensions of any amorous violence, but where she wished to find it. Nor were her designs disappointed. He was fired with the first sight of her; and though he did not presently take any farther notice of her than giving her two or three heat kisses, yet she, who now understood that language but too well, easily saw they were the prelude to more substantial joys." Notes: - she dresses up as a slutty maid - saying that there are too men in the house: Beauplaisir and an old man, but she doesn't have to worry about the old man
Volpone, or The Fox Ben Jonson Volpone Mosca
"Good morning to the day, and, next, my gold! Open the shrine that I may see my saint. Hail the world's soul, and mine! More glad than is the teeming earth to see the longed-for sun peep through the horns of the celestial Ram"
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"He answered her in terms perfectly polite; but made not offer of that which, perhaps, she expected, though could not, now informed of her daughter's proceedings, demand. He assured her, however, that if she would commit the newborn lady to his care, he would discharge it faithfully. He continued to visit there, to inquire after her health every day; but the old lady perceiving there was nothing likely to ensure from these civilizes but, perhaps, a renewing of the crime, she entreated him to refrain; and as soon as her daughter was in a condition, sent her to a monastery in France, the abbess of which had been her particular friend. And thus ended an intrigue which, considering time it lasted, was as full of variety as any, perhaps, that many ages has produced." Notes: - he now knows everything about her that she just wants to dress up and foreplay - if her mom had't showed up she would have been able to do what she wants, but she was sent to a monastery
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"He compelled her to sit on his lap; and gazing on her blushing beauties, which, if possible, received addition from her plain and rural dress, he soon lost the power of containing himself. His wild desires burst out in all his words and actions: he called her little angel, cherubim, swore he must enjoy her, though death were to be the consequence, devoured her lips, her breasts with greedy kisses, held to his burning bosom her half-yielding, half-relecetuant body, nor suffered her to get loose till he had ravaged all, and glutted each rapacious sense with the sweet beauties of the pretty Celia, for that was the name she bored in this second expedition. Generous as liberality itself to all who gave him joy this way, he gave her a handsome sum of gold, which she durst not now refuse, for fear of creating some mistrust, and losing the heart she so late had regained;therefore taking it with an humble curtsey, and a well counterfeit show of surprise and joy, cried, O law, Sir! what must I do for all this? He laughed at her simplicity and kissing her again, though less fervently than he had done before, bad her not be out of the way when he came home at night. She promised she would not, and very obediently kept her word." Notes: - compulsion and reluctance - only receiving money because she is not acting as a prostitute, she is acting as a maid
Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift (Jonathan Swift)
"He gave the little wealth he had To build a house for fools and mad; And showed by one satiric touch, No nation wanted it so much. That kingdom he hath left his debtor, I wish it soon may have a better." Notes: - this is his final request - he is avoiding personal attacks - makes fun of general vices
Orronoko, or, the Royal Slave Aphra Behn
"He had learned to take tobacco; and when he was assured he should die, he desired they would give him a pipe in his mouth, ready lighted, which they did; and the executioner came, and first cut off his members, and threw them into the fire; after that, with an ill-favored knife, they cut his ears, and nose, and burned them; he still smoked on, as if nothing had touched him. Then they hacked off one of his arms, and still he bore up, and held his pipe; but at the cutting of the other arm, his head sunk, and his pipe dropped, and he gave up the ghost, without a groan or a reproach."
Orronoko, or, the Royal Slave Aphra Behn
"I do not pretend, in giving you the history of this royal slave, to entertain my reader with the adventures of a feigned hero, whose life and fortunes fancy it with any accidents but such as arrived in earnest to him. And it shall come simply into the world, recommended by its own proper merits and natural intrigues, there being enough of reality to support it, and to render it diverting, without the addition of intervention."
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"I formed them free, and free they must refrain, Till they enthrall themselves: I else must change Their nature, and revoke the high decree Unchangeable, eternal, which ordained Their freedom, they themselves ordained their fall" Notes: Milton can't change his mind because this would mean that his 1st decision was wrong, making him not God
A Lady's Dressing Room (Jonathan Swift)
"I pity wretched Strephon, blind To all the charms of womankind. Should I the queen of love refuse Because the rose from stinking ooze? To him that looks behind the scene, Stature's but some pocky quean. When Celia in her glory shows, If Strephon would but stop his nose, Who now so impiously blasphemes Her ointments, daubs, and paints, and creams, Her washes, slops, and every clout With which she makes so foul rout, He soon would learn to think like me, And bless his ravished eyes to see Such order from confusion sprung, Such gaudy tulips raised from dung." Notes: - Strephon can no longer appreciate femininity - what the narrator's voice seems to be saying is we know where the woman kind comes from - cleanliness and beauty is a construction that is masking femininity - he is admiring how women overcome their deficiency (their shit) - line 136: "If Strephon would but stop his nose" - narrator wonders why he doesn't just stop smelling her stuff
The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd (Sir Walter Ralegh)
"If all the world and love were young, And truth in every shard's tongue, These pretty pleasures might me move To live with thee and be thy love. Time drives the flocks from field to fold When rivers rage and rocks grow cold, And Philomel becometh dumb; The rest complains of cares to come. The flowers do fade, and wanton fields To wayward winter reckoning yields; A honey tongue, a heart of gall, Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's fall." Thy gowns, thy shoes, thy beds of roses, Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten - In folly ripe, in reason rotten" Notes: - These passages are explaining why it's not true - Why it's not true: death (the motive for carpe diem) - beauty is superficial - line 3: "might" - saying that if you were saying the truth (implications is that it's not), even if it were true, it might not work - 2 main ideas: you will die an men lie - beauty is superficial - line 13: "thy beds of roses" - reference to Marlowe - line 15: "reason" - speaking from a more calculated disposition
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"If thou beest he; but O how fall'n! how changed From him, who in the happy realm of light Clothed with transcendent brightness didst outshine Myriads though bright: if he whom mutual league, United thoughts and counsels, equal hope And hazard in the enterprise"
Volpone, or The Fox Ben Jonson Celia Volpone
"If you have ears that will be pierced, or eyes that can be opened, a heart may be touched, or any part that yet sounds man about you; if you have touch of holy saints or heaven, do me the grace to let me scape. If not, be bountiful and kill me. You do know I am a creature hither ill betrayed by one whose shame I would forget it were. If you will deign me neither of these graces, yet feed your wrath, sir, rather than your lust--it is a vice comes nearer manliness--and punish that unhappy crime of nature which you miscall my beauty. Fear my face or poison it with ointments for seducing your blood to this rebellion. Rub these hands with what may cause an eating leprosy e'en to my hones and marrow--anything that may disfavor me, save in my honor--and I will kneel to you, pray for you, pay down a thousand hourly vows, sir, for your health, report and think you virtuous"
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself
"In short, the fair as well as black people immediately styled me by a new appellation, to me the most desirable in the world, which was Freeman, and at the dances I gave my Georgia superfine blue clothes made no indifferent appearance, as I thought." Notes: - something disappointing or diminishing in his new freedom: what he is wearing is collaboration of the slave trade (what he was a slave for is now what he is)
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"It may, perhaps, seem strange that Beauplaisir should in such near intimacies continue still deceived. I know there are men who will swear it is an impossibility, and that no disguise could hinder them from knowing a woman they had once enjoyed. In answer to these scruples, I can only say, that besides the alternation which the change of dress made in her, she was so admirably skilled in the art of feigning that she had the power to putting on almost what face she pleased, and knew so exactly how to form her behavior to the character she represented that all the comedians at both playhouses are infinitely short of her performances. She could vary her very glances, tune her voice to accents the most different imaginable from those in which she spoke when she appeared herself. These aids from nature, joined to the wiles of art, and the stance between the places where the imagined Fantomina and Celia were, might very well present his having any thought that they were the same, or that the fair widow was either of them." Notes: - "I know there are men..." - someone who is going to think this is impossible - Fantomina is great at faking it
Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (C:2685)
"Just in that instant anxious Ariel sought the close recesses of the virgin's thought; as on the nosegay in her breast reclined, he watched the ideas rising in her mind, sudden he viewed, in spite of all her art, an earthy lover lurking at her heart" Metaphorical rape
Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift (Jonathan Swift)
"Nor can I tell what critics thought em: But this I know, all people bought em, As with a moral view designed To cure the vices of mankind." Notes: - he goes after certain individuals and not just general vices in his poems - line 311: "thought em" - talking about Swift's works - line 314: "To cure the vices of mankind" - language of rehabilitation and correction - the point is to encourage people to be better people through satire and humor - Bigger problem: when you like satire, you don't think at all that you are the object of the satire, not being pointed out by the satirist - the audience that like the satire isn't the audience that the satire is directed to (if you are laughing at the satire, you are on the inside)
Description of a City Shower (Jonathan Swift)
"Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down, Threatening with deluge this devoted town. To shops in crowds the daggled females fly, Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy, The Templar spruce, while every sprout's abroach, Stays till tis fair, yet seems to calla coach. The tucked-up sempstress walks with hasty strides, While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides. Here various kinds, by various fortunes led, Commence acquaintance underneath a shed. Triumphant Tories and desponding Whigs Forget their feuds, and join to save their wigs." Notes: - alagorical poem - London is unbearably filthy and corrupt (main idea of the poem) - line 34: "Pretend to cheapen good, but nothing buy" - pretending to shop so they can stay - line 39: "Here various kinds, by various fortunes led" - we used to be diverse - line 42: "Forget their feuds, and join to save their wigs" - doesn't require people to change, just to find a different shelter
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself (C:3039): (the middle passage)
"O ye nominal Christians! might not an African ask you, learned you this from your God, who says unto you, Do unto all men as you would men should do unto you? Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must ever tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other, and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has not advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh hours even to the wretchedness of slavery." Notes: - story of him overcoming his own ingenuity - decries the capitalist system of slavery - Equiano is dehabilitating the salve system - only redemption of slavery is to redeem it (to buy it back) - save up enough money to buy himself - Equiano is actually good at making a profit
Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift (Jonathan Swift)
"Perhaps I may allow the Dean Had too much satire in his vein; And seemed determined not to starve it, Because no age could more deserve it. Yet malice never was his aim; He lashed the vice, but spared the name; No individual could resent, Where thousands equally were meant; His satire points at no defect" Notes: - line 455: "deans" - Deans are talking about Swift - line 463: "His satire points at no defect" - coming from an attempt to remedy the problem - Swift's self-portrait (his motives) - he's cheerful to his dying way - satire is associated with jokes and play - looking out for humanity by building an insane asylum - thinks that England needs charity for the insane
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"Possession naturally abates the vigor of desire, and I should have had, at best, but a cold, insipid, husband-like lover in my arms; but by these arts of passing on him is a new mistress whenever the ardor, which alone makes love a blessing, begins to diminish for the former one, I have him always raving, wild, impatient, longing, dying. O that all neglected wives and find abandoned nymphs would take this method!" Notes: - she wants violent passion - she doesn't want a husband - recommending this method as an alternative to marriage - she wants constant foreplay
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"Supper being over, which was intermixed with a vast deal of amorous conversation, he began to explain himself more than he had done; and both by his words and behavior let her know he would not be denied that happiness the freedoms she allowed had made him hope. - It was in vain; she would have retracted the encouragement she had given. In vain she endeavored to delay, till the next meeting, the fulfilling of his wishes. She had now gone too far to retreat. He was bold; he was resolute. She was fearful, confused, altogether unprepared to resist in such encounters, and rendered more so by the extreme liking she had to him. Shocked, however, at the apprehension of really losing her honor, she struggled all she could, and was just going to reveal the whole secret of her name and quality, when the thought of the liberty he had taken with her, and those he still continued to prosecute, prevented her, with representing the danger of being exposed, and the whole affair made a theme for public ridicule. Thus much, indeed and told him, that she was a virgin, and had assumed this manner of behavior only to engage him. But that he little regarded, or if he had, would have been far from obliging him to desist; nay, in the present burning eagerness of desire, 'tis probable, that had he been acquainted both with who and what she really was, the knowledge of her birth would not have influenced him with resect sufficient to have turned the wild exuberance of his luxurious wishes, or made him in that longing, that impatient moment, change the form of his addresses. In fine, she was undone; and he gained a victory, so highly rapturous, that had he known over whom, scarce could he have triumphed more. Her tears, however, and the distraction she appeared in, after the ruinous ecstasy was past, as it heightened his wonder, so it abated his satisfaction. He could not imagine for what reason woman, who, if she intended not to be a mistress, had counterfeited the part of one, and taken so much pains to engage him, should lament consequence which she could not but expect, and till the last test, seemed inclinable to grant; and she both surprised and troubled at the mystery." Notes: - she realizes on the first date she doesn't want to be a prostitute - She regrets her decision during her first date - tried to make it romantic and doesn't want to take his money - he tries to have sex with her because he doesn't know she is a virgin, and he basically rapes her
Notes on the State of Virginia Thomas Jefferson Jefferson Audience
"The compositions published under her name are below the dignity of criticism"
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (Thomas Gray)
"The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea, This plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. Now fades the glimmering landscape not the sign, And all the air a solemn stillness holds, Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinkling lull the distant folds" Notes: - you can see the tension between the author and the reader
Notes on the State of Virginia Thomas Jefferson Jefferson Audience
"The opinion, that they are inferior in the faculties of reason and imagination, must be hazarded with great diffidence. To justify a general conclusion, requires many observations, even where the subject may be submitted to the Anatomical knife, to Optical glasses, to analysis by fire, or by solvents. How much more then where it is a faculty, not a substance, we are examining; where is eludes the research of all the senses where the effects of those are which are present or absent bid defiance to calculation; let me add too, as a circumstance of great tenderness, where our conclusion would degrade a whole race of men from the rank in the scale of beings which their Creator may perhaps have given them. To our reproach it must be said, that though for a century and a half we have had under our eyes the races f black and red men, they have never yet been viewed by us as subjects of natural history. I advance it therefore as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time an circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind."
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"The world shall burn, and from her ashes spring New heav'n and earth, wherein the just shall dwell, And after all their tribulations long See golden days, fruitful of golden deeds, With joy and love triumphing, and fair truth. Then thou thy regal scepter shalt lay by, For regal scepter then no more shall need, God shall be all in all. But all ye gods, Adore him, who to compass all this dies, Adore the Son, and honor him as me." Notes: - God is talking to heavenly cohort - God describes what's going to happen in the event - Evil will vanquish new heaven - hierarchy assures that there will always be another fall - line 339: "Then thou thy regal scepter shalt lay by" - God speaking to Christ - line 341: "God shall be all in all. But all ye gods" - talking about angels
To Penshurst Ben Jonson Author Audience
"These, Penshurst, are thy praise, and yet not all. Thy lady's noble, fruitful, chaste withal. His children thy great lord may call his own, a fortune in this age but rarely known"
Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (C:2685)
"This nymph, to the destruction of all mankind, nourished two locks which grateful hung behind in equal curls and well conspired to deck with shining ringlets her smooth ivory neck. Love in these labyrinths his slaves detains, and mighty hearts are held in slender chains. With hairy springes we the birds betray, slight lines of hair surprise the finny prey, fair tresses a man's imperial race ensnare, and beauty draws us with a single hair" Language of slavery and imperial man Metaphor... but these things are actually happening in real life Language of ravishing force and fraught Marriage market: essential to flirtation that you say no to proposal nicely (reminds me of lizzy bennet and mr collins, but austen knew the real deal) Communicate interest in sex, but also sexual self-discipline On marriage market, no means yes Romanticization of language of rape
A Lady's Dressing Room (Jonathan Swift)
"Thus finishing his grand survey, The swain disgusting slunk away, Repeating in his amorous fits, 'Oh! Celia, Celia, Celia, shits!" Notes: - When he smells something towel, he looks for the woman that is the source of the smell - Strephon longs for everything to be erotic
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"To the Obliging and Witty Incognita. Though to tele I am happy enough to be liked by a woman such, as by your manner of writing, I imagine you to be, is an honor which I can never sufficiently acknowledge, yet I know not how I am able to content myself with admiring the wonders of your wit alone. I am certain a soul like yours must shine in your eyes with a vivacity which must bless all they look on. I shall, however, endeavor to restrain myself int his bound you are pleased to set me, till by the knowledge of my inviolable fidelity, I be though worthy of gazing not hat even I am now but to enjoy in contemplation. You need not doubt my glad compliance with your obliging summons. There is a charm in your lines which gives too sweet an idea of their lovely author to be resisted. I am all impatient for the blissful moment which is to throw me at your feet, and give me an opportunity of convincing you that I am, Your everlasting slave, Beauplaisir"
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"To the all-conquering Beauplaisir. I imagine not that 'tis a new thing to you, to be told you are the greatest charm in nature to our sex. I shall therefore, not to fill up my letter with any impertinent praise on your wit or person, only tell you that I am infinite in love with both, and if you have a heart not too deeply engaged, should think myself the happiest of my sex in being capable os inspiring it with some tenderness. There is but one thing in my power to refuse you, which is the knowledge of my name, which believing the sight of face will render no secret, you must not take it ill that I conceal from you. The bearer of this is a person I can trust; send by him your answer; but endeavor not to dive into the meaning of this mystery, which will be impossible for you to unravel, and at he same time very much disoblige me. But that you may be in no apprehensions of being imposed on by a woman unworthy of your regard, I will venture to assure you, the first and greatest men int eh kingdom would think themselves blessed to have that influence over me you have, though unknown to yourself acquired. But I need not go about to raise your curiosity, by giving you any idea of what my person is; if you think fit to be satisfied, resolve to visit me tomorrow about three in the afternoon; and though my face is hid, you shall not want sufficient demonstration that she would takes these unusual measures to commence a friendship with you is neither old, nor deformed. Till then I am, Yours, Incognita"
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"To the charming Mrs. Bloomer, it would be impossible my Angel! for me to express the thousandth part of that infinity of transport, the sight of your dear letter gave me. Never was woman formed to charm like you: never did any look like you, write like you, bless like you; nor did ever man adore as I do. Since yesterday we parted, I have seemed a body without a soul; and had you not by this inspiring billet, gave me new life, I know not what by tomorrow I should have been. I will be with you this evening about five. O 'tis an age till then! But the cursed formalities of duty oblige me to dine with my lord who never rises from table till that hour; therefore adieu till then sweet lovely mistress of the soul and all the faculties of You most faithful, Beauplaisir"
Fantomina (Eliza Haywood)
"To the lovely Fantomina, If you were half so sensible as you ought of your own power of charming you would be assured, that to be unfaithful or unkind to you would be among the things that are in their very natures impossibilities. It was my misfortune, not my fault, that you were not persecuted every post with a declaration of my unchanging passion; but I had unluckily forgot the name of the woman at whose house you are, and knew not how to form a direction hat it might come safe to your hands.And, indeed, the reflection how you might misconstrue my silence, brought me to town some weeks owner than I intended. If you knew how I have languished to renew those blessings I am permitted to enjoy in your society, you would rather pity than condemn You ever faithful, Beauplaisir" Notes: - making an excuse to why he has not written
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"To whom thus Eve replied. "O thou for whom And from whom I was formed flesh of thy flesh, And without whom am to no end, my guide And head, what thou hast said is just and right. For we to him indeed all praises owe, And daily thanks, I chiefly who enjoy So far the happier lot, enjoying thee Preeminent by so much odds, while thou Like consort to thyself canst nowhere find. That day I oft remember, when from sleep I first awakened, and found myself reposed" Notes: Speaker: Eve Addressee: Adam - her address to Adam telling him her memory of her birth - gender politics of the play
Inviting a Friend to Supper Ben Jonson Author Audience
"Tobacco, nectar, or the Thespian spring are all but Luther's beer to this I sing, of this we will sup free but moderately, and we will have no Pooly to Parrot by; nor shall our cups make any guilty men, but at our parting we will be as when we innocently met. No simple word that shall be uttered at our mirthful board shall make us sad next morning, or affright the liberty that we'll enjoy tonight"
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"Transported touch; here passion first I felt, Commotion strange, in all enjoyments else Superior and unmoved, here only weak Against the charm of beauty's powerful glance. Or nature failed in me, and left some part Not proof enough such object to sustain, Or from side subjecting, took perhaps More than enough; at least on her bestowed Too much of ornament, in outward show Elaborate, of inward less exact. For well I understand in the prime end Of nature her th'inferior, in the mind And inward faculties, which most excel, In outward also her resembled less His image who made both, and less expressing The character of that dominion given O'er other creature; yet when I approach Her lovilness, so absolute she seems And in herself complete, so well to know Her own, that what she wills to do or say, Seems wiest, virtuousest, discreetest, best; All higher knowledge in her presence falls Degraded, wisdom in discourse with her Loses discountenanced and like fly shows; Authority and reason on her wait, As one intended first, not after made Occasionally; and to consummate all, Greatness of mind and nobleness their seat Build in their lovliest, and create an awe About her, as a guard angelic placed." Notes: - beginning of passage: he is superior everywhere in paradise except when he standing next to Eve because she is a goddess - he is inferior to god but now also inferior to another human being - line 538: "Too much of ornament, in outward show" - he realized this all can't be right, she can't be that much better than him - line 540-543: "For well I understand in the prime end Of nature her h'inferior, in the mind And inward faculties, which most excel, In outward also her resembling less" - tries to talk himself into thinking he is better - line 549: "Her own, that what she wills to do or say" - whenever she experiences her will, he hears her and has no power to tell her what to do, but wants to be able to do this - line 553: "Loses discount'nanced, and like folly shows;" - cannot out argue her - line 555: "As one intended first, not after made" - waiting on her hand and foot as if he was made for her pleasure rather than the other way around - line 557-559: "Greatness of mind and nobleness their seat..." - she is starting to take the place of God because of how godly she is (this is before she ate the apple and did anything wrong)
Orronoko, or, the Royal Slave Aphra Behn
"Trefry was infinitely pleased with this novel, and found this Clemene was the fair mistress of whom Caesar had before spoke."
Volpone, or The Fox Ben Jonson Volpone
"Use thy fortune well, with secrecy and pleasure. See, behold what thou art queen of, not in expectation, as I feel others, but possessed and crowned. See here a rope of pearl, and each more orient than that the brave Egyptian queen caroused, dissolve and drink 'em. See, a carbuncle may put out both the eyes of our Saint Mark; a diamond would have bought Lollia Paulina when she came in like starlight, hid its jewels that were the spoils of provinces. Take these, and wear, and lose 'em; yet remains an earring to purchase them again, and this whole state. A gem but worth a private patrimony is nothing; we will eat such at a meal. The heads of parrots, tongues of nightingales, the brains of peacocks and of ostriches shall be our food, and, could, we get the phoenix, though nature lost her kind, she were our dish"
Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift (Jonathan Swift)
"Vain humankind! fantastic race! Thy various follies who can trace? Self-love, ambition, envy, pride, Their empire in our hearts divide. Give others riches, power, and station; Tis all on me an usurpation; I have no title to aspire, Yet, when you sink, I seem the higher." Notes: - lines 39-42: "Vain humankind! fantastic face! Thy various follies..." - portrait of human-kind - line 43: "Give others riches, power, and station" - shows how Swift is hard to understand - easing his way to modesty trope - in some sense, a fairly modest apology - acts like an honest humble person by trying to depress their reputation
Volpone, or The Fox Ben Jonson Volpone
"Well, I am here, and all this brunt is past. I ne'er was in dislike with my disguise till this fled moment; here 'twas good, in private, but, in your public--cave whilst I breathe. Fore God, my left leg 'gan to have the cramp"
Volpone, or The Fox Ben Jonson Volpone Audience (I think?)
"What should I do but cocker up my genius and live free to all delights my fortune calls me to? I have no wife, no parent, child, ally to give my substance to, but whom I make must be my heir and this makes men observe men"
To Penshurst Ben Jonson Author Audience
"Where comes no guest but is allowed to eat, without his fear, and of thy lord's own meat; where the same beer and bread, and selfsame wine, that is his lordship's shall be also mine, and I not fain to sit (as some this day at great men's tables), and yet dine away. Here no man tells my cups"
The Altar (George Herbert)
"Wherefore each part Of my hand heart Meets in this frame, To praise thy Name" Notes: - Herbert wants poetry that will silence his own voice - poem is arranged in the shape of an altar - tells God he is building an altar made out of his heart that is held together with tears - wants to leave something behind for when he is dead - wants God to bless this altar he built for him - what is the point of making a broken altar: one of God's activities is breaking us of thinking we have free will
Orronoko, or, the Royal Slave Aphra Behn
"While they sat at meat Mr. Trefry told Caesar that most of these young slaves were undone in love with a fine she-slave, whom they had had about six months on their land. The Prince, who never heard the name of love without a sigh, nor any mention of it without the curiosity of examining further into that tale, which of all discourses was most agreeable to him, asked how they came to be so unhappy as to be all undone for one fair slave. Trefry, who was naturally amorous and loved to talk of love as well as anybody, proceeded to tell him, that they had the most charming black that ever was beheld on their plantation, about fifteen or sixteen years old, as he guessed; that for his part, he had done nothing but sigh for her ever since she came, and that all the white beauties he had seen never charmed him so absolutely as this fine creature had done..."
Jordan (1) (George Herbert)
"Who says that fictions only and false hair Become a verse? Is there in truth no beauty? Is all good structure in a winding stair? May no lines pass, except they do their duty Not to a true, but painted chair? Is it no verse, except enchanted groves And sudden arbors shadow coarse-spun lines? Must all be veiled, while he that reads, divines, Catching the sense at two removes? Shepard are honest people" let them sing; Riddle who list, for me, and pull for prime; I envy no man's nightingale or spring; Nor let them punish me with loss of rhyme, Who plainly say, My God, My King" Notes: - thought by many critics to allude the Jordan River (important to people of Israel in Old and New Testaments) - cross the Jordan to the promised land first stanza notes: - Herbert is asking, can you only make poems about fake things? - the first stanza contradicts the Jordan allusion - "false hair" - artificial beauty - "no beauty" - critical structure of poetry - saying that poetry is overly complicated second stanza notes: - seem to criticize the conceits of metaphysical poems - ironic because he is a metaphysical poet third stanza notes: - saying that even though pastoral poems go too far from reality, shepherds are honest people
Paradise Lost (Milton)
"Whose fountain who shall tell? Before the sun, Before the heavens thou wert, and at the voice Of God, as with a mantle, didst invest The rising world of waters dark and deep, Won from the void and formless infinite. Thee I revisit now with bolder wing, Escaped the Stygian pool, though long detained In that obscure sojourn, while in my flight Through utter and through middle darkness borne With other notes than to th'Orphean lyre I sung of Chaos and eternal Night, Taught by the Heavenly Muse to venture down The dark descent, and up to reascend, Though hard and rare: thee I revisit safe" Notes: has fallen into hell - satan collaborating with devils - sends one of them to earth - Satan flying through void to earth
A Lady's Dressing Room (Jonathan Swift)
"Why Strephon will you tell the rest? And must you needs describe the chest? That careless wench! no creature warn her To move it out from yonder corner, But leave it standing full in sight, For you to exercise your spite" Notes: - this narrator is confused why Strephon keeps doing this to himself
Orronoko, or, the Royal Slave Aphra Behn
"With these people, as I said, we live in perfect tranquility and good understanding, as it behooves us to do, they knowing all the places where to seek the best food of the country and the means of getting it, and for very small and unvaluable trifles, supply us with what 'tis impossible for us to get; for they do not only in the wood and over the savannas, in hunting, supply the parts of hounds, by swiftly scouring through those almost impassable places, and by the mere activity of their feet run down the nimblest deer and other eatable beasts; but in the water one would think they were gods of the rivers..."
Inviting a Friend to Supper
Ben Jonson
To Penshurst
Ben Jonson
Volpone, or The Fox
Ben Jonson
The Passionate Shepard to His Love (B:1126): author, speaker, addressee
Christopher Marlowe, Marlowe, audience
Fantomina, or, Love in a Maze (C: 2739) - author
Eliza Haywood
The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd (B: 1024): author, speaker, addressee
Sir Walter Ralegh, Sir Walter Ralegh, audience
Prayer (1) (B:1711): author
George Herbert
The Altar (B:1707): author
George Herbert (metaphysical poet)
A Lady's Dressing Room (C: 2767): author
Jonathan Swift
Description of a City Shower (C:2466): author
Jonathan Swift
Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift (C: 2468): author
Jonathan Swift
Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (C:2685)
Intended for women who can laugh at their own sex Stereotypes of femininity As americans, we have an intuitive rejection of stereotype Stereotypes aren't true→ they become true If you think women are dumber, you'll not educate them, and then it's a vicious cycle/ self-perpetuating / self-fulfilling prophecy
Two Treatises of Government, chap. IV, "Of Slavery;" chap. IX, "Of the Ends of Political Society and Government" (C:3014): author
John Locke
Volpone, or The Fox Ben Jonson
Mosca - "She hath not yet the face to be dishonest, but had she Signor Corvino's wife's face--" Volpone - "Has she so rare a face?" Mosca - "Oh sir, the wonder, the blazing star of Italy! A wench o'the first year! A beauty ripe as harvest! Whose skin is whiter than a swan, all over, than silver snow, or lilies! A soft lip, would tempt you to eternity of kissing! And flesh that melteth in the touch to blood! Bright as your gold, and lovely as your gold!" Volpone - "Why had not I known this before?" Mosca - "Alas sir, myself but yesterday discovered it" Volpone - "How might I see her?" Mosca - "Oh, not possible. She's kept as warily as is your gold; never does come abroad, never takes air but at a window. All her looks are sweet as the first grapes or cherries, and are watched as near as they are" Volpone - "I must see her--" Mosca - "Sir, there is a guard of ten spies thick upon her--all his whole household--each of which is set upon his fellow, and have all their charge when he goes out; when he comes in, examined" Volpone - "I will go see her, though but at her window" Mosca - "In some disguise, then" Volpone - "That is true, I must maintain mine own shape still the same. We'll think"
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself (C:3035): (the middle passage) - author
Olaudah Equiano
On Being Brought from Africa to America
Phyllis Wheatley
Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock (C:2685)
To all she smiles, often she rejects, but never once offends Stay this way 'til you get a proposal
Paraside Lost (B: 1945): author
author: John Milton
Verse Exchange between Elizabeth and Sir Walter Ralegh (B: 761) author, speaker, addressee
author: Sir Walter Ralegh speaker: Sir Walter Ralegh addressee: Elizabeth
